Most gastric polyps are incidentally detected during endoscopic procedures, and this also applies to GA. They may grow in any part of the stomach and measure a few millimeters or several centimeters in diameter. Their designation as polyps implies that these tumors rise above the stomach lining. Indeed, the majority of GA are exophytic neoplasms, but about one in ten tumors is depressed relative to the surrounding mucosa [6]. GA typically possess a velvety surface and don't tend to bleed upon contact. They are most frequently solitary, while distinct gastric polyps without malignant potential as well as carcinoids and metastases are more likely to present as multiple lesions [3]. Furthermore, the presence of a pedicle as well as the absence of redness and surface erosions may imply a benign lesion, but these are not reliable parameters.

The vast majority of patients remains asymptomatic. Occasionally, GA may ulcerate and bleed, and patients may develop anemia. In rare cases, GA may provoke outflow obstructions and delayed gastric emptying [7].

• Asymptomatic

  The vast majority of patients remains asymptomatic. Occasionally, GA may ulcerate and bleed, and patients may develop anemia. In rare cases, GA may provoke outflow obstructions and delayed gastric emptying. [symptoma.com]

  They are almost always asymptomatic and are usually discovered as an incidental finding at an endoscopic examination. Gastric polyp at the cardias. The video clip displays a gastric carcinoma at the corpus and fundus a polyp is observed. [gastrointestinalatlas.com]

  Adenomas are usually seen to arise in a background of chronic atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. [1], [2] They usually remain asymptomatic, but have a significant risk for malignant change wherein underlies their importance. [jdeonline.in]

  Polyps are generally asymptomatic but may occasionally ulcerate and bleed; uncommonly, they may result in obstruction if very large. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Dyspepsia

  It often produces no specific symptoms when it is superficial and potentially surgically curable, although up to 50% of patients may have nonspecific gastrointestinal complaints such as dyspepsia 2. [radiopaedia.org]

  […] code (first year of non-draft ICD-10-CM) 2017 (effective 10/1/2016) : No change 2018 (effective 10/1/2017) : No change 2019 (effective 10/1/2018) : No change Polyp, polypus stomach K31.7 duodenum K31.7 ICD-10-CM Codes Adjacent To K31.7 K30 Functional dyspepsia [icd10data.com]

  "Proton Pump Inhibitor or Testing for Helicobacter pylori as the First Step for Patients Presenting with Dyspepsia? A Cluster-Randomized Trial". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 101 (6): 1200–1208. doi : 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00673.x. [en.wikipedia.org]

  Palabras clave: Gastric tumors, pyloric gland adenoma, gastric polyps, dyspepsia, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, Mexico Texto completo ?? Introduction Gastric adenomas are characterized by polypoid projections of dysplastic epithelium. [revistagastroenterologiamexico.org]

  Large GISTs may produce symptoms of gastric outlet obstruction or present with pain/dyspepsia, early satiety and nausea. Pathology Gastric GISTs are highly cellular and tend to be of either spindle cell or epithelioid subtypes. [atlasgeneticsoncology.org]

• Gastropathy

  Considered to be analogous to colonic dysplasia-associated masses arising in setting of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, as they arise in a background of atrophic gastritis (metaplastic or autoimmune) Only rarely associated with reactive / chemical gastropathy [pathologyoutlines.com]

  Gastric antral vascular ectasia Reactive gastropathy Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis AKA autoimmune gastritis. [librepathology.org]

  […] patients with blood group A phenotype.19 Other factors associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer include chronic atrophic gastritis (eg, pernicious anemia, toxic and dietary agents, previous gastric surgery with bile reflux), hypertrophic gastropathy [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Hematemesis

  Hyperplaginous polyp that caused hematemesis. Gastric polyp that was removed with the diathermy snare. (polypectomy). [gastrointestinalatlas.com]

  Nausea, vomiting, and early satiety may occur with bulky tumors that obstruct the gastrointestinal lumen or infiltrative lesions that impair stomach distension.11 Ulcerated tumors may cause bleeding that manifest as hematemesis, melena, or massive upper [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Persistent Vomiting

  Vomiting was more severe than what would be expected from the clinical findings of hypercalcemia. Thus, gastroscopy was performed due to persistent vomiting after obtaining informed consent from the patient. [turkjem.org]

Gastric polyps are detected endoscopically, but additional therapeutic measures are necessary to determine their nature. Histopathological analyses of tissue specimens may reveal whether a gastric polyp does indeed correspond to GA, and if so, which cell type prevails in this benign neoplasm. GA consist of dysplastic epithelium and contain goblet cells and/or Paneth cells - these tumors are defined as intestinal-type GA - or foveolar cells, which form gastric-type GA [3]. The former are more common and are more likely to harbor adenocarcinoma. Other classification systems consider the differentiation of low-grade tumors and high-grade GA [8] [9]. Parameters considered to this end comprise mitotic activity, nuclear anomalies like hyperchromasia, and architectural changes. Additionally, patients diagnosed with GA frequently suffer from gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia, and these conditions may also be confirmed histopathologically. In case of multiple lesions, it is strongly recommended to examine several tissue samples since different types of gastric polyps are known to coincide [10].

• Pneumoperitoneum

  One case each of pneumoperitoneum and Mallory-Weiss tearing occurred and could be managed with conservative care. One case of overt bleeding occurred after 2 weeks and was treated with APC. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Gastric Lesion

  Meanwhile, in regard to extracolonic lesions associated with FAP, the disorder is known to be frequently complicated by gastric lesions [3,4]. [austinpublishinggroup.com]

  CONCLUSIONS: Magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging is a powerful tool for diagnosing gastric borderline lesions. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  lesions scattered evenly in other regions 15% in extra-gastric sites usually in patches of gastric heterotopic epithelium Duodenum, bile duct, gall bladder Oxyntic gland polyp/adenoma (proposed entity, Singhi 2012) Clustered glands and cords of oxyntic [surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu]

  gastric lesions.[ 27 ] Another potential explanation for the lack of benefit of vitamin supplementation in this trial was the high prevalence of advanced premalignant lesions and the high H. pylori infection rate.[ 28 ] A secondary analysis of the Alpha-Tocopherol [cancer.gov]

• Lymphocytic Infiltrate

  Eight patients (6.8%) had gastritis with typical features of an earlier H pylori infection; that is, the presence of lymphoid aggregates, moderate lymphocytic infiltrate, but no detectable organisms (fig 2). [jcp.bmj.com]

RESULTS: Adenocarcinoma was 72 (13.0%) cases in total 554 cases after endoscopic treatment of referred adenoma. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

These disparate malignancies have one thing in common: consistently effective treatment remains elusive. This book is a comprehensive guide to diagnosis, management, and post-treatment care. [books.google.de]

Moreover, Pim-3 may be employed to predict the prognosis of gastric cancer patients. Distinct Pim-3 expression underlies the molecular mechanisms for the differentiation of intestinal-type and diffuse-type carcinomas. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Treatment and prognosis It is an aggressive tumor with a 5-year survival rate of less than 20%. Prognosis is correlated to the stage of the tumor at presentation. [radiopaedia.org]

PMID 18267927 Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: review on morphology, molecular pathology, prognosis, and differential diagnosis. Miettinen M, Lasota J. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006 Oct;130(10):1466-78. [atlasgeneticsoncology.org]

Type IV carcinoid may arise anywhere in the stomach and have a significantly worse prognosis. [gastroenterologyandhepatology.net]

The ideal clinical management is adequate sampling of the lesion to investigate for high-grade dysplasia and/or invasive cancer and recommendation to clinical colleagues to investigate the background mucosa for the etiology of chronic gastritis as well [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Etiology, pathogenesis, classification, and clinical staging are discussed, and there is special emphasis on state of the art treatment techniques. [books.google.ro]

Disease Gastric adenocarcinoma Etiology Helicobacter pylori H. pylori is the single most important etiological agent in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. [atlasgeneticsoncology.org]

Etiology Gastric cancer continues to be one of the leading causes of cancer-related death. A significant development in the epidemiology of gastric carcinoma has been the recognition of the association with Helicobacter pylori infection. [radiopaedia.org]

Etiologies: various - see amyloidosis. Gross/endoscopy Red/swollen gastric folds. [19] Endoscopic DDx: Stomach cancer. [20] [21] Microscopic Features: Lamina propria expanded by amorphous paucicellular material. [librepathology.org]

Although epidemiological studies strongly suggest an association between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinogenesis via a multistage process, a causal link between them has not been demonstrated. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Epidemiologic factors, molecular and biologic determinants, diagnostic/staging methods and treatment modalities are described for each organ site. [books.google.de]

The contents range widely, covering the entire field from epidemiology through screening methods, diagnostic approaches and therapy of both primary and secondary disease. [books.google.ro]

A significant development in the epidemiology of gastric carcinoma has been the recognition of the association with Helicobacter pylori infection. Most gastric cancers occur sporadically, whereas 8-10% have an inherited genetic component. [radiopaedia.org]

Further research is needed on the pathophysiology of this disease. [revistagastroenterologiamexico.org]

Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. 6th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1997. 467-71. Mandel JS, Bond JH, Church TR, et al. [emedicine.medscape.com]

This tumor has been associated with metaplasia and autoimmunity; nevertheless, additional studies are needed for both pathophysiology of the disease and its relation with other diseases. [karger.com]

Pathophysiological and clinical aspects of gastric hyperplastic polyps. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2016;22(40):8883. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i40.8883 [ Links ] 23. Kamiya T, Morishita T, Asakura H, Miura S, Munakata Y, Tsuchiya M. [scielo.sa.cr]

“Intravenous pantoprazole 40mg every 24 hours or 12 hours for two days after endoscopic resection were equally effective for the prevention of delayed bleeding,” the authors write. [empr.com]

[…] and early detection of cervical cancer: American Cancer Society, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, and American Society for Clinical Pathology screening guidelines for the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer. [nccn.org]

Korean Journal of Preventive Medicine 1994;27(4): 677-692. Serum Pepsinogen Levels as a Screening Test of Gastric Cancer and Adenoma in Korea. [jpmph.org]

The preferred citation for this PDQ summary is: PDQ® Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. PDQ Stomach (Gastric) Cancer Prevention. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated. [cancer.gov]

Prevention If you have a history of polyps in your colon, you’re more likely to get colon cancer. Screening is your best way to prevent that. Doctors generally recommend getting your first colonoscopy at age 50. [webmd.com]

While gastric polyps are rather common findings in endoscopic procedures, few gastric polyps correspond to gastric adenoma (GA), a benign neoplasm sometimes also referred to as gastric adenomatous polyp [1] [2]. The distinction between subtypes of gastric polyps is of major therapeutic and prognostic relevance, though, since polyps without malignant potential may resemble precancerous lesions like GA, carcinoids and metastases [3]. In detail, neither hyperplastic polyps nor inflammatory fibrinoid polyps or hamartomatous polyps are likely to undergo malignant transformation, whereas the presence of gastric metastases does indicate an underlying malignancy. GA are known to be associated with concomitant adenocarcinoma, and they may undergo malignant transformation, but to date, it is not possible to predict such developments. Estimates regarding a GA patient's risk to suffer from adenocarcinoma vary largely and range from 2.5 to 50% [2]. Therefore, all GA should be resected. Regular follow-ups are an essential part of GA therapy and after the successful removal of the tumor, patients should undergo periodic endoscopy [4].

Patients suffering from Lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis, or MUTYH-associated polyposis are at increased risks of developing GA [5].

1. Smith GV, Feakins R, Farthing MJ, Ballinger A. Cyclooxygenase 2, p53, beta-catenin, and APC protein expression in gastric adenomatous polyps. Am J Clin Pathol. 2005; 123(3):415-420.
2. Abraham SC, Montgomery EA, Singh VK, Yardley JH, Wu TT. Gastric adenomas: intestinal-type and gastric-type adenomas differ in the risk of adenocarcinoma and presence of background mucosal pathology. Am J Surg Pathol. 2002; 26(10):1276-1285.
3. Jung JT. Gastric polyps and protruding type gastric cancer. Clin Endosc. 2013; 46(3):243-247.
4. Kelly PJ, Lauwers GY. Clinical guidelines: Consensus for the management of patients with gastric polyps. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011; 8(1):7-8.
5. Jasperson KW, Tuohy TM, Neklason DW, Burt RW. Hereditary and familial colon cancer. Gastroenterology. 2010; 138(6):2044-2058.
6. Tamai N, Kaise M, Nakayoshi T, et al. Clinical and endoscopic characterization of depressed gastric adenoma. Endoscopy. 2006; 38(4):391-394.
7. Park DY, Lauwers GY. Gastric polyps: classification and management. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2008; 132(4):633-640.
8. Rugge M, Correa P, Dixon MF, et al. Gastric dysplasia: the Padova international classification. Am J Surg Pathol. 2000; 24(2):167-176.
9. Yamada H, Ikegami M, Shimoda T, Takagi N, Maruyama M. Long-term follow-up study of gastric adenoma/dysplasia. Endoscopy. 2004; 36(5):390-396.
10. Sonnenberg A, Genta RM. Prevalence of benign gastric polyps in a large pathology database. Dig Liver Dis. 2015; 47(2):164-169.