A characteristic fishy odor was present in the urethral discharge of all three patients. G. vaginalis was isolated from the glans of all three, and clue cells were present in two. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Pasquale Minchella Affiliation not present. Raffaele Saraceno Affiliation not present. Stefania Giglio Affiliation not present. Sandra Castagna Affiliation not present. Paolo Opipari Affiliation not present. [pagepressjournals.org]

In the absence of existing genera with genetic features compatible with H. vaginalis, we propose the new genus Gardnerella for inclusion of organisms presently designated as either H. vaginalis or Corynebacterium vaginale. [doi.org]

• Encephalopathy

  We report a case of G. vaginalis bacteremia associated with severe toxic encephalopathy in a young woman. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Vaginal and endocervical swabs were collected from adults attending the gynaecology outpatient department and clinically diagnosed as bacterial vaginosis, as part of the routine clinical workup of outpatients. [ijmm.org]

[…] bacteria and assign scores to each as shown: Lactobacillus (score, 0-4) Bacteroides / Gardnerella (score, 0-4) Mobiluncus (score, 0-2) Total scores are calculated and interpreted as follows: 0-3: Normal 4-6: Intermediate bacterial count 7-10: BV See Workup [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Listeria Monocytogenes

  Evaluation of a restriction fragment length polymorphism typing method for Listeria monocytogenes. Res Microbiol. 1995 Jan;146(1):21–34. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Tveten Y, Kristiansen BE, Ask E, Jenkins A, Hofstad T. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  This includes a gene resembling a major virulence factor of Listeria monocytogenes. [journals.plos.org]

Forty-one of 47 (87%) patients given the single dose and 30 of 33 (91%) given the 7-day treatment were found to be cured seven days after treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prognosis Uncomplicated cases of bacterial vaginosis (BV) typically resolve after the standard antibiotic treatment. Mortality/Morbidity The prognosis for uncomplicated cases of bacterial vaginosis is generally excellent. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Prognosis The outlook is excellent. Bacterial vaginosis can return, but repeat treatment is usually successful. External resources CDC National Prevention Information Network (NPIN) National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention P.O. [drugs.com]

Future studies with this model should facilitate investigation of important questions regarding BV etiology, pathogenesis and associated complications. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Abstract Summary Introduction: Gardnerella vaginalis is one of the dominant etiological factors related to bacterial vaginosis. [journals.viamedica.pl]

Author information 1 Unit of Epidemiology and Control of HIV/STD, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory Bacteriology Research, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Vaginal microbiome and sexually transmitted infections: an epidemiologic perspective. J Clin Invest, 121 (2011), pp. 4610-4617 [2] J.M. Marrazzo. Interpreting the epidemiology and natural history of bacterial vaginosis: are we still confused. [bjid.org.br]

Diagnostic modalities, specifically culturing techniques, are discussed, as well as suspected pathophysiologic mechanisms. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Patient Education Educate patients regarding the basic pathophysiology, natural history, and risk factors of the bacterial vaginosis. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Although bacterial vaginosis is prevalent, not much progress has occurred in identifying the factors responsible and associated with bacterial vaginosis and its pathophysiology. [1] G. vaginalis is classified into eight distinct biotypes on the basis [ijmm.org]

Genomewide analysis of gene expression in Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms: insights into the pathophysiology of S. epidermidis biofilms and the role of phenol-soluble modulins in formation of biofilms. J. Infect. [nature.com]

Future research should focus on preventing its transmission and improved therapeutics for the biofilm infection that is caused by this pathogen and host anaerobes. © The Author 2014. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Finally, a monogamy sexual practice can prevent Bacterial vaginosis as it is more commonly associated with multiple sexual partners. This can also prevent sexually transmitted diseases. [diseasesweb.org]

Prevention Although bacterial vaginosis is not well understood by doctors, it is common perception that having multiple sex partners increases the likelihood of having BV. [vaginalodorcure.com]