Presents the contributions of 70% new authors, from all over the world, in a consistent format to make referencing global perspectives quick and easy. [books.google.com]

We present the case of a 36-year-old woman with a primary alveolar hypoventilation syndrome. [archbronconeumol.org]

Multiple-case presentations from one source of exposure are common. [aneskey.com]

• Sepsis

  Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA, pp 510–520 Google Scholar Randolph AG, Meert Kl (2003) for the Pediatric Acute lung Injury and Sepsis Investigators Network. [link.springer.com]

  […] of PaO2 to FiO2 Etiology -Direct injury -Indirect injury -Mortality rate of 30% to 50% ALI / ARDS - Direct Injury -Pneumonia (MOST COMMON) -Aspiration -Near drowning -Toxic inhalation -Pulmonary contusion -Oxygen toxicity -Transthoracic irradiation -Sepsis [quizlet.com]

  Injury Infectious pneumonia Aspiration, chemical pneumonitisAcute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Pulmonary contusion, penetrating lung injury Fat emboli Near-drowning Inhalation injury Reperfusion pulmonary edema s/p lung transplant Indirect Lung Injury Sepsis [slideshare.net]

  Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, Abraham E, Angus D, et al. (2003) 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS international sepsis definitions conference. Crit Care Med. 31: 1250–1256. View Article Google Scholar 18. [journals.plos.org]

  […] syndrome [ 56, 77 ] Muscle wasting, hyporeflexia Associated cancer (e.g., small cell of lung) Incremental pattern on EMG chest film Treatment of associated cancer 3, 4-Diaminopyridine Anticholinesterase Critical illness polyneuropathy [ 78, 79, 80, 81 ] Sepsis [aneskey.com]

• Anemia

  Chronic anemia is well tolerated and produces dyspnea only with strenuous exercise. [lecturio.com]

  […] increased PaCO2) * Limited gas diffusion * V/Q heterogeneity (intrapulmonary shunt or dead space) * Extrapulmonary right-to-left shunt – Ischemia * Arterial/Venous obstruction * Vasoconstriction * Decreased cardiac output – Hemoglobin-related disorders * Anemia [usmle287.wordpress.com]

  A finger-stick hemoglobin determination or a complete blood count can quantify the severity of suspected anemia. [aafp.org]

  Pulmonary:CoughChest painsSputum productionStridorDyspnea Cardiac: Orthopnea Chest pain Other: Fever, Abdominal pain, Anemia, Bleeding 36. [slideshare.net]

  Examples include decreasing oxygen utilization (e.g. by controlling fever), increasing cardiac output (e.g. giving inotropes to patients with systolic dysfunction) and transfusing for anemia. [clinicaladvisor.com]

• Acutely Ill Patient

  An acutely ill patient with bilateral infiltrates on chest radiograph in the absence of CHF and a P/F ratio less than or equal to 200 meets the diagnostic criteria for ARDS. [clinicaladvisor.com]

• Dyspnea

  License: CC BY 2.0 Definition of Dyspnea Dyspnea — The Shortness of Breath Dyspnea is defined as the subjective sensation of chest tightness or shortness of the breath. It can be caused by pulmonary and extrapulmonary causes. [lecturio.com]

  Findings Condition History Dyspnea on exertion Cardiac or pulmonary disease, deconditioning Dyspnea during rest Severe cardiopulmonary disease or noncardiopulmonary disease (e.g., acidosis) Orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, edema Congestive heart [aafp.org]

  Central endobronchial tumors cause cough, hemoptysis, wheezing, stridor, dyspnea, and pneumonitis. Peripheral lesions cause pain, cough, dyspnea, and possible symptoms of pulmonary abscess on cavitation. [fundacionmapfre.org]

  The resultant paradoxic breathing pattern can contribute significantly to abnormal gas exchange and increased dyspnea [ 14 ]. [aneskey.com]

  Severity of respiratory disease was evaluated using Medical Research Council dyspnea score [21] 2 wk before admission by patient's or family's recall. [journals.plos.org]

• Aspiration

  Diagnostic Peritoneal Lavage and Paracentesis 71 Gastroesophageal Balloon Tamponade for Acute Variceal 77 Placement of Feeding Tubes 84 Neurologic and Intracranial Pressure Monitoring 93 Aspiration of Joints 100 Routine Monitoring in the Intensive Care [books.google.com]

  ContraindicationsCardiac or respiratory arrestNonrespiratory organ failureHemodynamic instabilitySevere encephalopathySevere UGI bleedFacial or neurosurgery, traumaUpper airway obstructionInability to cooperate or protect airwayHigh risk for aspiration [slideshare.net]

  There is a significant risk of aspiration in patients with bulbar weakness. Aspiration can be of retained oral secretions or during eating and drinking. [breathe.ersjournals.com]

  Bilateral infiltrates on chest radiograph -PAOP -Most severe form of ALI--ARDS -Same criteria as ALI except Ratio of PaO2 to FiO2 Etiology -Direct injury -Indirect injury -Mortality rate of 30% to 50% ALI / ARDS - Direct Injury -Pneumonia (MOST COMMON) -Aspiration [quizlet.com]

  This type of respiratory failure is characterized by an ineffective cough and a high incidence of aspiration, atelectasis, and pneumonia [ 5 ]. [aneskey.com]

• Tachypnea

  […] patients who are getting "ICU confusion", so just because they are restless does not mean that they have ARF Clinical Manifestations of ARF: CV chest pain, tachycardic, hypertensive, dysrhythmias - may throw PVCs Clinical Manifestations of ARF: Pulmonary tachypnea [quizlet.com]

  […] combination of one or more findings: altered state of consciousness (from agitation to lethargy), increased work of breathing [nasal flaring, use of accessory muscles, intercostal retraction, Hoover sign, suprasternal and supraclavicular retractions, tachypnea [xlung.net]

  Autonomic stress responses include tachypnea, tachycardia, hypertension and diaphoresis. Bradycardia and hypotension are ominous signs that occur as respiratory failure progresses. [clinicaladvisor.com]

  Minor criteria included tachypnea over 35 bpm or increase in the respiratory rate compared to its value at admission, pH 2, or pH did not immediately improve with face mask-delivered NIV, the patient was correctly repositioned in the sitting position, [journals.plos.org]

  During the exudative phase, the patient presents with tachypnea, restlessness, apprehension, and moderate increase in accessory muscle use. [clinicalgate.com]

• Pulmonary Disorder

  Calculation of the alveolar-arterial (A-a) O 2 gradient (inspired P o 2 − [arterial P o 2 + 5 ⁄ 4 arterial P co 2 ]) can help distinguish pulmonary from extrapulmonary disease; a normal gradient essentially excludes pulmonary disorders. [msdmanuals.com]

  COPD Asthma Restrictive lung disorders Hereditary lung disorders Pneumothorax Mixed cardiac or pulmonary COPD with pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale Deconditioning Chronic pulmonary emboli Trauma Noncardiac or nonpulmonary Metabolic conditions [aafp.org]

  This chapter focuses on pulmonary disorders commonly seen in the critical care environment. [clinicalgate.com]

  Prominent lung disorders include pneumonia, ARDS/ALI, asthma, chest trauma, aspiration and pulmonary embolism. [clinicaladvisor.com]

• Exertional Dyspnea

  […] when symptoms are atypical for exertional angina or when silent ischemia is suspected as a cause of dyspnea on exertion. [aafp.org]

• Overeating

  Presents the contributions of 70% new authors, from all over the world, in a consistent format to make referencing global perspectives quick and easy. [books.google.com]

  Respiratory acidosis may be Distinction is based on the degree of metabolic compensation; carbon dioxide is initially buffered inefficiently, but over 3 to 5 days the kidneys increase bicarbonate reabsorption significantly. [msdmanuals.com]

  […] perfusion, and MODS Complications of ARF: decreased tissue perfusion Complications of ARF: MODS Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome - because you don't have oxygen to perfuse the rest of the body, so the lungs are the beginning of a process that can take over [quizlet.com]

  Close Knowledge Genome TM Brainscape Certified Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts, spanning the world's body of "learnable" knowledge. [brainscape.com]

• Hypertension

  Devices 261 Evaluation of the Low to Intermediate Risk Patient with 267 PULMONARY PROBLEMS IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT 273 Status Asthmaticus 282 Extrapulmonary Causes of Respiratory Failure 292 Pulmonary Embolism 302 Managing Hemoptysis 311 Pulmonary Hypertension [books.google.com]

  Patients with morbid obesity can suffer hypercapnia, hypoxemia, and subsequently polycythemia, pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure. [fundacionmapfre.org]

  […] these are also seen in patients who are not getting enough pain medications and in patients who are getting "ICU confusion", so just because they are restless does not mean that they have ARF Clinical Manifestations of ARF: CV chest pain, tachycardic, hypertensive [quizlet.com]

  PRATIQUE DU NO INHALE Page 72 and 73: UTILISATION PRATIQUE DE L ’ALMITR Page 74 and 75: Décroissance des concentrations d Page 76 and 77: TRAITEMENT PHARMACOLOGIQUE DE L’H Page 78 and 79: Contre-indications du NO inhalé Page 80 and 81: 28 26 24 22 20 HYPERTENSION [yumpu.com]

• Tachycardia

  233 Supraventricular Tachycardia 242 Temporary Cardiac Pacing 253 Permanent Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmic Devices 261 Evaluation of the Low to Intermediate Risk Patient with 267 PULMONARY PROBLEMS IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT 273 Status Asthmaticus 282 [books.google.com]

  Tachycardia Anemia, hypoxia, heart failure, hyperthyroidism S 3 Congestive heart failure Murmur Valvular dysfunction Hepatomegaly, hepatojugular reflux, edema Congestive heart failure Cyanosis, clubbing Chronic severe hypoxemia TABLE 2 History and Physical [aafp.org]

  NIV should usually be continued until pH is normal, and respiratory distress and tachycardia have resolved. [breathe.ersjournals.com]

  […] increased work of breathing [nasal flaring, use of accessory muscles, intercostal retraction, Hoover sign, suprasternal and supraclavicular retractions, tachypnea (RR > 30 bpm), paradoxical breathing], central cyanosis (including lips and tongue), sweating, tachycardia [xlung.net]

  Guillain–Barré syndrome may be associated with autonomic dysfunction including new-onset hypertension (57%), sinus tachycardia (50%), postural hypotension (43%), or facial flushing (25%) [ 90 ]. [aneskey.com]

• Cyanosis

  She began presenting symptoms at infancy, with cyanosis during the sleep, being diagnosed of cyanotic congenital malformation of the heart; she subsequently developed diurnal cyanosis, fatigue, purpura, and lower limbs edema. [archbronconeumol.org]

  Clinical Manifestations of ARF: GI decreased GI motility - patient on TF will have residuals, decreased O2 to the stomach, decreased bowel sounds, N&V, and abdominal distention Clinical Manifestations of ARF: Integument initially, won't see anything - cyanosis [quizlet.com]

  Extremities: looking for evidence of edema, signs of deep venous thrombosis and clubbing (note peripheral cyanosis is not a reliable sign of hypoxemia in the absence of central cyanosis). [clinicaladvisor.com]

  Tachycardia Anemia, hypoxia, heart failure, hyperthyroidism S 3 Congestive heart failure Murmur Valvular dysfunction Hepatomegaly, hepatojugular reflux, edema Congestive heart failure Cyanosis, clubbing Chronic severe hypoxemia TABLE 2 History and Physical [aafp.org]

  […] consciousness (from agitation to lethargy), increased work of breathing [nasal flaring, use of accessory muscles, intercostal retraction, Hoover sign, suprasternal and supraclavicular retractions, tachypnea (RR > 30 bpm), paradoxical breathing], central cyanosis [xlung.net]

• Thrombosis

  These patients are at a higher risk of deep venous thrombosis, so they should be recommended to make short trips when driving or many stops in long trips to walk and move their legs, and prevent possible PTE. [fundacionmapfre.org]

  To promote secretion clearance Ventilator Bundle Care Protocol ** NOT ON TEST ** -HOB up 30-45 degrees -Sedation interruptions and assessment (help pt to wake up a little bit and clear there secretions) -Deep vein thrombosis prophylactic tx (Heparin) [quizlet.com]

  Extremities: looking for evidence of edema, signs of deep venous thrombosis and clubbing (note peripheral cyanosis is not a reliable sign of hypoxemia in the absence of central cyanosis). [clinicaladvisor.com]

• Sweating

  Moderate Breathlessness on minimal exercise, fever (with or without sweats). Arterial blood gases and oxygen saturation at rest, on air: PaO 2 8-11 kPa; SaO 2 91-96%. CXR: diffuse interstitial shadowing. [patient.info]

  increased work of breathing [nasal flaring, use of accessory muscles, intercostal retraction, Hoover sign, suprasternal and supraclavicular retractions, tachypnea (RR > 30 bpm), paradoxical breathing], central cyanosis (including lips and tongue), sweating [xlung.net]

  […] antitoxin Wound debridement, penicillin G (or metronidazole if penicillin allergy) Nasogastric lavage Organophosphates [ 87, 88 ] Dysphagia, diplopia, ptosis, dysarthria Use of insecticides Cholinergic toxicity (vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, cramps, sweating [aneskey.com]

  Psychiatric examination can reveal anxiety accompanied by tremulousness, sweating or hyperventilation. 2, 4, 8 Diagnostic Examination Many diagnostic modalities used to evaluate dyspnea can be performed in the family physician's office. 10 The basic evaluation [aafp.org]

• Muscle Weakness

  Reports of weakness in other muscle groups, difficulty swallowing, and change in voice volume or tone may be other clues. [aneskey.com]

  Neuromuscular disorders Patients with neuromuscular disorders have a reduced vital capacity and expiratory reserve volume secondary to respiratory muscle weakness. The residual volume is maintained. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Still, patients with neuromuscular disorders may present hypercapnia due to muscle weakness, which may cause alveolar hypoventilation and, consequently, complications such as mucus retention and atelectasis, adding the hypoxemic component caused by lung [xlung.net]

  Spinal cord injury and disease, damage to peripheral nerves and disease of the neuromuscular junction can undermine signaling to the respiratory muscles. Several diseases can cause primary muscle weakness and predispose patients to muscle fatigue. [clinicaladvisor.com]

  NIV is usually used in an attempt to avoid intubation and the numerous complications occurring during the course of prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation, such as ventilator-associated pneumonia, delirium, muscle weakness, and eventually death [13 [journals.plos.org]

• Myopathy

  […] resistance to phagocytosis, and host substrate utilization New information on changes in body weight Recent findings on fibrocoxib and diclofenac Expanded and reorganized coverage of critical care New material on inborn errors of metabolism and acquired myopathies [books.google.com]

  Respiratory medicine, 2016, 117, p. 7-13 Myopathie de Duchenne : un plaidoyer pour la ventilation non invasive 24 heures sur 24 Urtizberea JA 2013 Twenty-four hour noninvasive ventilation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy : a safe alternative to tracheostomy [myobase.org]

  Disorders in the neuromuscular system of breathing for spinal cord involvement in high cervical injuries, poliomyelitis, neuropathies, or involvement of respiratory muscles in myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy, chronic myopathy, etc. [fundacionmapfre.org]

  Hypotyreoosin aiheuttama alveolaarinen hypoventilaatio ja myopatia [Hypothyroidism-associated alveolar hypoventilation and myopathy]. [Finnish] Duodecim. 109(9):759-63, 1993. Yli-Hankala A. Loula P. Annila P. Lindgren L. Jäntti V. [epshp.fi]

  Definition when patient is in supine, inspiratory indrawing of the abdomen. this is abn and indicates malfunctioning diaphragm (weak, paralyzed, nerve injury, myopathy, intact diaphragm working against fatigued load) Term what is respiratory alternans [flashcardmachine.com]

• Confusion

  Acute (or acutely worsening chronic) respiratory acidosis causes headache, confusion, anxiety, drowsiness, and stupor (CO 2 narcosis). [msdmanuals.com]

  agitation - these are also seen in patients who are not getting enough pain medications and in patients who are getting "ICU confusion", so just because they are restless does not mean that they have ARF Clinical Manifestations of ARF: CV chest pain [quizlet.com]

  Gas exchange worsens during sleep, causing morning headache, disorders in the quality of sleep, fatigue, daytime drowsiness and mental confusion. [fundacionmapfre.org]

  (2) Hypercapnia: CO2 nacosis.condition of confusion, tremors, convulsions, and possible coma thatmay occur if blood levels of carbon dioxide increase to 80mm Hg or higher 33. 5. [slideshare.net]

  A-23 • Acute Confusion related to sensory overload, sensory deprivation, and sleep pattern disturbance, p. A-2 • Anxiety related to threat to biological, psychological, and/or social integrity, p. [clinicalgate.com]

• Agitation

  […] perfuse the rest of the body, so the lungs are the beginning of a process that can take over your whole body Clinical Manifestations of ARF CNS, CV, Pulmonary, Renal, GI, and Integument Clinical Manifestations of ARF: CNS restlessness, antsy, confusion, agitation [quizlet.com]

  This is characterized by the combination of one or more findings: altered state of consciousness (from agitation to lethargy), increased work of breathing [nasal flaring, use of accessory muscles, intercostal retraction, Hoover sign, suprasternal and [xlung.net]

  During the fibroproliferative phase, the patient’s signs and symptoms progress to agitation, dyspnea, fatigue, excessive accessory muscle use, and fine crackles as respiratory failure develops. 40, 41 TABLE 15-2 PHYSIOLOGY AND ASSOCIATED PHYSICAL EXAMINATION [clinicalgate.com]

  Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). JAMA. 2003;289(22):2983–91. PubMed Epub 2003/06/12. eng. [annalsofintensivecare.springeropen.com]

  The most commonly used is an echocardiogram using intravenous injections of agitated saline which employs tiny air bubbles to provide contrast. [clinicaladvisor.com]

• Tremor

  Signs include gait disturbance, tremor, blunted deep tendon reflexes, myoclonic jerks, asterixis, and papilledema. [msdmanuals.com]

  < 20 mmHg, irreversible damage of neural cells.(2) Hypercapnia: CO2 nacosis.condition of confusion, tremors, convulsions, and possible coma thatmay occur if blood levels of carbon dioxide increase to 80mm Hg or higher 33. 5. [slideshare.net]

  The hypercapnia usually causes increased intracranial pressure and lethargy, which could progress to narcosis associated to tremor of the extremities with flapping and cutaneous vasodilation. [xlung.net]

• Meningism

  PROBLEMS IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT 377 Disorders of Plasma Sodium and Potassium 383 Acute Kidney Injury in the Intensive Care Unit 392 Dialytic Therapy in the Intensive Care Setting 400 The Use of Antimicrobials in the Treatment of Infection 414 Bacterial Meningitis [books.google.com]

• Hypercapnia

  […] of hypercapnia on outcome. [annalsofintensivecare.springeropen.com]

  V/Q dysfunction mechanisms in the pulmonary parenchyma may cause hypoxemia and/or hypercapnia. [xlung.net]

  Significant arterial hypercapnia is unlikely to occur with an inspiratory pressure more negative than -30 cm H 2 O; however, arterial hypercapnia may be present with a vital capacity as high as 55% or as low as 20% of the predicted value [ 15, 16 ]. [aneskey.com]

  However, 5 of 21 (23.8%) recordings that showed an absence of nocturnal hypoventilation at the chosen threshold showed hypercapnia on mABG. [hal-univ-bourgogne.archives-ouvertes.fr]

• Hypophosphatemia

  Examples of interventions to improve ventilatory capacity include reversing the respiratory depressant effects of narcotics, repleting phosphate in patients with hypophosphatemia, and providing ventilatory support to rest patients with respiratory muscle [clinicaladvisor.com]

• Hypophosphatemia

  Examples of interventions to improve ventilatory capacity include reversing the respiratory depressant effects of narcotics, repleting phosphate in patients with hypophosphatemia, and providing ventilatory support to rest patients with respiratory muscle [clinicaladvisor.com]

Emphasizes the treatment of corrected congenital heart disease for coverage of the clinical management of cardiac problems in the adolescent and young adult. [books.google.com]

Steroid treatment should be started at the same time as the antimicrobial therapy and withdrawn before antimicrobial treatment is complete. [patient.info]

The use of NIV can be considered here but the main focus at this stage should be to optimise medical treatment. [breathe.ersjournals.com]

Clinicians should encourage every patient willing to make a quit attempt to use the counseling treatments and medications recommended in this Guideline. 4 Brief tobacco dependence treatment is effective. [clinicalgate.com]

Pathophysiology is emphasized throughout, providing a sound basis for discussions of the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis that follow. [books.google.com]

Prognosis The use of ART has made significant changes to the prognosis of HIV-related pulmonary infections. [patient.info]

An AECOPD requiring hospitalisation has a poor prognosis, with an in-patient mortality rate of 7.7% [ 14 ] and a median survival of 3.6 years from the first admission [ 15 ]. [breathe.ersjournals.com]

Hypercapnic (ventilatory failure) PaCO2 >45 mmHg with acidosis (pH Etiology: Extrapulmonary causes -Disorders that affect the brain (cause hypoventilation) -The spinal cord -Neuromuscular system -The thorax -The pleura -The upper airways Etiology: Intrapulmonary [quizlet.com]

Historical note and terminology Congenital central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome was first described in 1970, and the genetic etiology was finally elucidated in 2003 ( Mellins et al 1970 ; Amiel et al 2003 ). [medlink.com]

As the etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of ALI is the same as for ARDS, the discussion will use the broader term of ALI. 37 Etiology A wide variety of clinical conditions is associated with the development of ALI. [clinicalgate.com]

It often has multiple etiologies. [aafp.org]

Methods Statistics Trigonometry Medical & Nursing Anatomy Anesthesiology Audiology Bacteriology Biochemistry Bioethics Biomedical Science Cardiology Cardiovascular Childbirth Chiropractic Dentistry Dermatology Diagnostic Imaging Drugs Endocrinology Epidemiology [brainscape.com]

Epidemiology DNA studies suggest that P. jirovecii is frequently found in healthy adults in the normal community. It can cause a transient infection in an immunocompetent host. [patient.info]

Epidemiology The epidemiology of hypoxemia and hypercapnea parallel the epidemiology of disorders of the lungs, heart and other organ systems which lead to gas exchange abnormalities. [clinicaladvisor.com]

Finucane MM, Stevens GA, Cowan MJ, Danaei G, Lin JK, et al. (2011) National, regional, and global trends in body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9·1 million [journals.plos.org]

Pathophysiology is emphasized throughout, providing a sound basis for discussions of the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis that follow. [books.google.com]

Pathophysiology of dyspnea. New England Journal of Medicine, 333(23), 1547-1553. Stenton, C. (2008). The MRC breathlessness scale. Occupational Medicine,58(3), 226-227. [lecturio.com]

Key words: Acute Respiratory Failure, Oxygen therapy, artificial ventilation and pathophysiology. [xlung.net]

[…] spinal cord -Neuromuscular system -The thorax -The pleura -The upper airways Etiology: Intrapulmonary causes -Disorders that effect the lower airway and alveoli -Pulmonary circulation -The alveolar-capillary membrane (asthma, pulmonary embolism) Type 1: Pathophysiology [quizlet.com]

Pathophysiology Hypoxemia is the result of impaired gas exchange and is the hallmark of acute respiratory failure. Hypercapnia may be present, depending on the underlying cause of the problem. [clinicalgate.com]

These patients are at a higher risk of deep venous thrombosis, so they should be recommended to make short trips when driving or many stops in long trips to walk and move their legs, and prevent possible PTE. [fundacionmapfre.org]

Desaturation A number of activities can prevent desaturation from occurring. [clinicalgate.com]

• Hyper Page 96 and 97: CONSEQUENCES SUR LES CIRCULATIONS R Page 98 and 99: CONSEQUENCES SUR LE Qs/Qt AUGMENTAT Page 100 and 101: TRAITEMENT DE L’HYPERCAPNIE DIMIN Page 102 and 103: DIMINUER L’ESPACE MORT ALVEOLAIRE Page 104: VENTILATION MECANIQUE : PREVENTION [yumpu.com]

Mechanical Ventilation Mechanical ventilation (invasive or non-invasive) is indicated on ARF with the following objectives: Respiratory discomfort relief Correction of respiratory acidosis and hypoxemia Reversion of muscle fatigue Reversion and/or prevention [xlung.net]

[…] incentive spirometer; coughing if secretions are present -Importance of taking medication -Factor modification (smoking) -Breathing technique (pursed lip breathing) -Pathophysiology of disease -Specific etiology -Energy conservation methods -Infection prevention [quizlet.com]