The clinical presentations, imaging studies and initial pathology studies can mimic lymphocytic hypophysitis. Here we report additional clinical clues in differentiating these two conditions. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Epilepsy

  OBJECTIVE: To improve phenotype definition in genetic studies of epilepsy, we assessed the familial aggregation of focal seizure types and of specific seizure symptoms within the focal epilepsies in families from the Epilepsy Phenome/Genome Project. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Abstract Objective: To improve phenotype definition in genetic studies of epilepsy, we assessed the familial aggregation of focal seizure types and of specific seizure symptoms within the focal epilepsies in families from the Epilepsy Phenome/Genome Project [n.neurology.org]

• Falling

  Although you usually remain conscious, it can cause you to suddenly fall and lead to injuries. These seizures also are called "drop attacks." [ucsfhealth.org]

  A sudden fall to the ground ('drop attack') can occur with myoclonic, tonic or atonic seizures or a focal seizure involving the movement areas. [rch.org.au]

  They vary in severity but can cause someone to spill or drop what they are holding, or fall off a chair. If severe enough, a myoclonic seizure can also cause a fall. The seizures are often mistaken for clumsiness before diagnosis. [epilepsy.org.au]

  This might mean you lose balance and fall over. Atonic seizures Atonic seizures cause all your muscles to suddenly relax, so you may fall to the ground. They tend to be very brief and you'll usually be able to get up again straight away. [nhs.uk]

• Pain

  […] ictal abdominal pain remains unknown. [ijponline.biomedcentral.com]

  Parietal (pah-RIE-eh-tal) lobe- Controls sense of touch, response to pain and temperature, and understanding of language. Occipital (ok-SIP-eh-tal) lobe- Controls vision. Temporal (TEM-por-al) lobe- Controls hearing and memory. [nationwidechildrens.org]

  […] at clothes or lip smacking Eyes moving from side to side Abnormal sensations, such as numbness, tingling, crawling sensation (like ants crawling on the skin) Hallucinations, seeing, smelling, or sometimes hearing things that are not there Abdominal pain [nlm.nih.gov]

• Disability

  Please enable JS and disable any ad blocker [cairn.info]

  […] have a history of seizures should be continued on current AED therapy that controls seizures and should not be switched to a secondary agent simply because of pregnancy Surgical treatment Epilepsy surgery is indicated for patients who have frequent, disabling [emedicine.medscape.com]

  In addition to seizures, symptoms may include unsteadiness, muscle rigidity, and intellectual disability. Reflex Epilepsy In reflex epilepsy, seizures are triggered by specific environmental stimuli. [nyulangone.org]

• Fatigue

  Chronic Fatigue Syndrome or Fibromyalgia Just like the name implies, chronic fatigue syndrome just might be the source of your constant exhaustion, says sleep specialist Dr. Arthur N. Falk. Or it could be fibromyalgia. [livestrong.com]

  They may suffer for years from daytime fatigue and concentration problems without ever knowing why. For people with epilepsy, sleep problems are a double-edged sword; epilepsy disturbs sleep and sleep deprivation aggravates epilepsy. [sleepfoundation.org]

  He or she may have problems with vision or speech, and may have a bad headache, fatigue, or body aches. Not all of these phases occur in everyone with this type of seizure. Myoclonic seizure. [urmc.rochester.edu]

  OXC has an extended-release formulation that is dosed once daily, but CBZ should be dosed at a minimum of twice daily. 15 The most common AEs of ESL are dizziness, somnolence, nausea, headache, diplopia, vomiting, fatigue, vertigo, ataxia, blurred vision [uspharmacist.com]

  […] paroxysmal epileptiform activity, maximum on photic stimulation Valproic acid Seizure free Siegel AM et al. 8 1 F Crampy periumbilical pain Occasional generalized seizures Few seconds Right parietal focus NR NR Mitchell WG et al. 9 6 M Vomiting Bad smell, fatigue [ijponline.biomedcentral.com]

• Pneumonia

  A case of suspected lymphocytic hypophysitis and organizing pneumonia during maintenance therapy for autoimmune pancreatitis associated with autoimmune thrombocytopenia. Endocr J. 2006;53(4):563–6. [bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com]

  As consciousness is preserved throughout the ictal event in SPS, these patients are less likely to suffer from seizure-related accidents and aspiration leading to pneumonia than are patients with seizures that affect consciousness. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Overeating

  The contrast was reabsorbed from the subarachnoid space over a 48-hour period, the cerebral edema resolved over several days, and the child returned to his baseline state 4 days after the seizure episode. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] and average over the 16-week treatment period ] Change in use of rescue medication [ Time Frame: Baseline and average over the 16-week treatment period ] Change in number of episodes of status epilepticus [ Time Frame: Baseline and average over the 16 [clinicaltrials.gov]

  Seizures tend to occur in the same area of brain over and over, so symptoms in one person seem very similar from one time to the next. [drugs.com]

• Nausea

  A complex seizure can last for a minute or two, and you may feel a warning sign such as a feeling of uneasiness or nausea before the seizure. You may feel sleepy and confused after the seizure. [healthline.com]

  In addition, a variety of migraine-like disturbances such as nausea, headache, dizziness, and visual hallucinations may be associated with pain during the attacks [ 4 ]. [ijponline.biomedcentral.com]

  The child may also experience sweating, nausea, or become pale. Complex-partial seizures Complex-partieal seizures commonly occur in the temporal lobe of the brain, which is the area of the brain that controls emotion and memory function. [chp.edu]

  Seizures arising from the midline region of the temporal lobe can cause sensations of fear, sensations in the tummy, pallor and nausea. [epilepsyqueensland.com.au]

• Vomiting

  Several pathological conditions can lead to paroxysmal gastrointestinal symptoms, such as porphiria, cyclical vomiting, intestinal malrotation, peritoneal bands, and abdominal migraine [ 1 ]. [ijponline.biomedcentral.com]

  […] seizures are accompanied by autonomic symptoms or signs, such as abdominal discomfort or nausea which may rise into the throat (epigastric rising), stomach pain, the rumbling sounds of gas moving in the intestines (borborygmi), belching, flatulence and vomiting [epilepsyontario.org]

  Your child chokes on secretions (blood, vomit, etc.). Your child is injured during a fall or during the seizure and requires first aid (a bad cut, broken bone, etc.). Have someone stay close to your child after the seizure. [nationwidechildrens.org]

  […] aura (100%), motor version (100%), clonic activity (83%), tonic activity (100%); figure 4 sign (89%); unilateral dystonic posturing (100%); postictal palsy (93%) Ipsilateral - Postictal nose wiping (92%) Nondominant lobe - Ictal spitting (75%), ictal vomiting [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Choking

  There may be a bad smell or a bad taste, a funny feeling in the pit of the stomach or a choking sensation. These seizures are sometimes called focal seizures of temporal lobe origin or temporal lobe auras. 3. Motor Expand 3. [epilepsyontario.org]

  Your child chokes on secretions (blood, vomit, etc.). Your child is injured during a fall or during the seizure and requires first aid (a bad cut, broken bone, etc.). Have someone stay close to your child after the seizure. [nationwidechildrens.org]

  Roll the person onto one side to prevent him or her from choking. Do not place any objects into the person's mouth. If the person is confused when the seizure ends, explain what happened in a calm voice. [drugs.com]

• Diarrhea

  They may include issues such as racing heartbeat, loss of bladder control, diarrhea, upset stomach, and more. [med-health.net]

  Diarrhea and vomiting are possible causes. -Many hormones have various effects on the brain. Therefore, changes in the hormonal balance of the body can cause changes of seizures. [epilepsynyc.com]

  […] consideration of CSF analysis if children are not fully immunized or are taking antibiotics Serum glucose, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus and liver and kidney function tests to rule out metabolic disorders if the history includes recent vomiting, diarrhea [merckmanuals.com]

  Table 1 Clinical characteristics of reported cases of abdominal epilepsy in pediatric population and in our patient Zdravescka N. et al. 1 14 F Colicky epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea Pallor, dizziness 10-30 minutes Spikes, sharp waves [ijponline.biomedcentral.com]

• Tinnitus

  Auditory-vestibular Auditory-vestibular cortex involvement appears as a hallucination of sound (tinnitus) and vertigo with or without generalization. [dartmouth.edu]

• Fracture

  Drugs are given to prevent seizures if head injury causes significant structural injury (eg, large contusions or hematomas, brain laceration, depressed skull fracture) or if a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score is 10. [msdmanuals.com]

  Posttraumatic seizures Drugs are given to prevent seizures if head injury causes significant structural injury (eg, large contusions or hematomas, brain laceration, depressed skull fracture) or if a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score is 10. [merckmanuals.com]

• Muscle Spasm

  They may have violent muscle spasms or lose consciousness. Epilepsy has many possible causes, including illness, brain injury and abnormal brain development. [icd10data.com]

• Withdrawn

  Participants were not significantly more likely to have levetiracetam withdrawn ( RR 0.98; 95% CI 0.73 to 1.32 and RR 0.80; 95% CI 0.43 to 1.46 for adults and children, respectively). [cochrane.org]

  […] potentially treatable condition and with the currently available AEDs, about 70 – 80% of patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy will enter seizure remission while on drug treatment. [3], [4] About 60% of patients remain seizure free even after AEDs have been withdrawn [neurologyindia.com]

  A normal or mildly abnormal EEG may indicate a good chance of remaining seizure free after anticonvulsant therapy is withdrawn. 13 Up to 3 percent of children who have never had a seizure demonstrate abnormalities on their EEG, especially if there is [aafp.org]

• Aggressive Behavior

  Seizures from the cingulate gyrus can involve screaming, aggressive behavior, and feelings of intense fear. The heart and breathing rate may rise, and sweating and pallor can also occur. [childneurologyfoundation.org]

  However, unprovoked aggressive behavior is unusual. Left temporal lobe seizures may cause verbal memory abnormalities; right temporal lobe seizures may cause visual spatial memory abnormalities. [msdmanuals.com]

• Incontinence

  Tonic/clonic (grand mal) seizures, which usually last several minutes, typically begin with a loss of consciousness and a fall, followed by rigidity, then jerking motions and incontinence of urine. [webmd.com]

  Grand mal seizure – symptoms of grand mal seizures include violent body contractions, loss of consciousness, a pause in breathing, urinary incontinence, tongue or cheek biting, and confusion and weakness following the event. [sleepfoundation.org]

  Urinary and fecal incontinence, tongue biting, and frothing at the mouth sometimes occur. Seizures usually last 1 to 2 min. There is no aura. [msdmanuals.com]

  Case 2 Douglas EF et al. 10 6 M Paroxysmal pain Lethargy, confusion, fever Few minutes Paroxysmal spike-wave activity, frontal or generalized Anticonvulsivants Seizure free Case 3 Yingkun F 11 3 M Abdominal pain, vomiting Confusion, cyanosis, urinary incontinence [ijponline.biomedcentral.com]

• Seizure

  Abstract Intensive neuromonitoring of seizure surgery candidates, with its associated medication withdrawal, involves increased seizure susceptibility. This can cause a confusing array of seizure patterns. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Focal Seizure

  Focal epileptic seizures can be the first manifestation of a diabetic disorder. Metabolic disturbances, including hyperglycemia, mild hyperosmolality, hyponatremia, and lack of ketoacidosis contribute to the development of partial focal seizures. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Complex Focal Seizures Complex focal seizures are often preceded by a simple focal seizure (aura). [hopkinsmedicine.org]

  Link/Cite Link to this page Cite this page MLA Style "focal seizure." YourDictionary, n.d. Web. 16 January 2019.. APA Style focal seizure. (n.d.). Retrieved January 16th, 2019, from https://www.yourdictionary.com/focal-seizure [yourdictionary.com]

• Generalized Seizure

  The seizure usually begins suddenly and lasts seconds to minutes. An aura is a simple partial seizure that may occur alone or may progress to a complex partial seizure or a generalized seizure. [edmontonepilepsy.org]

  Seizures are divided into two categories: generalized and focal. Generalized Seizures Generalized seizures are caused by abnormal electrical impulses in the brain and typically occur with no warning. There are six types of generalized seizures. [ucsfhealth.org]

  The seizure may be followed by a postictal period. Secondarily generalized seizures Secondarily generalized seizures start as partial seizures, which are limited to one area of the brain. [chp.edu]

  Focal seizures may involve altered levels of consciousness ( complex partial seizures ) or evolve to secondarily generalized seizures. Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common type of focal seizure. [amboss.com]

  Some generalized seizures are “convulsive” meaning they have generalized motor movements. Other generalized seizures are “non-convulsive” meaning that the seizure occurs without generalized motor movements. [mychildwithoutlimits.org]

• Convulsions

  SAI, Crises focales, CONVULSIONS LOCALISEES, Crises convulsives focales, Convulsions localisées, Crise convulsive partielle German fokale Anfaelle, partielle Anfaelle NNB, Fokale Anfälle, Anfälle, fokale, KONVULSIONEN LOKAL, Konvulsionen lokal, partielle [fpnotebook.com]

  From increasing discharge of a motor centre there is a double effect; there is not simply "more convulsion," there is (1) greater amount of convulsion of the part first seized, and there is (2) extension of convulsion to the next part of the same muscular [medlink.com]

  Sometimes a focal seizure develops into a convulsive one, so be aware of this. It may be best to guide the person to sit down in a soft chair or away from any dangerous places. [patient.info]

  Subcategory 780.3, Convulsions, includes the following codes: • 780.31, Febrile convulsions (simple), unspecified; • 780.32, Complex febrile convulsions; and • 780.33, Posttraumatic seizures. [fortherecordmag.com]

• Stroke

  The reported causes are diverse, including posterior circulation stroke, tumors, trauma, and multiple sclerosis. The term seizure has been used in only two cases in the literature, the cause of which was stroke. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Clinical exclusion criteria included an NIHSS score .30, coma, minor stroke symptoms, or a history of stroke within the previous 6 weeks; suspected lacunar stroke; seizure at stroke onset; clinical presentation suggestive of subarachnoid hemorrhage (even [richtlijnendatabase.nl]

  Temporary numbness or weakness in a limb or the face sometimes occures from a transient ischemic attack (TIA), which can be a serious warning sign for a future stroke. [epilepsy.com]

  Poisoning (from bites, stings or ingestion) Heat stroke Low blood sugar Withdrawal from drugs or alcohol Not all of these causes will have the same symptoms. [doctorshealthpress.com]

Routine workup for all patients should include EEG and MRI of the brain; most of the time, the results will be normal. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Ten years after onset of symptoms, he underwent extensive cardiac workup including 24-hour Holter monitor, which resulted in pacemaker placement, which had no effect on his symptoms, and was subsequently deactivated 1 year after placement. [touchneurology.com]

Treatment For all types of epilepsy, the goal of treatment is to attain seizure freedom. 7 Many options are available to treat partial-onset seizures, either as monotherapy or as an adjunct to another treatment. [uspharmacist.com]

The doctor will watch for side effects to find the best treatment. Surgery may be an option if medication can't control the seizures. [cedars-sinai.edu]

An additional analysis was performed to determine whether a shift from more severe focal seizure subtypes to less severe occurred upon treatment with lacosamide. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

UCB Pharma SA assumes no responsibility of the views expressed and recommended treatments in these volumes. [epilepsy.com]

[…] as needed Counselling about the risks of valproate treatment and the need for effective contraception throughout treatment A review of ongoing treatment by a specialist at least annually A risk acknowledgement form that patients and prescribers will [bestpractice.bmj.com]

Defining the type of epilepsy should now be considered mandatory as it offers the best guide to both management and prognosis. Most epileptic syndromes and diseases are well defined and easy to diagnose. [epilepsy.com]

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To document the effect of unprovoked status epilepticus (SE) on the prognosis for otherwise normal children with focal epilepsy. [pediatrics.aappublications.org]

The prognosis of patients with SPS is similar to that of patients with complex partial seizures. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Prognosis If you have epilepsy and it is not caused by a treatable condition, such as infection, your tendency to have seizures may be life-long and may require long-term treatment with medicines. [drugs.com]

If an infectious or a metabolic etiology is suspected, laboratory tests can also be helpful. [amboss.com]

No differences were found between groups regarding sex, age, age at epilepsy onset, duration of epilepsy, frequency of seizures, and etiology. Temporal lobe epilepsies were significantly more activated than frontal lobe epilepsies. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

In addition, SPS are frequently the result of symptomatic lesions, and the underlying etiology may impart additional risk for morbidity or mortality. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Thurman DJ, Beghi E, Begley CE, et al; ILAE Commission on Epidemiology. Standards for epidemiologic studies and surveillance of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2011;52(suppl 7):2-26. 3. Taylor RS, Sander JW, Taylor RJ, Baker GA. [uspharmacist.com]

[…] brain can result in SPS, including the following: Developmental abnormalities Vascular lesions Meningitis/focal encephalitis Trauma Tumors Hypoxic insults Postsurgical changes Metabolic and electrolyte shifts Endocrine disorders Medications and toxins Epidemiology [emedicine.medscape.com]

Descriptive epidemiology of epilepsy: Contributions of population-based studies from Rochester, Minnesota. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 71(6). 576-586. [epilepsyaustralia.net]

The natural history of epilepsy: An epidemiological view. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:1376-81. 3. Cockerell OC, Johnson AL, Sander JW, Shorvon SD. [neurologyindia.com]

As the pathophysiological characteristics of this phenomenon remain unclear, this case implies that the posterior parietal cortex is a possible anatomical localization of the central integrator of visual extra-personal orientation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

In: Lueders HO, Noachtar S (eds) Epilepsy seizures: pathophysiology and clinical semiology. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, pp 237–242 Google Scholar Ebner A, Kerdar MS (2000) Olfactory and gustatory auras. [link.springer.com]

Elucidating this issue is of paramount importance both for understanding the pathophysiology of focal epilepsies and for the development of new pharmacological strategies for drug-resistant forms of these disorders. [sciencedaily.com]

Pathophysiology Any structural lesion of the brain that causes an electrical variation in the surrounding tissue can provide an adequate substrate for epileptogenesis. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Prevention If you have epilepsy, the best way to prevent seizures is to take prescribed seizure medicines without missing doses. You should also get enough sleep each night, don't fast and avoid drinking too much alcohol. [drugs.com]

You can’t always prevent seizures, but you can control them with medications. If you’re on a medication for this purpose, take it as instructed by your doctor and don’t miss doses. [healthline.com]

For many people with simple partial seizures, correct treatment can lower or prevent seizures. In some cases, patients may not have any more seizures for the rest of their life. Partial and generalized seizures are often treated differently. [cedars-sinai.edu]