With estimated incidence rates of 3 per 100,000 individuals in the United States, gallbladder carcinoma is rarely encountered in clinical practice [1]. Still, it encompasses up to 90% of all neoplastic processes arising from the biliary tree [1] [2]. Risk factors are increasing age, female gender, certain ethnic (native American ancestry) and geographic predispositions (southeast Asia has a significantly higher incidence rate compared to the rest of the world), the presence of gallstones and chronic inflammation, as well as parasitic infections, congenital abnormalities of the biliary tract, and genetics [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]. The 5-year survival rate of patients suffering from gallbladder carcinoma from the time of diagnosis is less than 5% [3], and the poor overall prognosis occurs due to two reasons. Firstly, the gallbladder lacks a serosal layer at the site where it is in contact with the liver, thus allowing rapid dissemination and metastatic spread of the tumor [3]. And secondly, the clinical presentation is often nonspecific and mimics other more common pathologies of the biliary tree (cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, other abdominal tumors, etc.) [1] [2] [4] [5] [6] [7]. Right upper quadrant abdominal pain, fever, jaundice, nausea, vomiting, pruritus, anorexia, and weight loss are the most important complaints in the literature when it comes to gallbladder carcinoma [1] [2] [4] [6] [8].

• Weight Loss

  Right upper quadrant abdominal pain, fever, jaundice, nausea, vomiting, pruritus, anorexia, and weight loss are the most important complaints in the literature when it comes to gallbladder carcinoma. [symptoma.com]

  […] a malignant neoplasm of the bile reservoir, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, progressively worsening right upper quadrant pain, and eventually jaundice. Tumors of the gallbladder are predominantly adenocarcinomas. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  A 45-year-old woman came to us with complaints of flatulent dyspepsia associated with weight loss and anorexia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Weight loss: Unexplained or unintentional weight loss may be the first symptom of gallbladder cancer. [verywell.com]

• Painless Jaundice

  Of note, Courvoisier's law states that in the presence of a palpably enlarged gallbladder which is nontender and accompanied with mild painless jaundice, the cause is unlikely to be gallstones. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Abdominal Pain

  A 72-year-old woman presented with postprandial abdominal pain and was found to have a mass in the body of the gallbladder with direct liver invasion. Histological examination showed an adenosquamous carcinoma with an infiltrate of benign OGCs. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Right upper quadrant abdominal pain, fever, jaundice, nausea, vomiting, pruritus, anorexia, and weight loss are the most important complaints in the literature when it comes to gallbladder carcinoma. [symptoma.com]

  Abdominal pain is a common symptom seen in gallbladder cancer - gallbladder (green) behind liver (red). [news-medical.net]

• Right Upper Quadrant Pain

  A 52-year-old woman presented with right upper quadrant pain and obstructive jaundice. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] a malignant neoplasm of the bile reservoir, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, progressively worsening right upper quadrant pain, and eventually jaundice. Tumors of the gallbladder are predominantly adenocarcinomas. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Other symptoms include right upper quadrant pain, weight loss and anorexia. Over 90% of cases of gallbladder cancer are adenocarcinomas, with the majority related to chronic inflammatory metaplasia and dysplasia 15. [radiopaedia.org]

  Symptoms Abdominal pain more diffuse and persistent than the classic right upper quadrant pain of gallstone disease Jaundice Anorexia Weight loss Signs Jaundice Ascites Palpable mass in the right upper quadrant (Courvoisier sign, if this is due to a palpable [clinicaladvisor.com]

• Abdominal Mass

  Suspect cancer if patients have an unexplained extrahepatic biliary obstruction or abdominal mass. Diagnose cancers by imaging, beginning with ultrasonography, followed by MRCP. [merckmanuals.com]

  An abdominal mass: An enlarged gallbladder may indicate gallbladder cancer. An enlarged gallbladder is caused by a blockage of the bile ducts. [verywell.com]

• Jaundice

  A 52-year-old woman presented with right upper quadrant pain and obstructive jaundice. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Right upper quadrant abdominal pain, fever, jaundice, nausea, vomiting, pruritus, anorexia, and weight loss are the most important complaints in the literature when it comes to gallbladder carcinoma. [symptoma.com]

  […] a malignant neoplasm of the bile reservoir, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, progressively worsening right upper quadrant pain, and eventually jaundice. Tumors of the gallbladder are predominantly adenocarcinomas. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Biliary Colic

  Cancer of the gallbladder is a rare gastrointestinal (GI) tract pathology that must be diagnosed by clinical tests as its symptoms overlap with those of other GI tract conditions, such as biliary colic and gallstones. [news-medical.net]

  Clin Imaging 22:130–133 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Khaira HS, Award RW, Thompson AK (1995) Squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder presenting with a biliary-colic fistula. [link.springer.com]

  Pain may resemble that of biliary colic (reflecting biliary obstruction) or may be constant and progressive. Sepsis (secondary to acute cholangitis), although unusual, may be induced by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopathy (ERCP). [merckmanuals.com]

• Hepatomegaly

  Ultrasound of the abdomen revealed hepatomegaly with thick-walled gallbladder with multiple stones and a mass at the fundus, but normal uterus and ovary. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Other features include fatigue, acholic stool, a palpable mass, hepatomegaly, or a distended gallbladder (Courvoisier sign, with distal cholangiocarcinoma). [merckmanuals.com]

• Gallbladder Enlargement

  Gallbladder cancer symptoms include: • Nausea and vomiting • Abdominal pain • Jaundice • Gallbladder enlargement • Abdominal swelling • Weight loss • Loss of appetite Who Gets Gallbladder Cancer The American Cancer Society’s estimates for gallbladder [cancertutor.com]

• Dark Urine

  If you have gallbaldder cancer, you may have some of the following symptoms: feeling sick vomiting pain in the upper right side of the abdomen (tummy) which can come and go your skin and the white of your eyes are yellowed (jaundice) dark urine pale coloured [global.ihi.com]

Because of the very low survival rate of patients with gallbladder carcinoma, physicians must raise clinical suspicion toward a malignant disorder in the presence of nonspecific abdominal complaints. A detailed patient history and a complete physical examination, which will assess the course and progression of symptoms, but also their potential origin (through abdominal inspection and palpation), are vital steps in the workup. Laboratory tests are of limited benefit in the raising suspicion toward gallbladder carcinoma [4] [8]. Serum tumor markers, however, mainly carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), are frequently elevated in this patient group, suggesting their important role in the workup [9] [10]. Imaging studies are the cornerstone in making the diagnosis. Various techniques are recommended, including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasonography (particularly high-resolution), positron emission tomography (fludeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET and PET-CT), endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) [1] [2] [6] [7]. A large space-occupying mass in the gallbladder that is frequently infiltrating the liver is a typical finding, while asymmetric and extensive gallbladder wall thickening is also an important sign used to discriminate this tumor from other etiologies [1] [2]. Once the initial diagnosis is made, often through high-resolution US, CT, or MRI (all used to assess nodal or metastatic spread as well), EUS is vital in determining the exact stage of the tumor, as it provides the ability to perform a biopsy (through fine-needle aspiration) and subsequent histopathological examination [3] [11].

Only one patient had no benefit from treatment with gemcitabine. CONCLUSION: We conclude that gemcitabine may be an effective drug in the palliative treatment of gallbladder cancer, and thus its efficiency warrants evaluation in further studies. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Management and treatment The only curative treatment is complete surgical resection. If obstructive jaundice is present then biliary drainage with stenting is necessary. [orpha.net]

CONCLUSION: Preoperative NLR and PLR were closely related to prognosis of patients with GBC and might be useful for the evaluation of prognosis of patients with GBC. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The etiology was tumor emboli and PTTM from gallbladder carcinoma, which remained elusive prior to her death despite appropriate clinical investigations and was established on autopsy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Etiology The exact etiology is unknown. Genetic susceptibility elicited by chronic inflammation of the gallbladder leading to dysplasia and malignant change is one possibility. [orpha.net]

A large space-occupying mass in the gallbladder that is frequently infiltrating the liver is a typical finding, while asymmetric and extensive gallbladder wall thickening is also an important sign used to discriminate this tumor from other etiologies. [symptoma.com]

In this new 8th edition an outstanding editorial team from world-renowned medical centers continues to hone the leading edge forged in previous editions, with timely information on biology, immunology, etiology, epidemiology, prevention, screening, pathology [books.google.com]

Deconstructing the epidemiological association between GBC and Salmonella Typhi infection, we show that Salmonella enterica induces malignant transformation in predisposed mice, murine gallbladder organoids, and fibroblasts, with TP53 mutations and c-MYC [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Eslick GD (2010) Epidemiology of gallbladder cancer. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 39(2): 307-330. Hundal R, Shaffer EA (2014) Gallbladder cancer: epidemiology and outcome. Clin Epidemiol 6: 99-109. [medcraveonline.com]

Epidemiology and molecular pathology of gallbladder cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 2001;51(6):349-64. Hundal R, Shaffer EA. Gallbladder cancer: epidemiology and outcome. Clin Epidemiol 2014;6:99-109. Eslick GD. [revista.nutricionhospitalaria.net]

Epidemiologic aspects of gallbladder cancer: a case - control study of the search program of the International agency for Research on cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;891:1132-8. Rustagi T, Dasanu CA. [ijsurgery.com]

Epidemiology of gallbladder cancer. Clin Exp Hepatol. 2019;5:93- 102. https://doi.org/10.5114/ceh.2019.85166 Stinton L, Shaffer E. Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cancer. [revistacirugia.org]

The exact pathophysiologic mechanism leading to oedema of the gallbladder wall in these diverse conditions is uncertain, but it is likely due to elevated portal venous pressure, elevated systemic venous pressure, decreased intravascular osmotic pressure [radiologyassistant.nl]

Pathophysiology Gallbladder cancer arises in the setting of chronic inflammation. In the vast majority of patients (>75%), the source of this chronic inflammation is cholesterol gallstones. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Postoperative extra-beam radiation therapy was delivered to the hepatic portal lesion to prevent GBC recurrence. The patient remains disease-free 14 months after the completion of radiation therapy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] and early detection of cervical cancer: American Cancer Society, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, and American Society for Clinical Pathology screening guidelines for the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer. [nccn.org]

External Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 2015;24(9):1319–1326. [cdc.gov]

Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention Learn about the risk factors for gallbladder cancer and what you might be able to do to help lower your risk. Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Staging Know the signs and symptoms of gallbladder cancer. [cancer.org]

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