Clinical Presentation The most frequent presentation is that of a patient with recurrent or persistent pleural effusion. [accesssurgery.mhmedical.com]

A thorough understanding of the process gives one better knowledge as to their different aetiologies, presentations and prognoses. The nature of prevention of this meance varies in these types. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

"Paradoxical vocal cord motion disorder: past, present and future". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 83 (977): 164–172. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2006.052522. ISSN 1469-0756. PMC 2599980. PMID 17344570. [en.wikipedia.org]

Medical Image A 91 years old female presented with chest pain and shortness of breath after a fall. Chest radiograph showed a very large left-sided fluid collection surrounded by calcified pleura and collapse of the left lung (Figure 1). [imagejournals.org]

In the present report, a new approach, pleural decortication, was used in a patient with medically refractory chronic pleuritis secondary to severe SLE. [hindawi.com]

• Inflammation

  The patient was diagnosed with calcified fibrothorax, believed to be secondary to chronic pleural inflammation from lupus erythematosus. She was managed conservatively, with no surgical intervention. Figure 1. [atsjournals.org]

  Over time, the undrained pleural effusion causes sustained inflammation of the pleura, which can then lead to deposition of fibrin in the pleura and the development of a fibrotic scar. [owlapps.net]

• Collapse

  Figure 1: Chest radiograph showed a very large left-sided fluid collection surrounded by calcified pleura and collapse of the left lung. [imagejournals.org]

  As the decortication progresses; however, the inflated lung impairs visualization, and the final stages usually are performed with the lung collapsed. [doctorlib.info]

  CT scan may be required to establish the degree of under development and to differentiate hypoplasia from other conditions that may closely mimic it radiographically: atelectasis from other causes, severe bronchiectasis with collapse and advanced fibrothorax [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Within the chest, the lung is compressed and unable to expand (trapped lung), making it vulnerable to collapse and causing breathlessness. [owlapps.net]

  The peel can become deeper than 2 cm.[2] Within the chest, the lung is compressed and unable to expand (trapped lung), making it vulnerable to collapse and causing breathlessness.[7] Restrictive lung disease from fibrothorax may occur when pleural fibrosis [en.wikipedia.org]

• Fever

  Ghoshal and colleagues18 have emphasized that cough with expectoration, hemoptysis, or fever should alert the examining physician to underlying pulmonary parenchymal disease. [thoracickey.com]

  Symptoms of the underlying problem are sometimes seen, for example, fever in cases of empyema. Causes Fibrothorax is often a complication of other diseases that cause inflammation of the pleura. [owlapps.net]

  […] both for diagnosis and directing treatment.[15] Treatment involves measures to decrease the oxygen requirement of the heart and efforts to increase blood flow.[2] COVID-19[edit] People that have been infected by COVID-19 may have symptoms such as a fever [en.wikipedia.org]

• Chest Discomfort

  Occasionally patients may experience chest discomfort ranging from tightness to frank pain; dry, nonproductive cough; fatigue; or malaise. [thoracickey.com]

  Less commonly, fibrothorax may cause chest discomfort or a dry cough. Fibrothorax may occur as a complication of other diseases. Symptoms of the underlying problem are sometimes seen, for example, fever in cases of empyema. [owlapps.net]

  Less commonly, fibrothorax may cause chest discomfort or a dry cough.[4] Fibrothorax may occur as a complication of other diseases. Symptoms of the underlying problem are sometimes seen, for example, fever in cases of empyema. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Recurrent Pleural Effusion

  Although recurrent pleural effusion is a known complication of this procedure, severe fibrothorax requiring decortication has been described only once, in a case involving a child. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Persistent, recurrent pleural effusions are a possible symptom, caused by the persistent cavity formed by the hardening pleura around the original fluid collection. Shortness of breath tends to develop gradually and may worsen over time. [owlapps.net]

  Symptoms[edit] The condition only causes symptoms if the visceral pleura is affected.[5] Although fibrothorax may not cause any symptoms, people affected by the disorder may report shortness of breath.[6] Persistent, recurrent pleural effusions are a [en.wikipedia.org]

• Pleural Effusion

  Clinical Presentation The most frequent presentation is that of a patient with recurrent or persistent pleural effusion. [accesssurgery.mhmedical.com]

  Figure 2: CT scan of chest with contrast revealed a chronic appearing increased density left pleural effusion contained within thick calcified pleura. [imagejournals.org]

  Herth, Jian Kang Abstract: Diagnosing pleural effusion is challenging, especially in patients with malignant or benign Fibrothorax, which is difficult to sample using standard flexible forceps (SFF) via flex-rigid pleuroscopy. [idexlab.com]

  The main insult is the presence of an undrained pleural effusion that may result from any of the above named conditions. [link.springer.com]

  It can have several causes, including hemothorax, pleural effusion, and tuberculosis. [yourdictionary.com]

• Pneumonia

  DRG Group #193-195 - Simple pneumonia and pleurisy without CC or MCC. [icd.codes]

  Other pleural conditions Approximate Synonyms Fibrosis of pleura ICD-10-CM J94.1 is grouped within Diagnostic Related Group(s) (MS-DRG v38.0): 193 Simple pneumonia and pleurisy with mcc 194 Simple pneumonia and pleurisy with cc 195 Simple pneumonia [icd10data.com]

  Diagnosis and Evaluation Although a history of penetrating thoracic trauma, pneumonia, or tuberculosis may be elicited, no inciting cause will be found in 50% of patients.13 The most common complaint is progressive dyspnea on exertion. [thoracickey.com]

  [edit] The symptoms of pneumonia are fever, productive cough, shortness of breath, and pleuritic chest pain.[2] Inspiratory crackles may be heard on exam.[2] A chest x-ray can be useful to differentiate pneumonia from congestive heart failure.[2] As the [en.wikipedia.org]

  Peripheral bronchopleural fistula: CT evaluation in 20 patients with pneumonia, empyema, or postoperative air leak. Radiology 1995; 196:175-181 [Google Scholar] 10. Minami M, Kawauchi N, Yoshikawa K, et al. [ajronline.org]

• Exertional Dyspnea

  The patient is a 50-year-old woman who presented for the evaluation of chronic exertional dyspnea. Her past medical history was significant for long-standing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with multisystem organ involvement. [atsjournals.org]

  dyspnea, fatigue, weakness, and tachycardia.[17] It may lead to heart failure.[17] Anaemia is often a cause of dyspnea. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Heart Failure

  Congestive heart failure[edit] Congestive heart failure frequently presents with shortness of breath with exertion, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.[2] It affects between 1–2% of the general United States population and occurs in 10% of those [en.wikipedia.org]

  cancer, left ventricular heart failure, and unstable angina) likely to affect survival during follow-up period; (2) psychiatric disorders that could affect the ability to undergo NIV; (3) any other chronic respiratory disease that could interfere with [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Right Pleural Effusion

  A computed tomography scan revealed a persistent, small, loculated right pleural effusion; pleural thickening; and atelectasis of the right middle and lower lobes. Pulmonary function tests showed a severe restrictive defect. [hindawi.com]

• Left Pleural Effusion

  Figure 2: CT scan of chest with contrast revealed a chronic appearing increased density left pleural effusion contained within thick calcified pleura. [imagejournals.org]

• Pleural Effusion

  Clinical Presentation The most frequent presentation is that of a patient with recurrent or persistent pleural effusion. [accesssurgery.mhmedical.com]

  Figure 2: CT scan of chest with contrast revealed a chronic appearing increased density left pleural effusion contained within thick calcified pleura. [imagejournals.org]

  Herth, Jian Kang Abstract: Diagnosing pleural effusion is challenging, especially in patients with malignant or benign Fibrothorax, which is difficult to sample using standard flexible forceps (SFF) via flex-rigid pleuroscopy. [idexlab.com]

  The main insult is the presence of an undrained pleural effusion that may result from any of the above named conditions. [link.springer.com]

  It can have several causes, including hemothorax, pleural effusion, and tuberculosis. [yourdictionary.com]

• Pleural Adhesions

  On pathology, pleuritis with vascular pleural adhesions was found. No lupus pneumonitis was noted. Postoperatively, a significant clinical improvement in dyspnea was evident within several weeks. [hindawi.com]

  Regardless of whether the parietal pleura is left in place, complete lysis of all pleural adhesion is required. Any loculated spaces are drained and the contents are sent for culture. [doctorlib.info]

This unique feature of calcific pleural effusion/fibrothorax may be seen as a sequalea in patients who had induced pneumothorax for treatment of tuberculosis [imagejournals.org]

Treatment and prognosis Treatment options can range from conservative to surgical intervention with pleural decortication considered in selected cases 5. References Promoted articles (advertising) [radiopaedia.org]

[…] of fibro- thorax and iatrogenic pneumothorax complicating pulmonary tuberculosis.1,19,20,21,40,41,64,65,66 More than 50 years after its inception, decortication of the lung in the treatment of fibrothorax was finally established. [thoracickey.com]

Abstract Ventriculopleural shunts have been used as an alternative to ventriculoperitoneal shunts in the treatment of hydrocephalus. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[edit] Non-surgical[edit] Conservative non-surgical treatment of fibrothorax is generally done by treating its underlying cause and is reserved for milder cases. [en.wikipedia.org]

Treatment and prognosis Treatment options can range from conservative to surgical intervention with pleural decortication considered in selected cases 5. References Promoted articles (advertising) [radiopaedia.org]

The prognosis after surgical decortication is variable and depends on the health of the underlying lung before the procedure takes place. [owlapps.net]

[…] tuberculosis, collagen vascular diseases, uraemia, rheumatoid arthritis, pleurodesis, pleural effusion, certain medications Risk factors Asbestos exposure, certain drugs Diagnostic method Chest X-ray, CT scan Treatment Watchful waiting, decortication Prognosis [en.wikipedia.org]

Depending on the underlying etiology and the degree ... [accesssurgery.mhmedical.com]

Diffuse diseases may be inflammatory or infectious in etiology as in fibrothorax, or neoplastic (Figure 11), either primary or metastatic. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

(1) an increased awareness of normal breathing such as during an anxiety attack, (2) an increase in the work of breathing and (3) an abnormality in the ventilatory system.[11] The tempo of onset and the duration of dyspnea are useful in knowing the etiology [en.wikipedia.org]

Epidemiology Sporadic cases are rarely reported in the medical literature, for example, due to iatrogenic or postoperative complications. Fibrothorax is rare in developed countries, mainly due to a lower incidence of tuberculosis. [owlapps.net]

Other factors predicting poorer surgical outcomes include intraoperative complications, incomplete surgery, lung disease beyond the fibrothorax being treated, and specific causes of fibrothorax such as asbestosis.[10] Epidemiology[edit] Sporadic cases [en.wikipedia.org]

Pathophysiology of Fibrothorax The main causes of fibrothorax are listed in Table 132-1. The prerequisite for the formation of fibrothorax is the presence of undrained pleural effusion. [accesssurgery.mhmedical.com]

[…] space.2,10,24,27,47,55,58 Despite earlier diagnosis and minimally invasive abilities to drain the pleural space, entrapment of the lung still occurs.59 Once organization has occurred, thoracotomy and decortication remain the treatment of choice.8,61 Pathophysiology [thoracickey.com]

Guillain–Barré syndrome, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis and muscular dystrophy can all cause an individual to experience shortness of breath.[11] Shortness of breath can also occur as a result of vocal cord dysfunction (VCD).[20] Pathophysiology [en.wikipedia.org]

The nature of prevention of this meance varies in these types. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

29613-0_130 3 Mentions 339 Downloads Synonyms Definition Fibrothorax is a condition characterized by accumulation of fibrous tissue in the pleural cavity in reaction to undrained pleural fluid, where a thick “peel” can form on either pleural surface, preventing [link.springer.com]

Timely evacuation of hemothorax, empyema, or large pleural effusions with expansion of the underlying lung is critical in the prevention of fibrothorax. [thoracickey.com]

A thick “peel” is formed on both pleural surfaces, eventually preventing complete expansion of the lung. [accesssurgery.mhmedical.com]

In addition to the usual wave of heat felt immediately after injection, the patient developed a small area of edema of the lower lip which was promptly relieved by 0.2 c.c. of epinephrine, and subsequently was prevented by premedication with this drug [pubs.rsna.org]