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Fanconi Anemia
FA
Homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand damage
Presentation
- AML is the initial presentation in approximately one third of patients. CASE PRESENTATION: A 17 year old male presented to the emergency room with history of high grade fever since two weeks.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- This approach presents some advantages, especially in populations with a high incidence of FA and of consanguinity. Herein, we present a case with mild phenotypic features, inconclusive hematological findings and a negative breakage test.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- Ocular complications are common in patients with Fanconi anemia and may be the presenting manifestation of the disease.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- She manifested classical features of transfusion-related hemosiderosis and died 12 years after initial presentation.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- We present this experience to alert physicians that Fanconi anemia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of otherwise unexplained macrocytosis during childhood.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Entire Body System
Fatigue
- For those children, the first sign is often fatigue. Because red blood cells deliver oxygen to every part of the body, when there aren't enough red blood cells to go around, tiredness sets in.[ucsfbenioffchildrens.org]
- Complications of Fanconi anemia Fanconi anemia may lead to: Delayed growth or development Infection, especially pneumonia, chickenpox, and hepatitis Fatigue Digestive problems Certain cancers Death Diagnosis of Fanconi anemia Fanconi anemia usually is[stanfordchildrens.org]
- Complications of Fanconi anemia Fanconi anemia may lead to: Delayed growth or development Infection, especially pneumonia, chickenpox, and hepatitis Fatigue Digestive problems Certain cancers Death Diagnosis Diagnosis Diagnosis of Fanconi anemia Fanconi[childrensnational.org]
Developmental Disabilities
- About 60–75% of people have congenital defects, commonly short stature, abnormalities of the skin, arms, head, eyes, kidneys, and ears, and developmental disabilities.[en.wikipedia.org]
Hematological
Easy Bruising
- They may exhibit symptoms such as: Unexplained fatigue Recurrent colds or viral infections Recurrent nosebleeds Easy bruising Blood in the stool or urine Shortness of breath Poor growth / short stature In rare cases, symptoms do not occur until early[cincinnatichildrens.org]
- Medical problems associated with pancytopenia include pale skin, easy bleeding/poor clotting, easy bruising, fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. All of these problems are common in FA.[forgottendiseases.org]
- Early signs and symptoms may include the following: Extreme fatigue Shortness of breath Pale skin Feeling dizzy Headaches Chest pain Frequent infections Easy bruising Nosebleeds About 60 percent of children with Fanconi anemia are born with at least one[stjude.org]
- bruising Low white cell, red cell, or platelet count (age of onset highly variable) Myelodysplasia Upper limb malformations: misshapen, missing or extra thumbs or an incompletely developed or missing radius (50%) Other skeletal anomalies (30%) - short[en.wikibooks.org]
Respiratoric
Sputum
- Absence of eosinophils in blood and sputum led to a successful reduction in the dose of corticosteroids without loss of asthma control demonstrating the clinical utility of monitoring treatment using biomarkers and the importance of recognizing the components[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Gastrointestinal
Failure to Thrive
- […] to thrive Learning disability Low birth weight Intellectual disability People with mild to moderate blood cell changes who do not need a transfusion may only need regular check-ups and blood count checks.[nlm.nih.gov]
- Among the more common birth defects are the following: Short stature Thumb, hand and arm anomalies Skeletal abnormalities of the hip and spine Kidney problems Skin discoloration Small head or eyes Low birth weight and failure to thrive Digestive tract[fanconicanada.org]
- […] to thrive Learning disability Low birth weight Intellectual disability Exams and Tests Common tests for Fanconi anemia include: Bone marrow biopsy Complete blood count ( CBC ) Developmental tests Medicines added to a blood sample to check for damage[mountsinai.org]
Jaw & Teeth
Periodontitis
- Periodontal disease is one of common oral manifestations in patients with Fanconi anemia (FA). The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on periodontal clinical and microbial parameters in a patient with FA.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Eyes
Retinal Hemorrhage
- A 21-year-old healthy woman presented with bilateral retinal hemorrhages, telangiectasia, and severe ischemia with vascular leak. Systemic workup revealed anemia and thrombocytopenia.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Ears
Hearing Impairment
- Less common abnormalities may also be associated with Fanconi anemia including abnormalities of the middle ears resulting in hearing impairment (conductive hearing loss). Some individuals may have abnormally low-set, malformed outer ears (pinnae).[web.archive.org]
Neurologic
Loss of Speech
- CONCLUSIONS: Hearing loss and speech perception in noise abnormalities are common in Fanconi anemia.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Intracranial Hemorrhage
- Other abnormalities may also be present, such as structural malformations of the heart (congenital heart defects), kidney (renal) defects, and/or mental retardation that may be secondary to bleeding episodes in the skull (intracranial hemorrhages) during[web.archive.org]
Workup
- Systemic workup revealed anemia and thrombocytopenia. A diepoxybutane chromosomal breakage test confirmed the diagnosis of Fanconi anemia.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- (See Workup.) The advent of molecular diagnostics has further improved the specificity of Fanconi anemia diagnosis. Fanconi anemia accounts for approximately 25% of the cases of aplastic anemia seen at large referral centers.[emedicine.com]
Other Pathologies
Visceromegaly
- There was no visceromegaly or lymphadenopathy. Complete blood count showed haemoglobin 3.4 gm/dl, MCV 100 fl and MCH 36 pg, white blood cell count 55.9 10 E9/L and platelet count 8 10E9/L. Peripheral blood smear revealed 26% blast cells.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Treatment
- As matched sibling donor transplantation as preferred treatment is not available for the majority of patients, several synthetic androgens have been used as short-term treatment options for the marrow failure in FA patients for more than 50 years.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- Management and treatment Supportive care includes transfusions of packed red blood cells (RBC) or leucodepleted platelets. The only curative treatment for hematologic manifestations is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).[orpha.net]
- More information Fanconi Anemia Research Fund To find effective treatments and a cure for this disease, and to provide education and support services to affected families worldwide.[curlie.org]
- Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains the only curative treatment of FA patients with MDS or AML.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- The mean adherence rate across treatment was 77%, and after 17 months, the final weekly adherence rate was 82%. Adherence rates significantly improved over the treatment period, ARIMA t 36.16, p .01.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Prognosis
- A few reports also suggest that gains of 3q are associated with progression to MDS-AML and overall poor prognosis.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- Biallelic BRCA2 mutations occur in 2% of patients with Fanconi anemia and are associated with a high risk of acute leukemia at an early age and a poor prognosis.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- The complex hypodiploidy karyotype of the leukemic cells with LOH for 17p may represent a unique karyotypic profile that reflects genomic instability and thereby confers poor prognosis.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- Prognosis BMF and malignancies lead to a poor prognosis with a reduced life expectancy, which has been improved by HSCT and androgen treatment. The documents contained in this web site are presented for information purposes only.[orpha.net]
- The occurrence of primary intracranial leiomyosarcoma, however, which in general has a poor prognosis, has not been described thus far.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Etiology
- FA should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all young patients with BMF of unknown etiology.[orpha.net]
- Although this condition may be acquired, it is considered a truly congenital defect in FA, and to identify the etiology of this association furthermore genetic mutation analysis is needed.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- In this review, we summarize the roles and molecular mechanisms of FA genes in the development of mammalian follicle, which may provide some insights on the genetic basis for the etiology of POI.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- In doing so, FA provides researchers with a unique genetic model system to study cancer etiology. Here, we review how aberrant function of the 22 FA genes and their signaling network contributes to malignancy.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- Although evidence of an etiological role of the local microbiome and carcinogenesis has been mounting, no information exists regarding the oral microbiome of FA patients.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Epidemiology
- Abstract Epidemiological studies have found a positive association between coffee consumption and a lower risk of cardiovascular disorders, some cancers, diabetes, Parkinson and Alzheimer disease.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- Summary Epidemiology Recent determination of the carrier frequency gave an estimate of more than 1/200, with an expected prevalence at birth of at least 1/160,000.[orpha.net]
- Contemporary estimates for Fanconi Anemia in the United States and Israel † ‡ Corresponding Author E-mail address: rosenbep@mail.nih.gov Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes[doi.org]
- Keywords: clinical (human) or epidemiologic studies: prevalence/incidence • anterior segment[iovs.arvojournals.org]
Sex distribution
Age distribution
Pathophysiology
- With an enhanced understanding of the intrinsic DNA-repair defect and pathophysiology of hematopoietic failure and leukemogenesis, sequential changes to conditioning and graft engineering have significantly improved the expectation of survival after allogeneic[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- Our model suggests a possible dual pathophysiology for FA that includes defects in DNA repair and in ribosome biogenesis.[pnas.org]
- Additionally, readers interested in an in depth review of Fanconi anemia and other IBMFSs are referred to an article by Shimamura and Alter in the journal Blood Reviews : “Pathophysiology of inherited bone marrow failure syndromes.” [1] Complications[emedicine.com]
Prevention
- Altogether, our data open perspectives in the prevention of adverse effects of chronic inflammation in tumorigenesis. Copyright 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- Microbiology, Genetics Department of Hospital de les Santes Creus i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain. 7 Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- This review summarizes the discovery of these new FA genes and describes how these proteins integrate into the FA-BRCA pathway to maintain genome stability and critically prevent early-onset BMF and cancer. Copyright 2016 Elsevier Ltd.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- The stage 4 Coats disease was managed with intravitreal bevacizumab injections and later pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade surgery, which prevented enucleation despite visual loss.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- In chromatin, both FANCD2 and FANCI associate with SF3B1, prevent accumulation of postcatalytic intron lariats, and contribute to the timely eviction of splicing factors.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]