Ingestion of pufferfish (called fugu or "river pig" in Japanese), considered to be one of the most delicious fish in Japan, can lead to life-threatening intoxication that is often described in the literature as fugu poisoning [1] [2] [3]. The pathogenesis stems from the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in the internal organs of the fugu (the liver, the intestines, and gonads, but also the skin), a powerful heat-stable neurotoxin that blocks sodium channel action, thus diminishing neuronal activity [1] [4]. In most cases, the onset of symptoms appears shortly after ingestion of the toxin (<30 minutes) [1], with initial signs being gastrointestinal complaints (nausea, vomiting) and mild paresthesia of the perioral area [2] [3]. As the activity of TTX increases, paresthesia and weakness spread to the chest and both upper and lower extremities, whereas headaches, vertigo, ataxia, and blurred vision also appear [2] [3] [4]. Other common complaints are diaphoresis, dysphagia, excessive salivation, seizures, and muscle spasms, whereas hypotension, bradycardia, and fixed dilated pupils are markers of severe poisoning [2] [4]. Respiratory difficulties, arising from progressive paralysis of the breathing muscles, develop in advanced stages, and can be fatal within 24 hours [3] [4]. In fact, fatality rates of severe fugu poisoning are estimated at 60% according to certain reports [4].

• Disability

  One thousand times more potent than cyanide, even a tiny dose of tetrodotoxin acts as a paralytic, effectively disabling muscle tissue. The lips and tongue grow numb first, followed by full-body weakness, seizures, and coma. [newyork.seriouseats.com]

  The former means good fortune whereas the latter is a homonym for disabled. [gojapango.com]

  In Shimonoseki region, the ancient pronunciation fuku is more common instead of the modern fugu. [34] The former is also a homonym for good fortune whereas the latter is one for disabled. [ipfs.io]

  In Shimonoseki region, the ancient pronunciation fuku is more common instead of the modern fugu. [49] The former is also a homonym for good fortune whereas the latter is one for disabled. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Dyspnea

  […] activity and include (in order of appearance): numbness of lips and tongue dizziness tingling increasing paraesthesias gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea (often severe) impaired heart rate paralysis: impaired speech, increasing dyspnea [flipper.diff.org]

• Food Poisoning

  How to spot food poisoning The symptoms of fugu poisoning are slightly different from the typical food poisoning symptoms. [es.favy-jp.com]

  Nationwide, there were 338 food poisoning cases in Japan related to fugu consumption that killed 23 people from 2000 to 2009. [japantimes.co.jp]

  The men, whose names were not released because of medical confidentiality laws, were lucky: They survived severe food poisoning from a notorious source--fugu. [articles.latimes.com]

  Food poisoning: fish and shellfish. In: Olson KR, ed. Poisoning and drug overdose. 2nd ed. Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton and Lange, 1994. Gellert GA, Ralls J, Brown C, Huston J, Merryman R. [cdc.gov]

  Puffer fish account for the majority of Japan's food poisoning deaths but the delicacy shows no sign of dying out, although it is heavily regulated. [dailymail.co.uk]

• Chest Pain

  Chest pains followed, as did shaking, nausea and vomiting. Shortly thereafter, his legs buckled and he collapsed. Paramedics called to the Japanese restaurant in San Diego recognized his symptoms as a classic food poisoning case. [articles.latimes.com]

  Other manifestations include salivation, muscle twitching, diaphoresis, pleuritic chest pain, dysphagia, aphonia, and convulsions. Severe poisoning is indicated by hypotension, bradycardia, depressed corneal reflexes, and fixed dilated pupils. [cdc.gov]

• Sweating

  Exocrine — Relating to external secretion glands, such as sweat glands or salivary glands that release a secretion through a duct to the surface of an organ. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  In this scenario, while the numbness is spreading, you’re also vomiting, sweating profusely, and experiencing awful diarrhea. Hopefully, you’re dining with people you trust, because by this point, you won’t be able to talk. [ranker.com]

  The woman next to me was sweating profusely, dark circles forming under the arms of her scarlet dress. Two of the diners made their excuses and left. More Fugu There was nothing else on the menu except more Fugu, served in different ways. [winealchemy.co.uk]

  Fugu poisoning first causes dizziness, numbness of the mouth and lips, weakness, nausea, diarrhea, sweating, breathing trouble, cramps, blue lips, intense itchiness, vomiting, and dilated pupils. [factsanddetails.com]

• Flushing

  Approximately 10-15 minutes later, he had onset of tingling in his mouth and lips followed by dizziness, fatigue, headache, a constricting feeling in his throat, difficulty speaking, tightness in his upper chest, facial flushing, shaking, nausea, and [cdc.gov]

• Suggestibility

  Each entry contains a list of alternate names, characteristics, and suggested preparation, including directions on when to remove or leave the skin. Step-by-step instructions explain how to identify, store, and cook the item. [books.google.com]

  Epidemiologic evidence suggests that recovery can be expected if an affected person survives beyond 24 hours. After 24 hours, a person with fugu poisoning usually makes a full recovery. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Send suggestions to [email protected] Photo by Darrow Montgomery [washingtoncitypaper.com]

  However the fossil record suggests that these fish have more in common with the Teleostei than their external appearance might suggest. [15] Neopterygii Atlantic salmon Neopterygii (new fins) appeared somewhere in the Late Permian, before the time of [en.wikipedia.org]

  While the crew who ate the fugu felt ill and weak, all the pigs died, suggesting that the crew received a mild dose of TTX while the pigs ate the livers and ovaries and received a lethal dose. [scienceblogs.com]

• Paresthesia

  As the activity of TTX increases, paresthesia and weakness spread to the chest and both upper and lower extremities, whereas headaches, vertigo, ataxia, and blurred vision also appear. [symptoma.com]

  Paresthesias begin 10-45 minutes after ingestion, usually as tingling of the tongue and inner surface of the mouth. Other common symptoms include vomiting, lightheadedness, dizziness, feelings of doom, and weakness. [cdc.gov]

  Toxic manifestations start with perioral paresthesias, quickly followed by generalized weakness, ascending paralysis, and respiratory failure. To read my Emergency Medicine News column on fugu, click here. [thepoisonreview.com]

  Initial symptoms include lip and tongue paresthesias, followed by facial and extremity paresthesias and numbness. Salivation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea with abdominal pain develop early. [podolsky.ca]

  If a rapid onset of one of the following neurologic and gastrointestinal signs or symptoms occurs, the clinical description for tetrodotoxin poisoning has been met: 1) oral paresthesias (might progress to include the arms and legs), 2) cranial nerve dysfunction [lamag.com]

• Flaccid Paralysis

  […] and general body flaccid paralysis” – and unable to speak, but your head is weirdly clear. [ranker.com]

• Myoclonus

  Abdominal pain, diarrhea barracuda, red snapper, vomiting, cold-to-hot and grouper sensory reversal, paresthesias, myalgias, and weakness Amnesic Domoic Mussels, clams, crabs, 15 minutes Vomiting, diarrhea, shellfish acid and anchovies to 38 hours headache, myoclonus [cdc.gov]

Because of the high fatality rate of fugu poisoning, a prompt diagnosis could be life-saving. For this reason, the physician must conduct a thorough physical examination, and most importantly, obtain a detailed patient history, which is perhaps the vital step in the workup [3] [4]. Fugu poisoning has been reported mainly in countries of Southeast Asia (Bangladesh, Taiwan, Cambodia, Hong Kong), but cases in the United States were also described in the literature [3] [4] [5] [6]. Very recent ingestion of pufferfish should be disclosed during the interview, whereas a complete neurological assessment provides sufficient clues to make a presumptive diagnosis of a sudden and progressive paralysis. Since several outbreaks have occurred in association with TTX from fugu [1], physicians must check if similar symptoms are present in friends or persons who ate the same food. The diagnosis of fugu poisoning rests on clinical grounds, but when possible, levels of TTX can be measured in the patient's serum or urine (or in leftover food, if available) [3] [4] [6] [7]. Mass spectrometry (MS) is able to detect tetrodotoxin in these samples and confirm the diagnosis [7].

Treatment There is no antidote for fugu poisoning, therefore treatment is limited to supportive measures and the removal of the unabsorbed toxin. If spontaneous vomiting does not occur, it should be induced. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

Treatment for scombroid poisoning Treatment for scombroid poisoning is generally unnecessary. Symptoms usually resolve within 12 hours and scombroid poisoning is rarely life-threatening. [hopkinsmedicine.org]

Treatment is supportive, and there is no specific antitoxin (6). [cdc.gov]

Pufferfish and Chirinabe, Pufferfish and Sashimi, Pufferfish Poisoning, Science of murder, Symptoms of Fugu Poisoning, Symptoms of Tetrodotoxin Poisoning, Tetrodotoxin, Tetrodotoxin Poisoning, Toxicity of Tetrodotoxin, Toxicity of TTX, Toxins From the Sea, Treatment [jamesjmurray.blog]

When to Seek Medical Care Seek medical treatment as soon as possible. [emedicinehealth.com]

Hibbert's prognosis, Homer wouldn't feel any pain until his heart suddenly exploded. That won't happen with actual fugu poisoning, nor will you spend your final minutes sitting in a chair listening to Larry King's audiobook of the Bible. [civilized.life]

Prognosis The mortality rate may be as high as 60%. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that recovery can be expected if an affected person survives beyond 24 hours. After 24 hours, a person with fugu poisoning usually makes a full recovery. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

Div of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, National Center for Environmental Health; Div of Field Epidemiology, Epidemiology Program Office, CDC. [cdc.gov]

Epidemiologic evidence suggests that recovery can be expected if an affected person survives beyond 24 hours. After 24 hours, a person with fugu poisoning usually makes a full recovery. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

Epidemiology: Anyone who consumes this kind of edibles is susceptible of disease. [flipper.diff.org]

Epidemiology Frequency United States Reports of tetrodotoxin poisoning are rare in the United States. [emedicine.medscape.com]

[…] some species of salamanders [1] Detection of tetrodotoxins in European bivalve shellfish in the United Kingdom along the English Channel has been reported, although concentrations were low in comparison to published minimum lethal doses for humans. [2] Pathophysiology [emedicine.medscape.com]

Prevention The only prevention is not to eat any of the species of fugu that contain toxins. Resources Books Olson, Kent R. Poisoning & Drug Overdose New York City: McGraw-Hill, 2003. Periodicals Currie, Bart J. "Marine Antivenoms." [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

الصفحة 1607 - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 1994 Revised Classification System for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Children Less Than 13 Years of Age, MMWR, 43, 1-19, No. ‏ [books.google.com]

Reported cases from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have documented toxicity with ingestion of as little as 1.4 ounces of puffer fish. [emedicine.medscape.com]

In fact, the fugu was smuggled into this country, according to an investigation of the poisoning by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta and San Diego County's Department of Environmental Health. [articles.latimes.com]

The poison can paralyse the nerves and prevent the lungs working. There is no known antidote and death occurs within minutes - with the first indication being numbness of the lips - if the concentration is strong enough. [telegraph.co.uk]

1. Lago J, Rodríguez LP, Blanco L, Vieites JM, Cabado AG. Tetrodotoxin, an Extremely Potent Marine Neurotoxin: Distribution, Toxicity, Origin and Therapeutical Uses. Long P, ed. Mar Drugs. 2015;13(10):6384-6406.
2. Ahasan HA, Mamun AA, Karim SR, Bakar MA, Gazi EA, Bala CS. Paralytic complications of puffer fish (tetrodotoxin) poisoning. Singap Med J. 2004;45:73–74
3. Yong YS, Quek LS, Lim EK, Ngo A. A Case Report of Puffer Fish Poisoning in Singapore. Case Reports in Medicine. 2013;2013:206971.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Tetrodotoxin poisoning associated with eating puffer fish transported from Japan--California 1996. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1996;45(19):389-391.
5. Ngy L, Taniyama S, Shibano K, Yu C-F, Takatani T, Arakawa O. Distribution of tetrodotoxin in puffer fish collected from coastal waters of Sihanouk Ville, Cambodia. Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan. 2008;49(5):361–365.
6. Homaira N, Rahman M, Luby SP, et al. Multiple outbreaks of puffer fish intoxication in Bangladesh, 2008. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2010;83(2):440–444.
7. Leung KSY, Fong BMW, Tsoi YK. Analytical challenges: determination of tetrodotoxin in human urine and plasma by LC-MS/MS. Mar Drugs. 2011;9(11):2291–2303.