The present study thus clearly demonstrates that normal HDL inhibits the beta-LCAT activity present in FED plasma, esterifying the free cholesterol of combined VLDL and LDL, derived from controls as well as from the two FED patients. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Inflammation

  Find articles by Kuivenhoven, J. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar Department of Haemostasis, Thrombosis, Atherosclerosis and Inflammation Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [jci.org]

  Wiping and touching your eye can lead to inflammation, irritation, and infection. Conjunctivitis (pink eye) Conjunctivitis can be due to an allergy, irritant, virus, or bacteria. [healthline.com]

  Age-Related Disease Study Group in Rockville, Md., who conducted the study, say omega-3 fatty acids may reduce the risk of AMD in a variety of ways, such as promoting healthy blood vessel function, influencing which genes turn on and off, and reducing inflammation [webmd.com]

  Other causes of pop eye include viral and other causes of inflammation to the Choroid or vessels leading to the eyeball itself, and trauma ranks high in this group. [koicrisis.com]

  Bacterial Infections: Inactivity, loss of color, frayed fins, bloated body, cloudy eyes, open sores, abscesses, red streaks throughout body, reddening or inflammation of the skin, fins or internal organs, bulging eyes, difficulty breathing. [fishnet.org]

• Asymptomatic

  This first British male case from unrelated British parents had infarcts when aged 49 and 73 years but was asymptomatic at age 81 years, with plasma cholesterol 4.3-7.1 mmol/litre, triglycerides 1.8-2.2 mmol/litre, HDL cholesterol < 0.1 mmol/litre, apolipoprotein [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Weight Loss

  Scratching, small gold to white spots, loss of color, weight loss, difficulty breathing due to gill damage. Velvet (Gold Dust Disease) OTC medication for parasites. [fishnet.org]

  However, if infection is due to bacteria, try salt bath, anti-biotic Pictures Velvet Symptoms – Scratches against hard objects Fish is lethargic Loss of appetite and weight loss Rapid, labored breathing Fins clamped against body Fine yellow or rusty colored [carolinafishtalk.com]

• Malnutrition

  An increase in parasites in the aquarium is the most common cause but severe stress, old age, or malnutrition can all lead to this condition. [tropicalfishsite.com]

  Treatment For Fin Rot A fish affected by fin rot is a fish that is already battling stress, malnutrition or another disease. [aquariumtricks.com]

• Loss of Appetite

  Pictures Flukes (Gill, Eye or Skin)– Symptoms – Rapid breathing, loss of appetite, discolored gill filaments, and swollen gills. [carolinafishtalk.com]

  Parasitic Infections: Inactivity, loss of appetite, excess mucus or film on body, visible spots or worms, rapid breathing, scratching. [fishnet.org]

• Ulcer

  Use Forma-Green in the water to prevent fungus from attacking the ulcerations. [nationalfishpharm.com]

  As seen above, Lifeguard can be used in many situations, treating fungus, ick, red streaks, milky or shedding slime, flukes, bacterial gill disease, mouth and fin rot, clamped or torn fins, and ulcers. [tetra-fish.com]

  Symptoms and Types These disorders can cause the eye(s) of the affected fish to display any of the following symptoms: Swelling Enlargement (giving an appearance of a popping eye) Blood in the eye Ulceration Disfigurement Parasites within the eye Abnormality [petmd.com]

  Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Grayish-white film on skin, damaged fins, ulcers, yellow to gray patches on gills, tissue on head may be eaten away. [fishnet.org]

  They usually embed themselves with hook-like anchors in the body wall of the fish, and a raised ulcer can develop where it attaches. [carolinafishtalk.com]

• Skin Lesion

  I'm convinced that some conditions reported in the past which present as mysterious skin lesions - 'grey sheen' and possibly even some of the lesions reported as 'strawberry disease' may have had eye fluke as the true cause. [thefishsite.com]

  A verruca/plantar wart is a small skin lesion which is commonly found on the soles of your feet especially at pressure points such as the heels, or on the balls of feet. [almawiclinic.com]

  Symptoms include skin lesions, fin erosion and gill necrosis. It is often mistaken for fungal infection. The bacteria are prevalent in fresh water. [yihufish.com]

• Corneal Opacity

  Ophthalmologic examination revealed slightly decreased visual acuity, yellowish-white diffuse corneal opacities causing corneal clouding, and dry eye disease bilaterally in both patients. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Blurred Vision

  A 57-year-old man presented with blurred vision. The best corrected visual acuity was 0.8 OD and 1.0 OS. The patient had no family history of cloudy cornea. Slit-lamp examination revealed massive bilateral diffuse corneal clouding. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  DEFICIENCY Pigmentary retinopathy AR HADHA #609016 LEBER CONGENITAL AMAUROSIS Pigmentary retinopathy, photophobia, cataract, nystagmus, eye poking, diminished electroretinogram AD, AR Numerous Multiple LEBER HEREDITARY OPTIC NEUROPATHY Progressive blurred [eyewiki.aao.org]

• Behavior Disorder

  Bacterial Disorders Behavioral Disorders Body Cavity Changes In Color Eye Disorders Fecal Disorders Fin Disorders Gallbladder Gill Disorders Intestinal Disorders Kidney Disorders Liver Disorders Locomotor Disorders Physical Changes Skin Disorders Swim [nationalfishpharm.com]

• Hypertriglyceridemia

  A complete loss of function of the LCAT enzyme is referred to as classic LCAT deficiency and, besides reduced HDL concentration and corneal opacity, is associated with a modest hypertriglyceridemia as well as glomerulosclerosis. [medizinische-genetik.de]

  Patients may present with HDL deficiency, corneal opacification, hemolytic anemia, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and proteinuria. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  It is essential to have regular check-ups and consult a well-experienced endocrinologist who will prescribe an optimal diet and treat abnormalities regarding hypertriglyceridemia or low HDL. [ic.steadyhealth.com]

  […] lymph nodes 0002716 Splenomegaly Increased spleen size 0001744 Visual impairment Impaired vision Loss of eyesight Poor vision [ more ] 0000505 Percent of people who have these symptoms is not available through HPO Autosomal recessive inheritance 0000007 Hypertriglyceridemia [rarediseases.info.nih.gov]

• Pseudomonas

  Anchor Worms (Lernaea) Argulus(Fish Lice) Description, Symptoms, Life Cycle and Treatment Blood Parasites (Trypanoplasma, Trypanosoma, Sanguinicola) Cotton Wool Disease (Mouth Fungus) Developmental or Hereditary Diseases Dropsy Fin Rot Finrot, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas [aquariumlife.net]

  Sunken eyes are usually associated with Aeromonas / Pseudomonas bacterial infections which have gone systemic (gained entry to the blood stream) and sometimes you may see fish which have been parasitized by Flukes, for example, to such an extent that [koicrisis.com]

  The bacterial causes may manifest themselves as septicemia from such organisms as Aeromonas, Pseudomonas and Edwardsiella, all gram-negative rod bacteria. To diagnose septicemia, you should look for red blotches or red streaks on the body and fins. [monsterfishkeepers.com]

You can use this treatment in combination with antibiotics and water changes. [aquariumlife.net]

Treatment Options for LCAT Deficiency As of yet, there aren't any specific therapies available that can treat LCAT deficiency. [healthery.com]

Depending on the cause, there are different types of medications and bath treatments that can help. [caringpets.org]

Management and treatment Treatment is symptomatic. Severe visual impairment may require corneal transplantation. Prognosis Morbidity is related to progressive corneal opacification, which may lead to visual impairment. [orpha.net]

Treatment for LCAT Deficiency Patients suffering from LCAT deficiency need to be treated for their anemia, renal insufficiency and rapidly developing atherosclerosis. [ic.steadyhealth.com]

Prognosis Morbidity is related to progressive corneal opacification, which may lead to visual impairment. The documents contained in this web site are presented for information purposes only. [orpha.net]

Disease prognosis is variable and end-stage renal disease is the most complicated outcome. Incidence: The incidence of Norum disease is unknown. [xpertdox.com]

Once it gets this far, the prognosis is extremely poor. I've never seen a fish with sunken eyes to survive. Never. If the fishes' head is shaped like an arrow head, and it's shimmying in the water, and the fins are clamped, the fish is a goner. [koicrisis.com]

However, other fish may require antibiotics and have a worse prognosis. Recently introduced fish that exhibited signs within a matter of minutes have the worst prognosis of all, and there is often no cure for trauma to the swim bladder. [carolinafishtalk.com]

Prognosis [ edit ] Renal failure is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in complete LCAT deficiency, while in partial deficiency (fish eye disease) major cause of morbidity is visual impairment due to corneal opacity. [en.wikipedia.org]

Our data are in line with the hypothesis that a key event in the etiology of FLD is the loss of distinct lipoprotein fractions. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Etiology 18 different mutations in the LCAT gene (16q22.1), encoding the LCAT enzyme which catalyzes the formation of cholesterol esters in lipoproteins, have been identified in FED cases. [orpha.net]

Epidemiological as well as biochemical evidence of recent years has established that a low plasma level of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol is a predictor for the risk of coronary artery disease. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Abstract Epidemiological as well as biochemical evidence of recent years has established that a low plasma level of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol is a predictor for the risk of coronary artery disease. [pnas.org]

Summary Epidemiology Fish eye disease is very rare; about 30 cases have been reported to date. Fish eye disease seems to be less common than familial LCAT deficiency (see this term). [orpha.net]

The rarity of this disorder has limited advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of the HDL deficiency. However, we here describe the clinical and biochemical presentation of a family with FED who are of Dutch descent. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] biochemistry of nutrition 180 Nutritional disorders and their management 200 Clinical biochemistry of the gastrointestinal tract 214 Assessment of hepatic function and investigation of jaundice 231 Acute and chronic liver disease 250 Glucose metabolism and the pathophysiology [books.google.com]

LCAT Deficiency Pathophysiology Since people suffering from this type of deficiency lack a specific enzyme, they are not able to deal with excess of cholesterol in their bodies. [ic.steadyhealth.com]

[…] found that the disease was named so because the cornea of the eye was so opaque or cloudy with dots of cholesterol that it resembled a boiled fish. [5] If an individual only carry one copy of the mutated gene, they typically do not show symptoms. [6] Pathophysiology [en.wikipedia.org]

Pop Eye Prevention No Prevention? Clean water and good water condition will help. Pop-eye can also be caused by hormonal imbalance, for which there is no cure. [fishdeals.com]

Check these related articles Preventing Fish Diseases Symptoms and Treatments of Common Fish Diseases [aquariumlife.net]

Love to you, Flo Salth Baths For Goldfish | Tips and Benefits Goldfish Diseases | How To Diagnose, Cure And Prevent Essential Goldfish Care Guidelines Feeding Goldfish The Healthy Way | Benefits and Tips [goldfish2care4.com]

Use Forma-Green in the water to prevent fungus from attacking the ulcerations. [nationalfishpharm.com]

[…] opportunistic as discussed earlier, prevention is VERY key to stopping this bacterium. [aquarium-pond-answers.com]