The clinical presentations, imaging studies and initial pathology studies can mimic lymphocytic hypophysitis. Here we report additional clinical clues in differentiating these two conditions. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

We thereby present other clinical clues that may support the diagnosis of IgG4-related hypophysitis. [bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com]

• Pain

  […] ictal abdominal pain remains unknown. [ijponline.biomedcentral.com]

  Parietal (pah-RIE-eh-tal) lobe- Controls sense of touch, response to pain and temperature, and understanding of language. Occipital (ok-SIP-eh-tal) lobe- Controls vision. Temporal (TEM-por-al) lobe- Controls hearing and memory. [nationwidechildrens.org]

  Autonomic Seizures Section These seizures are accompanied by autonomic symptoms or signs, such as abdominal discomfort or nausea which may rise into the throat (epigastric rising), stomach pain, the rumbling sounds of gas moving in the intestines (borborygmi [epilepsyontario.org]

  […] at clothes or lip smacking Eyes moving from side to side Abnormal sensations, such as numbness, tingling, crawling sensation (like ants crawling on the skin) Hallucinations, seeing, smelling, or sometimes hearing things that are not there Abdominal pain [slu.adam.com]

• Unconsciousness

  Or, in some severe cases, it may cause unconsciousness and convulsions, when your body shakes uncontrollably. Seizures usually come on suddenly. How long and severe they are can vary. A seizure can happen to you just once, or over and over. [webmd.com]

  After a brief period of restlessness, there is unconsciousness, generalized muscular activity, excessive salivation, chewing activity, opisthotonos, running movements, and often urination and defecation. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  If a focal seizure spreads from one hemisphere to the other side of the brain, this will give rise to a focal to bilateral seizure. [5] [6] The person will become unconscious and may well have a tonic clonic seizure. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Nausea

  A complex seizure can last for a minute or two, and you may feel a warning sign such as a feeling of uneasiness or nausea before the seizure. You may feel sleepy and confused after the seizure. [healthline.com]

  The child may also experience sweating, nausea, or become pale. Complex-partial seizures Complex-partieal seizures commonly occur in the temporal lobe of the brain, which is the area of the brain that controls emotion and memory function. [chp.edu]

  Seizures arising from the midline region of the temporal lobe can cause sensations of fear, sensations in the tummy, pallor and nausea. [epilepsyqueensland.com.au]

  Autonomic Seizures Section These seizures are accompanied by autonomic symptoms or signs, such as abdominal discomfort or nausea which may rise into the throat (epigastric rising), stomach pain, the rumbling sounds of gas moving in the intestines (borborygmi [epilepsyontario.org]

• Malar Rash

  She had erythematous malar rash along with reticulating pattern of rash over her both upper extremities. Parvovirus infection was suspected due to the characteristic erythematous malar rash. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Focal Seizure

  Focal epileptic seizures can be the first manifestation of a diabetic disorder. Metabolic disturbances, including hyperglycemia, mild hyperosmolality, hyponatremia, and lack of ketoacidosis contribute to the development of partial focal seizures. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] local, Partial seizures NOS, Partial seizures, NOS, Focal Seizures, Seizure, Focal, Seizures, partial, seizure focal partial, seizures partial, focal seizures, partial focal seizures, partial seizures, focal seizure partial, local seizures, partial focal [fpnotebook.com]

  Etiology Focal seizures with genetic cause Focal seizures with structural or metabolic cause Frontal lobe epilepsy Focal seizures that feature Jacksonian marches are termed Jacksonian seizures, regardless of the origin of the seizures. [amboss.com]

  The following seizure types are therefore recognized for classifying focal seizures: Aware or Impaired Awareness And Motor onset Non motor onset Focal sensory seizure Focal cognitive seizure Focal emotional seizure Focal autonomic seizure Focal behavioural [epilepsydiagnosis.org]

  Some people have full awareness at the very beginning and then their seizure evolves, or spreads, and can result in a Focal Dyscognitive Seizure, or a generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure. Focal seizures take different forms in different people. [epilepsyontario.org]

• Paresthesia

  Symptoms vary with different lesion locations and may include but not limited to the motor (e.g. rhythmic muscle contractions in one area of the body), somatosensory and sensory alterations manifested by abnormal numbness, paresthesias or other hallucinations [fpnotebook.com]

  For example, paresthesias, flashing lights or smells may be perceived if the postcentral gyrus, calcarine cortex or uncus regions are involved in the seizure activity. [dartmouth.edu]

  Other symptoms include funny feelings in the skin, known as paresthesias, or absence of sensation, called numbness. Dizziness or a sensation of movement can also occur, as can rapid to and fro movements of the eyes, known as nystagmus. [childneurologyfoundation.org]

  Auras may consist of motor activity or sensory, autonomic, or psychic sensations (eg, paresthesias, a rising epigastric sensation, abnormal smells, a sensation of fear, a déjà vu or jamais vu sensation). [msdmanuals.com]

• Nystagmus

  Dizziness or a sensation of movement can also occur, as can rapid to and fro movements of the eyes, known as nystagmus. [childneurologyfoundation.org]

• Monoplegia

  Arbitrary divisions may be made, speaking of range only. (1) Terminal paralysis, as of a hand; (2) monoplegia, as of an arm; (3) hemiplegia; and (4) a range, which is not generally admitted—some degree of slight universal paralysis. [medlink.com]

• Micropsia

  Micropsia: Visual disorder in which objects appear small. Metamorphopsia: Visual disorder in which object has distortion of size, proportion, color, or velocity. Mesial temporal sclerosis: Hardening and scarring deep inside the temporal lobe. [childneurologyfoundation.org]

Routine workup for all patients should include EEG and MRI of the brain; most of the time, the results will be normal. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Ten years after onset of symptoms, he underwent extensive cardiac workup including 24-hour Holter monitor, which resulted in pacemaker placement, which had no effect on his symptoms, and was subsequently deactivated 1 year after placement. [touchneurology.com]

• Focal Delta Activity

  Among the 35 patients, tumor was more common when intelligence and results of neurological examination were each normal, a plausible cause for uncontrolled seizures was lacking, and persistent focal delta activity occurred in a majority of electroencephalograms [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Abnormal Thyroid Function Test

  Drug-induced liver injury and abnormal thyroid-function tests have also been observed. 14 Rash was reported in 1% to 3% of patients taking ESL, an incidence that is significantly higher than that for CBZ or OXC. 15 However, incidence rates of Stevens-Johnson [uspharmacist.com]

• Human Parvovirus B19

  Parvovirus infection was suspected due to the characteristic erythematous malar rash. Serum human parvovirus B19 DNA polymerase chain reaction was positive which was consistent with acute parvovirus infection. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Treatment For all types of epilepsy, the goal of treatment is to attain seizure freedom. 7 Many options are available to treat partial-onset seizures, either as monotherapy or as an adjunct to another treatment. [uspharmacist.com]

An additional analysis was performed to determine whether a shift from more severe focal seizure subtypes to less severe occurred upon treatment with lacosamide. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Treatment Treatment for partial focal seizures includes medicines, changes in lifestyle for adults and children, such as activity and diet, and sometimes surgery. Your doctor can tell you more about these options. [slu.adam.com]

[…] as needed Counselling about the risks of valproate treatment and the need for effective contraception throughout treatment A review of ongoing treatment by a specialist at least annually A risk acknowledgement form that patients and prescribers will [bestpractice.bmj.com]

UCB Pharma SA assumes no responsibility of the views expressed and recommended treatments in these volumes. [epilepsy.com]

Defining the type of epilepsy should now be considered mandatory as it offers the best guide to both management and prognosis. Most epileptic syndromes and diseases are well defined and easy to diagnose. [epilepsy.com]

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To document the effect of unprovoked status epilepticus (SE) on the prognosis for otherwise normal children with focal epilepsy. [pediatrics.aappublications.org]

The prognosis of patients with SPS is similar to that of patients with complex partial seizures. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Prognosis If you have epilepsy and it is not caused by a treatable condition, such as infection, your tendency to have seizures may be life-long and may require long-term treatment with medicines. [drugs.com]

If an infectious or a metabolic etiology is suspected, laboratory tests can also be helpful. [amboss.com]

No differences were found between groups regarding sex, age, age at epilepsy onset, duration of epilepsy, frequency of seizures, and etiology. Temporal lobe epilepsies were significantly more activated than frontal lobe epilepsies. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

In addition, SPS are frequently the result of symptomatic lesions, and the underlying etiology may impart additional risk for morbidity or mortality. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Thurman DJ, Beghi E, Begley CE, et al; ILAE Commission on Epidemiology. Standards for epidemiologic studies and surveillance of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2011;52(suppl 7):2-26. 3. Taylor RS, Sander JW, Taylor RJ, Baker GA. [uspharmacist.com]

[…] brain can result in SPS, including the following: Developmental abnormalities Vascular lesions Meningitis/focal encephalitis Trauma Tumors Hypoxic insults Postsurgical changes Metabolic and electrolyte shifts Endocrine disorders Medications and toxins Epidemiology [emedicine.medscape.com]

Descriptive epidemiology of epilepsy: Contributions of population-based studies from Rochester, Minnesota. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 71(6). 576-586. [epilepsyaustralia.net]

The natural history of epilepsy: An epidemiological view. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:1376-81. 3. Cockerell OC, Johnson AL, Sander JW, Shorvon SD. [neurologyindia.com]

In: Lueders HO, Noachtar S (eds) Epilepsy seizures: pathophysiology and clinical semiology. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, pp 237–242 Google Scholar Ebner A, Kerdar MS (2000) Olfactory and gustatory auras. [link.springer.com]

As the pathophysiological characteristics of this phenomenon remain unclear, this case implies that the posterior parietal cortex is a possible anatomical localization of the central integrator of visual extra-personal orientation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Elucidating this issue is of paramount importance both for understanding the pathophysiology of focal epilepsies and for the development of new pharmacological strategies for drug-resistant forms of these disorders. [sciencedaily.com]

Pathophysiology Any structural lesion of the brain that causes an electrical variation in the surrounding tissue can provide an adequate substrate for epileptogenesis. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Prevention If you have epilepsy, the best way to prevent seizures is to take prescribed seizure medicines without missing doses. You should also get enough sleep each night, don't fast and avoid drinking too much alcohol. [drugs.com]

You can’t always prevent seizures, but you can control them with medications. If you’re on a medication for this purpose, take it as instructed by your doctor and don’t miss doses. [healthline.com]

Giving an antipyretic at the beginning of a febrile illness has not been shown to prevent a febrile seizure. [merckmanuals.com]