He has been the Editor in Chief, JAMA Neurology (1997- present) and a member of the Editorial Board of JAMA (1997-present). [books.google.com]

In this study relationship of positive family history of convulsions to the type of febrile convulsions and age at presentation was studied. [ayubmed.edu.pk]

Benzodiazepine (i.e., clonazepam) use during febrile illness could be considered for children presenting with multiple febrile seizures to help prevent recurrence. [cookchildrens.org]

Designed to be read cover-to-cover, this highly practical reference covers basic science, assessment, and treatment and uses clear, succinct narratives, lists, tables, and illustrations to present the essential information needed to understand all aspects [books.google.ro]

It is imperative that the nurse observe, assess and document the presenting characteristics of the febrile convulsion (see Table 1). [inmo.ie]

• Pallor

  Early symptoms are: leg pains, cold hands and feet, pallor or mottled skin. [ 11 ] Establish whether it was a febrile seizure. This may be difficult to decide if the seizure occurs early in the illness. Parental perceptions of fever are valid. [patient.info]

  Pallor and autonomic symptoms such as flushing, sweating, feeling warm, nausea and abdominal discomfort may occur. [epilepsydiagnosis.org]

• Intravenous Administration

  administration is not possible. [aafp.org]

• Pertussis

  The use of whole-cell pertussis in the U.S. and most other developed countries has since been replaced by the less reactogenic diphtheria and tetanus toxoids with acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine. 17 A Danish study examined nearly 379,000 children who [uspharmacist.com]

  /polio/Haemophilus influenzae type b, whole-cell pertussis, some versions of the pneumococcal vaccine, and some types of influenza vaccine when given together with the pneumococcal vaccine or diphtheria/tetanus/acellular pertussis vaccine. [9] The seizures [en.wikipedia.org]

  These include the diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis or measles-mumps-rubella vaccinations. A child can develop a low-grade fever after a vaccination. The fever, not the vaccination, causes the seizure. [mayoclinic.org]

  Neurologic events following diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis immunization. Pediatrics. 1988; 81 :345-9 29. Barlow WE, Davis RL, Glasser JW. et al. The risk of seizures after receipt of whole-cell pertussis or measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. [medsci.org]

  The risk of seizures after receipt of whole-cell pertussis or measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(9):656–661. 14. Nakayama J. Progress in searching for the febrile seizure susceptibility genes. [aafp.org]

• Pneumonia

  Children don’t usually need to be admitted to hospital after a febrile convulsion, unless your GP is concerned about the condition that caused the fever – for example, pneumonia or meningitis. [raisingchildren.net.au]

  The third was treated for bacterial meningitis after she had a negative lumbar puncture in the presence of S. pneumoniae bacteremia. [aafp.org]

  ](/condition/pneumonia) (an infection of the lungs) and [ bronchitis (an infection of the airways that supply the lungs) Febrile seizures and vaccinations In rare cases, febrile seizures can occur after a child has a vaccination. [your.md]

  Fever may be caused by almost any common childhood illness or infection, including: upper respiratory infection (colds or flu) ear infection pneumonia gastroenteritis (“stomach flu”) roseola Note that if a seizure is provoked by a CNS infection such as [aboutkidshealth.ca]

  […] urinary tract infections (UTIs) upper respiratory tract infection – an infection of the mouth, nose and throat, and associated tissues and structures gastroenteritis – an infection of the digestive system lower respiratory tract infections, such as pneumonia [nhsinform.scot]

• Vomiting

  Get medical care right away if your child has any signs of meningitis, such as: a stiff neck a lot of vomiting in babies, a bulging soft spot on the head Febrile seizures can be scary to see. [kidshealth.org]

  Otherwise, wipe away any vomit and call the doctor after the seizure is over – no matter how short it was – if it's your child's first one. [babycenter.com]

  Roll the child onto his or her side (to avoid choking on their saliva or vomit). Remove any nearby objects that your child might hit, causing additional injury. Loosen any clothing around your child’s head and neck. [fairview.org]

  Cyclical vomiting Cyclical vomiting is characterized by stereotyped periods of recurrent vomiting which may last hours to days and may be separated by weeks during which the individual has no symptoms. [epilepsydiagnosis.org]

• Nausea

  Pallor and autonomic symptoms such as flushing, sweating, feeling warm, nausea and abdominal discomfort may occur. [epilepsydiagnosis.org]

  Contact a healthcare provider or go to the ER if any other symptoms occur before or after the seizure: nausea, vomiting, rash, tremors, abnormal movements, problems with coordination, drowsiness, agitation, confusion, sedation, etc. [medsci.org]

• Foaming at the Mouth

  Nobody should put anything into the child's mouth during the seizure. [medicalnewstoday.com]

  Your child will: become stiff and their arms and legs may begin to twitch lose consciousness and may wet or soil themselves They may also vomit and foam at the mouth, and their eyes may roll back. [nhs.uk]

  They may become incontinent (wet or soil themselves); they may also vomit or have increased secretions (foam at the mouth). [en.wikipedia.org]

  During simple febrile seizures: your child’s body will become stiff and their arms and legs will begin to twitch they'll lose consciousness and they may wet or soil themselves they may also vomit and foam at the mouth and their eyes may roll back the [nhsinform.scot]

  Your child may also vomit and foam at the mouth and their eyes may roll back. The seizure usually lasts for less than five minutes. Following a febrile seizure, your child may be sleepy for up to an hour afterwards. [your.md]

• Fear

  It is important that health care providers understand potential parental misconceptions, anxieties and fears about fever and febrile seizures so that they may allay those fears effectively. [medsci.org]

  Hopefully knowing the facts will decrease some of the fear and relieve some of the guilt that has been placed on them for not preventing febrile seizures by catching fever in time. [checkupnewsroom.com]

  Seizures might include: Loss of consciousness Convulsions (whole body shaking) Confusion Brief periods of staring A sudden feeling of fear or panic Uncontrolled shaking of an arm or leg Flexing, stiffening, jerking, or twitching of the upper body Nodding [healthychildren.org]

  It is essential that the nurse offers ongoing advice, explanation and support for the family during the event, as many parents report fears that their child is going to die or to become ‘brain damaged’. 4,5 Antipyretic therapy As soon as is appropriate [inmo.ie]

  […] seizures are benign, with no documented cases of related deaths. 6 Furthermore there is no proven link between febrile seizures and sudden infant death syndrome. 7 Healthcare professionals should understand the potential misconceptions, anxieties and fears [gponline.com]

• Confusion

  Following a simple febrile seizure, the child may be drowsy or confused for a short period of time. Complex febrile seizures last longer than 15 minutes, recur within 24 hours, or are focalized (i.e., affect a specific area of the body). [healthcommunities.com]

  Unfortunately, a great deal of misunderstanding and confusion about seizures still exists, so it is important that your child's friends and teachers become educated about her condition. [healthychildren.org]

  Call 911 Call 911 right away if your child: Has a seizure that lasts 5 minutes or more Has a stiff neck Vomits during the seizure Remains unconscious, unresponsive, or confused after the seizure Has trouble breathing Has trouble swallowing or talking [fairview.org]

  Symptoms include: Convulsions – shaking and twitching all over the body Eye -rolling Unresponsiveness Moaning Losing bowel or bladder control Bleeding tongue or mouth from biting down Your child may feel sleepy, irritable, cranky or confused for a few [webmd.com]

  After, the child may cry, be confused or sleepy. Complex febrile seizures are less common. Like simple febrile seizures, these involve loss of consciousness and twitching of the arms and legs but can last longer than 15 minutes. [childrensmn.org]

• Generalized Seizure

  […] be accompanied by afebrile seizures that may be generalized seizures (tonic-clonic, atonic, myoclonic, myoclonic-atonic or absence) or focal seizures. [epilepsydiagnosis.org]

  For more detailed information on specific seizures types. Common Generalized Seizures: Convulsive seizures ( also called generalized tonic-clonic seizures ) involve the whole body. These seizures used to be called "grand mal" seizures. [healthychildren.org]

  Generalized seizures are frightening to witness. There is loss of consciousness ; the body stiffens, arches, and may shake; and grunting sounds may be heard. [medicinenet.com]

  Simple febrile seizures are generalized seizures, lasting less than 15 min, not recurring within 24 hours, and with no postictal neuro-logical abnormalities. [indianpediatrics.net]

• Tremor

  Fever (see Fever and children, below) A seizure for the first time A previously diagnosed heart condition Another seizure shortly after the first Is extremely weak in the arms and legs Continuous shakes or tremors A lot of pain or a severe headache Your [fairview.org]

  Contact a healthcare provider or go to the ER if any other symptoms occur before or after the seizure: nausea, vomiting, rash, tremors, abnormal movements, problems with coordination, drowsiness, agitation, confusion, sedation, etc. [medsci.org]

  During the episodes the individual may have dysarthria, limb and gait ataxia and titubation (coarse tremor) of the head. [epilepsydiagnosis.org]

• Sunken Fontanelle

  This includes: a dry mouth sunken eyes a lack of tears when crying a sunken fontanelle – the soft spot usually found at the top of a young child's head Seeing a doctor Febrile seizures can often be diagnosed from a description of what happened. [nhs.uk]

  This includes: a dry mouth sunken eyes a lack of tears when crying a sunken fontanelle – the soft spot usually found at the top of a young child’s head Causes of febrile seizures Febrile seizures are linked to fevers, but the exact cause is unknown. [nhsinform.scot]

  The signs of dehydration are: a dry mouth sunken eyes a lack of tears when crying a sunken fontanelle – this is the soft spot that is usually found at the top of a young child’s head Emergency advice You should take your child to the nearest hospital [your.md]

• Reduced Consciousness

  Important signs are: neck stiffness; petechial rash, photophobia; Kernig's sign; Brudzinski's sign; bulging fontanelle; reduced level of consciousness. [patient.info]

Typically, a full seizure workup including an EEG, head CT, and lumbar puncture (spinal tap ) is not warranted. What are the possible sequelae of febrile seizures? Injuries caused by falling or bumping into objects. [medsci.org]

• Human Herpesvirus 6

  Human herpesvirus-6 infection in children with first febrile seizures. J.Pediatr. 1995; 127 :95-7 24. Hall CB, Long CE, Schnabel KC. et al. Human herpesvirus-6 infection in children. A prospective study of complications and reactivation. [medsci.org]

  A particular risk for febrile seizure is associated with primary human herpesvirus 6 infection, which is typically acquired during the first two years of life. [aafp.org]

  The most likely mode of inheritance appears to be polygenic, but some children may exhibit an autosomal-dominant pattern. 2,5 Viral infections (human herpesvirus 6, influenza, parainfluenzae, and adenovirus) are frequent triggers of febrile seizures. [uspharmacist.com]

  Arch Dis Child 2004; 89:751-6. [ PUBMED ] 9. Barone SR, Kaplan MH, Krilov LR. Human herpesvirus-6 infection in children with first febrile seizures. J Paediatr 1995; 127:95-7. [ PUBMED ] 10. Chiu SS, Tse CY, Lau YL, Peiris M. [nigeriamedj.com]

  Human herpesvirus-6 infection in children. N Engl J Med 1994 ; 331 : 432 –8. ↵ Barlow WE, Davis RL, Glasser JW, et al. The risk of seizures after receipt of whole-cell pertussis or measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. [adc.bmj.com]

• Streptococcus Pneumoniae

  The procedure also should be considered in children aged 6 to 12 months with an unreliable or incomplete history of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) or Streptococcus pneumoniae immunization. [uspharmacist.com]

  pneumoniae was isolated in seven of the eight children, in an era before routine pneumococcal vaccination. [aafp.org]

Some of the services we provide include: • Brachial Plexus Palsy treatment • Cerebral Palsy treatment • Epilepsy treatment • General Neurology treatment • Movement Disorders treatment • Neurofibromatosis Center treatment • Stroke treatment • Tuberous [neuro.wustl.edu]

The book's primary focus is on the medical and surgical evaluation and treatment of the disease. [books.google.ro]

What treatment is needed? Treatment of the fever source is most important. Daily preventive antiepileptic therapy is not indicated. [cookchildrens.org]

Management and treatment As most patients with GEFS+ have a mild phenotype, treatment may not be necessary. Seizure control with antiepileptic drugs is essential in patients with recurrent seizures. [orpha.net]

Treatment Treatment very much depends on the seizure type or types each person has. For children (and adults) who only have febrile convulsions, regular treatment with epilepsy medicines is not usually required. [epilepsy.org.uk]

The object of this study was to determine how many are true benign febrile convulsions with a good prognosis and how. many are convulsions with fever, the prognosis of which is variable depending on the underlying etiology. [jpma.org.pk]

Prognosis The overall prognosis depends on the exact phenotype within the GEFS+ spectrum. In patients with mild phenotypes (FS, FS+) seizures often remit by adolescence. [orpha.net]

Prognosis The vast majority of febrile seizures are short and harmless. There is no evidence that short febrile seizures cause brain damage. [childneurologyfoundation.org]

Prognosis in children with febrile seizures. Pediatrics. 1978;61:720-727. 2. Cross JH. Fever and fever-related epilepsies. Epilepsia. 2012;53(suppl 4):3-8. 3. [uspharmacist.com]

There are many manifestations of epilepsy and, therefore, a diversity of factors in underlying pathology, responses to treatment and prognosis. [books.google.ro]

The first section of the book introduces the clinical aspects of the science of epileptology with chapters on pathophysiology, genetics, classification, syndromes, epidemiology, etiology, and differential diagnosis. [books.google.ro]

Bray PF, Wiser WC (1964) Evidence for a genetic etiology of temporal-central abnormalities in focal epilepsy. N Engl J Med 271:926–933 PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar 4. [doi.org]

Etiology Mutations in SCN1A (2q24.3) (most commonly) and SCN1B (19q13.12) have been identified as causal in several families with GEFS+. These genes encode two subunits of the neuronal sodium channel. [orpha.net]

Pyridoxine 50 mg Outcome of Neonatal Seizures Influence by etiology comorbid CNS insult 15% to 40% mortality (higher mortality in series with EEG confirmed seizures) 65% neurologic sequelae in survivors Epilepsy in 15% to 30% by age 7 years Infantile [pediatrics.emory.edu]

The object of this study was to determine how many are true benign febrile convulsions with a good prognosis and how. many are convulsions with fever, the prognosis of which is variable depending on the underlying etiology. [jpma.org.pk]

Clinical, Epidemiological and Laboratory Characteristics of Patients with Febrile Convulsion, J Compr Ped. 2013 ; 4(3):134-7. doi: 10.17795/compreped-7647. Abstract Copyright © 2013, Iranian Society of Pediatrics. [comprped.com]

Particular updates include full coverage of new developments in epidemiology, genetics, classification, imaging, drug therapy and other treatments. [books.google.ro]

Tsuboi T (1984) Epidemiology of febrile and afebrile convulsions in children in Japan. Neurology 34: 175-181. Berg AT, Shinnar S (1994) The contributions of epidemiology to the understanding of childhood seizures and epilepsy. [omicsonline.org]

[Guideline] Guidelines for epidemiologic studies on epilepsy. Commission on Epidemiology and Prognosis, International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1993 Jul-Aug. 34(4):592-6. [Medline]. Matsuo M, Sasaki K, Ichimaru T, Nakazato S, Hamasaki Y. [emedicine.medscape.com]

The first section of the book introduces the clinical aspects of the science of epileptology with chapters on pathophysiology, genetics, classification, syndromes, epidemiology, etiology, and differential diagnosis. [books.google.ro]

Pathophysiology Febrile seizures occur in young children at a time in their development when the seizure threshold is low. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Associations between seizures and these conditions might be bidirectional, ¶ sharing some common pathophysiological mechanisms ( 8 ). [cdc.gov]

Pathophysiology of seizures and epilepsy in the immature brain:Cells, synapses and circuits. In: Pellock JM, Dodson WE, Bourgeois BFD, editors. Pediatric epilepsy. New York: Demos; 2001. pp. 1–23. 34. Holmes GL, Ben Ari Y. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

It is considered a migraine variant as there is often a family history of migraine headache, though the pathophysiology is not well understood. Usually no trigger to a particular episode can be defined. [epilepsydiagnosis.org]

The specific issues addressed were (1) effectiveness of continuous anticonvulsant therapy in preventing recurrent febrile seizures, (2) effectiveness of intermittent anticonvulsant therapy in preventing recurrent febrile seizures, (3) effectiveness of [pediatrics.aappublications.org]

Intermittent oral benzodiazepine use during a febrile illness may also help prevent seizure recurrence. Daily preventive anti-epileptic drugs as maintenance therapy are not needed. [cookchildrens.org]

They are not typically used to prevent febrile seizures. [mayoclinic.org]

In a randomized study of 79 children, phenobarbital 5 mg/kg/day was more effective than placebo for preventing seizure recurrence (5% vs. 25% had recurrence). [uspharmacist.com]