Fallopian tube carcinoma is rarely encountered in clinical practice (incidence rates estimated at 3.6 in 1,000,000 women every year), comprising less than 2% of all malignancies of the female genital tract [1]. The tumor primarily affects women in their 5th, 6th, and 7th decades of life [1] [2]. Typical clinical presentation of fallopian tube carcinoma, known as the Latzko triad, encompasses three elements, namely a mass in the adnexal region, colicky abdominal or pelvic pain, and its relief after the appearance of a serosanguineous vaginal discharge [2] [3] [4] [5]. The term hydrops tubae profluens is used to describe the intermittent vaginal discharge spontaneously or after pressure, resulting in the decrease of the adnexal mass, and is considered to be a pathognomonic feature of fallopian tube carcinoma [3] [5]. Presumably, dynamic emptying and filling of the Fallopian tube blocked by the tumor is the related pathophysiological mechanism of hydrops tubae profluens [2] [3]. Only 15% of women present with the Latzko triad while hydrops tubae profluens is seen in only 5% of cases [2] [4]. Thus, the nonspecific clinical presentation and the rare occurrence of typical signs and symptoms might be the reasons why clinical suspicion is not raised early on, leading to a delayed diagnosis and poorer treatment outcomes [4] [5].

• Pneumonia

  Serum samples were analysed for IgG antibodies to different C. trachomatis serotype pools and to C. pneumoniae. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Abdominal Pain

  We report the case of a 56-year-old woman who presented with a 2 1/2-year history of intermittent vaginal bleeding and lower abdominal pain. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Pelvic Mass

  Actually all these three cases presented as tubo-ovarian abscess because of the existence of tender pelvic mass. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  They are consulted for chronic pelvic pain with pelvic mass. The clinical assessment revealed an abdomino-pelvic mass of hard consistency. [omicsonline.org]

• Thigh Pain

  After surgery, the patient had progressive right thigh pain with activity. Radiographs of the femur showed a lytic lesion in the right proximal femur diaphysis with erosion of the medial cortex. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Myopathy

  Dermatomyositis (DM) is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy associated with characteristic cutaneous and extracutaneous manifestations, including malignancy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Forgetful

  Although a rare occurrence, we should not forget fallopian tube carcinoma in the differential diagnosis of peritoneal carcinomatosis, even in the absence of Latzke’s triad. [jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com]

• Adnexal Mass

  During laparotomy, bilateral adnexal masses were identified, presumed to be of ovarian origin, and total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, infracolic omentectomy, and retroperitoneal lymph nodes sampling were performed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Typical manifestations are the presence of an adnexal mass, abdominal or pelvic pain, and vaginal discharge that relieves pain, although they are not always present. [symptoma.com]

• Adnexal Tenderness

  Mucopurulent (green or yellow) discharge on speculum examination and acute cervical motion tenderness, uterine or adnexal tenderness are indicative for PID and TOA. [cancertherapyadvisor.com]

  Bilateral lower quadrant tenderness with rebound tenderness was noticed on the physical examination. She had findings of acute panperitonitis. On the pelvic examination, she had cervical motion and adnexal tenderness. [e-crt.org]

To make the diagnosis of Fallopian tube carcinoma, it is necessary to conduct a thorough workup. A detailed patient history and a meticulous physical examination are the first steps in raising suspicion toward this malignancy, but because typical signs and symptoms are not always present, imaging studies are the cornerstone in making the initial diagnosis [2] [3] [4]. Abdominal (but also transvaginal) ultrasonography is a very useful initial method in detecting a tumor in the area where the Fallopian tubes are located, but many reports have revealed that the mass may be often misidentified as ovarian carcinoma [2] [4] [5] [6] [7]. However, more advanced methods, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are used to confirm the diagnosis [2] [3]. A small tubular or sausage-shaped mass that exerts low signal intensity on T1-weighted imaging and high signal intensity on T2-weighted imaging are main findings on MRI [2] [7]. Computed tomography (CT), on the other hand, is beneficial for determining the stage of the tumor. Histopathological examination is often performed postoperatively [2]. The cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) is a protein tumor marker that is frequently expressed by carcinoma of the Fallopian tube, and its assessment should be done whenever clinical and radiographic findings point to an adnexal mass [4] [6] [7].

• Right Pleural Effusion

  Evaluation demonstrated a right pleural effusion, fluid of which was malignant. The immunohistochemical profile, including negative calretinin, favored metastatic adenocarcinoma over mesothelioma but could not identify the primary tumour site. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Ovarian Mass

  A vague mass was palpable in the lower abdomen. Transvaginal ultrasonography revealed bilateral tubo-ovarian masses. Patient underwent abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. [casereports.in]

  Left-sided tubo-ovarian mass was present, cut section of which showed yellowish solid area in tubal wall and encroaching on ovarian surface. [jmidlifehealth.org]

  […] associated with the finding of STIC (11%) as compared to those patients without a dominant ovarian mass (45%). [cancerjournal.net]

  Cases with a dominant ovarian mass(es) and identifiable fallopian tubes without STIC should be classified as ovarian primaries. [nature.com]

This report demonstrates the significance of anti-angiogenesis therapy in the treatment of these tumors. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Multifactor analysis showed that a residual tumor diameter >1 cm (P = 0.019) and omentum metastasis (P = 0.015) were associated with prognosis, and were, therefore, the independent risk factors of prognosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The etiology, incidence, natural history, treatment and prognosis of fallopian tube carcinoma and retroperitoneal fibrosis are discussed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Conclusion Primary tubal cancer is rare, of unknown etiology and sometimes mistaken for uterine or ovarian pathology. The clinical signs are rarely present in full. The diagnosis is rarely made preoperatively or on histology. [panafrican-med-journal.com]

In this chapter, we clarify the possible epidemiological factors behind this disease. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The authors report a review of the literature regarding the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of this cancer. Introduction Primary cancer of the fallopian tube is very rare [ 1-4 ]. [panafrican-med-journal.com]

Presumably, dynamic emptying and filling of the Fallopian tube blocked by the tumor is the related pathophysiological mechanism of hydrops tubae profluens. [symptoma.com]

Pathophysiology of Fallopian Tube Cancer 673 views Fallopian tube cance r develops in the tubes that connect a woman's ovaries and uterus. It is very rare and accounts for only 1-2% of all gynecological cancers. [checkorphan.org]

“We have an opportunity to … embrace a new surgical paradigm for ovarian cancer prevention.” [cmaj.ca]

Fallopian Origin and Prevention of Ovarian Cancer A proposed model for ovarian carcinogenesis arising in the fallopian tube has emerged over the last decade [9, 10]. [journalofethics.ama-assn.org]

[…] in order to prevent what they were still calling ovarian cancer. [statnews.com]

Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention Learn about the causes and risk factors associated with ovarian cancer. Read here about how you might help lower your risk. [cancer.org]

Prophylactic salpingectomy may offer clinicians the opportunity to prevent ovarian cancer in their patients. [acog.org]

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3. Pectasides D, Pectasides E, Economopoulos T. Fallopian tube carcinoma: a review. Oncologist. 2006;11(8):902-912.
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6. Chaudhry S, Hussain R, Zuberi MM, Zaidi Z. Rare primary fallopian tube carcinoma; a gynaecologist's dilemma. J Pak Med Assoc. 2016;66(1):107-110.
7. Lau HY, Chen YJ, Yen MS, Chen RF, Yeh SO, Twu NF. Primary fallopian tube carcinoma: a clinicopathologic analysis and literature review. J Chin Med Assoc. 2013;76(10):583-587.