Presentation of Case: A 51-year old male presented with a 7-month history of recurrent melena with a hemoglobin of 6.8 g/dL. [stlukes.com.ph]

Somatostatinomas often go undiagnosed for years and therefore very large ( 5cm) at the time of presentation. The majority of somatostatinomas are metastatic are presentation (90 percent) and can be localized with CT or MRI. [uwhealth.org]

Patients typically present with symptoms of abdominal pain or intestinal obstruction. [surgery.wisc.edu]

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Gastric neuroendocrine tumor presenting with gastrointestinal bleeding Key words: Endoscopic submucosal dissection. Gastric neuroendocrine tumor. Gastrointestinal bleeding. [scielo.isciii.es]

(GI NETs) can be functional or non-functional: functional NETs can be challenging to localize as: they are often small in size at the time of diagnosis arise in many sites throughout the body non-functioning and/or malignant NETs often are larger at presentation [radiopaedia.org]

• Pain

  Introduction: Majority of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors present with abomdinal pain and weight loss, and very few present with gastrointestinal bleeding as their initial symptom. [stlukes.com.ph]

  “Finally, I just accepted the pain as something I would have to live with. I didn’t think I would ever feel well.” [foxchase.org]

  The carcinoid syndrome occurs in less than 5 percent of these patients, with more common symptoms being recurrent pneumonia, cough, hemoptysis, or chest pain. [uwhealth.org]

  Patients typically present with symptoms of abdominal pain or intestinal obstruction. [surgery.wisc.edu]

  Other signs include pellagra, wheezing, abdominal pain, telangiectasia and heart disease (usually right sided valvular regurgitation). [wjgnet.com]

• Weight Loss

  Introduction: Majority of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors present with abomdinal pain and weight loss, and very few present with gastrointestinal bleeding as their initial symptom. [stlukes.com.ph]

  Additional findings associated with glucagonoma include cheilitis, anemia, weight loss, hypoaminoacidemia, and other neuropsychiatric symptoms. [uwhealth.org]

  Patients present with weight loss, jaundice, and abdominal pain. The diagnosis is confirmed by pancreatic polypeptide levels 300 pg/ml. [surgery.wisc.edu]

  loss for no known reason Feeling very tired Feeling bloated Diarrhea Nausea Vomiting Colon Signs and symptoms of GI carcinoid tumors in the colon may include the following: Abdominal pain Weight loss for no known reason Rectum Signs and symptoms of GI [cancer.osu.edu]

  The signs or symptoms of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome include: pain in the abdomen severe diarrhea heartburn nausea and vomiting, sometimes vomiting blood weight loss serotonin A type of neurotransmitter (a chemical that transmits signals or impulses from [cancer.ca]

• Weakness

  This can cause muscle weakness, aching or cramps, numbness and tingling, frequent urination, fast heartbeat and feeling confused or thirsty Cramps or pain in the abdomen Weight loss for no known reason Too much somatostatin may cause: High blood sugar [cancer.osu.edu]

  The first clinical manifestations of dermatomyositis are symmetrical weakness of proximal muscle, Gottron’s papules, heliotrope rash, photosensitivity, periungueal erythema, and telangiectasias. [oatext.com]

  Other symptoms include abdominal pain, flushing, muscle weakness, and weight loss and can often been mistaken for carcinoid syndrome. These rare tumors occur with a frequency of 1 per 10,000,000 per year. [uwhealth.org]

  Other symptoms include abdominal pain, flushing, muscle weakness, and weight loss and can often been mistaken for carcinoid syndrome. The diagnosis is made by a serum VIP level 200 pg/ml. [surgery.wisc.edu]

  Primary cervical spine carcinoid tumor in a woman with arm paresthesias and weakness: A case report. J Med Case Rep 2013;7:214. 9. Zhang XF, Zhang Y, Yan X, Bie L. [asianjns.org]

• Fever

  At the onset of this disease, the patient suffered from intermittent fever accompanied by dull epigastric pain. The highest body temperature measured was 39 C, and the fever was treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [cancertm.com]

  An infectious etiology of fever was ruled out, and a positive response to Naproxen test was indicative of neoplastic fever. [oatext.com]

  Signs and symptoms include fever, chills, cough with sputum (phlegm), chest pain and shortness of breath. cortisol A hormone that helps the body use glucose (sugar), protein and fat. Cortisol is made by the adrenal gland. [cancer.ca]

  Patient has not complained of fever, nausea, vomiting or jaundice. Her assessment has continued by liver sonography and abdominal CT scan and octerotid scan. Sonography has demonstrated multi cystic lesion in lever, suggestive for “Hydatid cyst”. [intjcancermanag.com]

  She did not have any fever or chills. The pain was increased after eating food especially high fat food. The physical examination showed an epigastric and right upper quadrant tenderness without rebound tenderness and guarding. [canonjm.com]

• Fatigue

  Signs or symptoms of GI NETs may include: discomfort or pain in the abdomen or rectum nausea and vomiting diarrhea bleeding from the rectum or blood in the stool anemia – may cause fatigue heartburn or indigestion stomach ulcers – can cause heartburn, [cancer.ca]

  The tumors cause a range of symptoms including: Fatigue Abdominal pain Wheezing Swelling in the feet and ankles Skin lesions Shortness of breath Since these can be symptoms of many conditions, it is important that any concerns be evaluated by a physician [virginiamason.org]

  Some symptoms include pain, weight changes, coughing, breathing changes, tiredness (fatigue), and a change in your bowel habit. Carcinoid tumours are diagnosed by tests such as a chest X-ray, urine and blood tests and an octreotide scan. [cancer.ie]

  In June 2011, the patient began to present lower limb edema, increased abdominal volume and worsening fatigue, and was admitted in September 2011 with a provisional diagnosis of decompensated heart failure. [revportcardiol.org]

  Symptoms of carcinoid syndrome are: Wheezing Episodic facial flushing Severe diarrhoea Abdominal cramps Unexplained loss of appetite or weight loss Unexplained fatigue Increased heart rate Changes in blood pressure If you experience any of these symptoms [gicancer.org.au]

• Dyspnea

  Carcinoid syndrome – characterized by diarrhea, flushing, dyspnea, and wheezing – may occur if a serotonin -producing tumor has metastasized to the liver, bypassing first-pass metabolism. [amboss.com]

  Patient evolved to dyspnea on minimal exertion; cardiac catheterization showed no signs of coronary artery disease. [cancertreatmentjournal.com]

  A 26-year-old woman presented with clinical symptoms of 2-year progression characterized by postprandial pain in the epigastrium that progressed to bloating, early satiety, dyspnea, and weight loss of 20 kg. [revistagastroenterologiamexico.org]

  Figure 6: Post-OP CXR showing marked improvement and reduction of opacification of the left lung Click here to view Airway obstruction is a common feature of endobronchial tumors, presenting as dyspnea, cough, and hemoptysis. [lungindia.com]

• Diarrhea

  These factors cause clinical syndromes characterized by flushing and diarrhea (gastrointestinal) or wheezing and right heart effects (bronchopulmonary). Carcinoid syndromes usually do not occur until tumors metastasize to the liver. [arupconsult.com]

  Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide-Secreting Tumor (VIPoma) VIPomas are also extremely rare tumors that cause the "WDHA syndrome": watery (secretory) diarrhea, hypokalemia, and achlorhydria. [uwhealth.org]

  Seven patients obtained complete relief of flushing, and four had complete relief of diarrhea. [cancernetwork.com]

• Abdominal Pain

  Patients typically present with symptoms of abdominal pain or intestinal obstruction. These lesions may cause kinking of the bowel leading to intermittent obstruction or intestinal ischemia. [uwhealth.org]

  Patients typically present with symptoms of abdominal pain or intestinal obstruction. [surgery.wisc.edu]

  Most patients present with abdominal pain or jaundice. Cases of gastrointestinal bleeding that have been reported were caused by invasion of bowel wall or development of esophageal varices. Surgical resection is the primary treatment of pNET. [stlukes.com.ph]

  Other signs include pellagra, wheezing, abdominal pain, telangiectasia and heart disease (usually right sided valvular regurgitation). [wjgnet.com]

  pain (often secondary to fibrosis) Gastric carcinoids Type 1 associated with chronic atrophic gastritis – absent acid secretion and hypergastrinemia Type 2 associated with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, hypergastrinemia, and MEN1 Type 3 sporadic – normal [arupconsult.com]

• Nausea

  Dear Editor, The most reported manifestations of gastric neuroendocrine tumor (GNETs) are non-specific symptoms such as epigastric pain, nausea, dyspepsia, etc. [scielo.isciii.es]

  Signs or symptoms of GI NETs may include: discomfort or pain in the abdomen or rectum nausea and vomiting diarrhea bleeding from the rectum or blood in the stool anemia – may cause fatigue heartburn or indigestion stomach ulcers – can cause heartburn, [cancer.ca]

  Alert your doctor if you experience any of the following symptoms: Abdominal pain Constipation Diarrhea Change in stool color Blood in the stool Pain in the rectum Nausea Vomiting Jaundice Heartburn Weight loss Feeling very tired Feeling bloated Learn [brighamandwomens.org]

  […] you have any of the following: Duodenum Signs and symptoms of GI carcinoid tumors in the duodenum (first part of the small intestine, that connects to the stomach) may include the following: Abdominal pain Constipation Diarrhea Change in stool color Nausea [cancer.osu.edu]

  […] gain, particularly around the midsection and upper back Pink or purple marks on the skin that look like stretch marks Carcinoid tumors in the digestive tract Signs and symptoms of carcinoid tumors in the digestive tract include: Abdominal pain Diarrhea Nausea [mayoclinic.org]

• Vomiting

  The signs or symptoms of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome include: pain in the abdomen severe diarrhea heartburn nausea and vomiting, sometimes vomiting blood weight loss serotonin A type of neurotransmitter (a chemical that transmits signals or impulses from [cancer.ca]

  Alert your doctor if you experience any of the following symptoms: Abdominal pain Constipation Diarrhea Change in stool color Blood in the stool Pain in the rectum Nausea Vomiting Jaundice Heartburn Weight loss Feeling very tired Feeling bloated Learn [brighamandwomens.org]

  […] in the jejunum (middle part of the small intestine) and ileum (last part of the small intestine, that connects to the colon) may include the following: Abdominal pain Weight loss for no known reason Feeling very tired Feeling bloated Diarrhea Nausea Vomiting [cancer.osu.edu]

  […] particularly around the midsection and upper back Pink or purple marks on the skin that look like stretch marks Carcinoid tumors in the digestive tract Signs and symptoms of carcinoid tumors in the digestive tract include: Abdominal pain Diarrhea Nausea, vomiting [mayoclinic.org]

  Clinical features WDHA syndrome (Watery Diarrhea, Hypokalemia, Achlorhydria ) Weight loss Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting Achlorhydria iron and B 12 absorption anemia Diagnosis Serum VIP concentration ( 75 pg/mL) Hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, hyperglycemia [amboss.com]

• Regurgitation

  Pulmonary stenosis is thought to worsen tricuspid regurgitation, and the severity of pulmonary stenosis may be underestimated due to low cardiac output and severe tricuspid regurgitation. [revportcardiol.org]

  Thorson A, Biorck G, Bjorkman G et al (1954) Malignant carcinoid of the small intestine with metastases to the liver, valvular disease of the right side of the heart (pulmonary stenosis and tricuspid regurgitation without septal defects), peripheral vasomotor [link.springer.com]

  Cardiac examination usually yields normal results, but with prolonged, uncontrolled serotonin secretion, patients may have evidence of tricuspid valve regurgitation and, less commonly, pulmonic stenosis. The abdomen may be distended and nontender. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Echocardiography showed a normally functioning mechanical aortic valve with mild tricuspid regurgitation. Fig. 2. Coronal noncontrast magnetic resonance enterography with the arrow showing the mesenteric tumor. [karger.com]

  Other signs include pellagra, wheezing, abdominal pain, telangiectasia and heart disease (usually right sided valvular regurgitation). [wjgnet.com]

• Heart Disease

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Anaphylaxis Foreign body obstruction Pulmonary edema Diarrhea Infections Viral Bacterial Parasitic Autoimmune bowel disease Inflammatory bowel disease Celiac disease Laxative abuse Heart valve disease Rheumatic heart [arupconsult.com]

  Carcinoid heart disease: from pathophysiology to treatment--‘something in the way it moves’. Neuroendocrinology 2015; 101 (04) 263-273 21 Palaniswamy C, Frishman WH, Aronow WS. Carcinoid heart disease. [thieme-connect.com]

  Carcinoid heart disease About 50% of patients with carcinoid syndrome are at risk of developing carcinoid heart disease, which characteristically affects the right side of the heart and can lead to right-sided heart failure and death. [bccancer.bc.ca]

  Prognosis of carcinoid heart disease: analysis of 200 cases over two decades. Circulation, 112 (2005), pp. 3320-3327 [4] S. Bhattacharyya, J. Davar, G. Dreyfus, et al. Carcinoid heart disease. Circulation, 116 (2007), pp. 2860-2865 [5] L. Lundin, I. [revportcardiol.org]

  Moller JE, Connolly HM, Rubin J et al (2003) Factors associated with progression of carcinoid heart disease. N Engl J Med 348:1005–1015 PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar 15. [link.springer.com]

• Hypertension

  Foreign body obstruction Pulmonary edema Diarrhea Infections Viral Bacterial Parasitic Autoimmune bowel disease Inflammatory bowel disease Celiac disease Laxative abuse Heart valve disease Rheumatic heart diseases Endocarditis Cardiomyopathy Pulmonary hypertension [arupconsult.com]

  This tumor arising in the adrenal medulla, is associated with the over-production of epinephrine and norepinephrine that can lead to hypertension, sweating, tachycardia, weight loss and irritability. [nagourneycancerinstitute.com]

  Case Report In November 2007, a 56-year-old man with hypertension presented to our hospital because of having epigastric discomfort and indigestion since sometime. [saudisurgj.org]

  In both cohorts, abdominal pain (66.1% of CS cohort; 51.5% of non-CS cohort), hypertension (50.6%; 52.2%), and dyslipidemia (49.4%; 46.1%) were the most prevalent diagnoses (Table 2 ). [wjgnet.com]

  A 49-year-old woman, with difficult-to-control hypertension, was admitted to the emergency ward presenting abdominal colic pain of severe intensity located in the right hypochondrium. [oatext.com]

• Hypotension

  Gastric carcinoids may cause an atypical carcinoid syndrome: flushing, hypotension, lacrimation, edema, and bronchoconstriction or may secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). [uwhealth.org]

  The classic carcinoid syndrome associated with excess serotonin production leads to flushing, diarrhea, wheezing and in some cases hypotension, even loss of consciousness. [nagourneycancerinstitute.com]

  Gastric carcinoids may cause an atypical carcinoid syndrome: flushing, hypotension, lacrimation, edema, and bronchoconstriction or may secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ). [surgery.wisc.edu]

  The large-scale and continuous release of bioactive substances may also cause severe hypotension and watery diarrhea. Edema of the face, rapid pulse, and pruritus may also be present. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  The symptoms of carcinoid syndrome include episodes of warmth and redness of the face, head and upper chest; diarrhea; marked changes in blood pressure (usually hypotension, a decrease in blood pressure); asthmatic-like wheezing; weight loss or gain; [rarediseases.org]

• Tachycardia

  References: [3] [4] [5] [1] [6] [7] Clinical features Asymptomatic Abdominal pain Carcinoid syndrome Diarrhea and abdominal cramps Cutaneous flushing Possible triggers: alcohol consumption, food intake, stress In severe cases, may be accompanied by tachycardia [amboss.com]

  This tumor arising in the adrenal medulla, is associated with the over-production of epinephrine and norepinephrine that can lead to hypertension, sweating, tachycardia, weight loss and irritability. [nagourneycancerinstitute.com]

  The syndrome includes flushing, diarrhea, heart failure, tachycardia, emesis, and bronchoconstriction [3]. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) can be helpful for evaluating local invasion. [canonjm.com]

  The diagnosis is clinical, characterized by hemodynamic instability (hypotension, tachycardia, and/or arrhythmia), hyperthermia, flushing, and bronchial obstruction. [2] Patients at risk for carcinoid crisis include those with preoperative evidence of [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Symptoms are an exacerbation of the usual clinical symptoms of carcinoid syndrome, including severe flushing with or without bronchospasm, tachycardia and hypo/hypertension. [intechopen.com]

• Jaundice

  Most patients present with abdominal pain or jaundice. Cases of gastrointestinal bleeding that have been reported were caused by invasion of bowel wall or development of esophageal varices. Surgical resection is the primary treatment of pNET. [stlukes.com.ph]

  RML Institute of Medical Sciences, Vibhuti Khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, Close Abstract Objective: Primary neuroendocrine tumors (NET) of the common hepatic duct are rare cause of malignant obstructive jaundice. [wcrj.net]

  Alert your doctor if you experience any of the following symptoms: Abdominal pain Constipation Diarrhea Change in stool color Blood in the stool Pain in the rectum Nausea Vomiting Jaundice Heartburn Weight loss Feeling very tired Feeling bloated Learn [brighamandwomens.org]

  Patients with jaundice only who are potentially operative candidates do not require stenting unless operative intervention will be delayed by 1-2 weeks. Patients without jaundice do not require stenting. [bccancer.bc.ca]

  PNETs can also cause yellowing of skin and whites of eyes ( jaundice ) and may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). They are much less common than pancreatic exocrine tumors (pancreatic adenocarcinoma) and have a much better prognosis. [hopkinsmedicine.org]

• Hepatomegaly

  At the time of admission to the hospital hepatomegaly develops nearly in the all of the patients. In our case he had hepatomegaly and abdominal distention in initial examination. Only in few cases (10%) reported that patients were asymptomatic. [oapublishinglondon.com]

  […] involvement of the liver, and poorly differentiated tumors. 7 In an analysis of 213 patients in the European Liver Transplant Registry, the main risk factors were multivisceral resection or multivisceral transplantation, poorly differentiated tumors, and hepatomegaly [revistagastroenterologiamexico.org]

  Hepatomegaly is possible. Examination of the extremities may demonstrate bilateral lower extremity edema. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  A per-abdominal examination revealed hepatomegaly and mild tenderness in the epigastrium. Further test results were: hemoglobin level and white blood cell count were normal; albumin level, 4.94 g/dl; and total protein level, 8.32 g/dl. [saudisurgj.org]

  In this study the survival rate dropped to 12% in the case of hepatomegaly and primary tumour localized within the duodenum or pancreas 23. [cancertreatmentjournal.com]

• Lacrimation

  Gastric carcinoids may cause an atypical carcinoid syndrome: flushing, hypotension, lacrimation, edema, and bronchoconstriction or may secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). [uwhealth.org]

  Gastric carcinoids may cause an atypical carcinoid syndrome: flushing, hypotension, lacrimation, edema, and bronchoconstriction or may secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ). [surgery.wisc.edu]

  An atypical carcinoid syndrome can occur with generalized flushing, lacrimation, wheezing and diarrhea. [bccancer.bc.ca]

  Episodes are often associated with an unpleasant warm feeling, itching, palpitation, upper-body erythema and edema, salivation, diaphoresis, lacrimation, and diarrhea. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Flushing

  These factors cause clinical syndromes characterized by flushing and diarrhea (gastrointestinal) or wheezing and right heart effects (bronchopulmonary). Carcinoid syndromes usually do not occur until tumors metastasize to the liver. [arupconsult.com]

  Gastric carcinoids may cause an atypical carcinoid syndrome: flushing, hypotension, lacrimation, edema, and bronchoconstriction or may secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). [uwhealth.org]

  Gastric carcinoids may cause an atypical carcinoid syndrome: flushing, hypotension, lacrimation, edema, and bronchoconstriction or may secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ). [surgery.wisc.edu]

  Since flushing is a common symptom of CS, and since flushing is often confused with the hot flashes of menopause, one might have expected males with CS to be diagnosed earlier than females if the propensity is to misdiagnose CS until the disease is well [wjgnet.com]

  Carcinoid syndrome causes redness or a feeling of warmth in your face and neck (skin flushing), chronic diarrhea, and difficulty breathing, among other signs and symptoms. Carcinoid heart disease. [mayoclinic.org]

• Sweating

  This tumor arising in the adrenal medulla, is associated with the over-production of epinephrine and norepinephrine that can lead to hypertension, sweating, tachycardia, weight loss and irritability. [nagourneycancerinstitute.com]

  The signs or symptoms of pNETs include: low blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia) – may cause sweating, shakiness, dizziness, extreme hunger and problems concentrating high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) – may cause extreme thirst and frequent urination [cancer.ca]

  Other important pathologic entities that histologically can resemble primary neuroendocrine cutaneous tumors are Merkel cell carcinoma, sebaceous neoplasms and melanoma with carcinoid-like architecture, endocrine mucin producing sweat gland carcinoma, [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Erythema

  This was accompanied by facial erythema and numbness of the affected area. Due to the progressive enlargement of the mass, there was eventual extension to the orbital cavity resulting to compromised vision. [oncologypro.esmo.org]

  Patient often present with elevated glucose and a characteristic rash called necrolytic migratory erythema seen in the face, lower abdomen, perineum, and lower extremities. Skin biopsy can occasionally confirm the diagnosis. [uwhealth.org]

  Necrolytic migratory erythema is probably the most characteristic clinical feature of the glucagonoma syndrome. This skin lesion may precede the diagnosis by at least 5 years [12]. [cancernetwork.com]

• Dermatitis

  Glucagonomas are very rare tumors that cause the "4D syndrome": diabetes, dermatitis, deep vein thrombosis, and depression. [uwhealth.org]

  […] asthma -like attacks) Possible weight loss despite normal appetite Palpitations Carcinoid heart disease Tricuspid insufficiency and/or pulmonary stenosis Symptoms of right-sided heart failure Possible pellagra ( niacin deficiency ) Presents as a triad of dermatitis [amboss.com]

  Glucagonomas are very rare tumors that cause the “4D syndrome”: diabetes, dermatitis, deep vein thrombosis, and depression. [surgery.wisc.edu]

  Niacin deficiency, also known as pellagra, is associated with dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea. This constellation of symptoms is called carcinoid syndrome or (if acute) carcinoid crisis. [en.wikipedia.org]

  Patients with glucagonomas tend to present with mild diabetes and a severe dermatitis. These tumors are frequently fairly large by the time of diagnosis, sometimes greater than two inches in diameter. Approximately 70% of these tumors are malignant. [pancreatica.org]

• Skin Rash

  Wheezing Skin rash and itching Risk Factors We don’t know a lot about what causes neuroendocrine tumors, so we don’t have many strategies to prevent them. [roswellpark.org]

  rashes, heartburn, stomach ulcers, and weight changes. [badgut.org]

  rash on the face, stomach or legs High blood sugar, which may cause headaches, frequent urination, dry skin and mouth or feeling hungry, thirsty, tired or weak Blood clots, which if formed in the lungs can cause shortness of breath, cough or pain in [cancer.osu.edu]

  Taking medicine for skin rashes. Taking medicine to breathe easier. Taking medicine before having anesthesia for a medical procedure. [vicc.org]

Hence, use of specific radiologic imaging techniques is mandatory in the diagnostic workup of neuroendocrine tumors in rare locations as mesentery, stomach and rectum. [cancerjournal.net]

An extensive workup with CT and PET/CT imaging both at initial diagnosis and 10 years later at recurrence, were negative for extracranial disease. This strongly suggests that the brain was the primary and the only site of disease. [casereports.bmj.com]

Workup did not show any primary tumor or other metastatic disease. There was no associated tailgut cyst or sacrococcygeal teratoma. The lesion was treated with radiation therapy because a surgical approach was rejected. [springermedizin.de]

The workup to rule out metastatic disease of the spine includes CECT of chest and abdomen, PET scan and octreotide scintigraphy which was performed in our patient and did not reveal and other lesions. [asianjns.org]

Because of this, a multidisciplinary care team is critical for patient management starting from the earliest steps of the diagnostic workup. [jcmtjournal.com]

Treatment for Neuroendocrine Tumors Surgical Treatment Our surgeons offer extensive expertise in the most advanced minimally invasive surgical procedures for neuroendocrine tumors. [brighamandwomens.org]

This study suggests everolimus is a new, effective, exciting treatment option. [ascopost.com]

Treatment with tandem [90Y]DOTA-TATE and [177Lu]DOTA-TATE of neuroendocrine tumours refractory to conventional therapy. [thieme-connect.com]

Treatment Whenever possible, a localized tumor should be completely resected, as this is the only treatment modality that is potentially curative [52]. [cancernetwork.com]

GNETs are classified into four types, based on pathogenesis and histomorphologic characteristics; these types differ in biological behavior and prognosis, ranging from benign to highly malignant biological behavior and extremely poor prognosis (7). [scielo.isciii.es]

Prognosis was also evaluated by decade of diagnosis. [jcancer.org]

Assessing the etiology can have important implications in prognosis and treatment of these tumors. [archivesofpathology.org]

The prognosis of carcinoid tumors varies greatly depending on the location of the tumor and the extent of spread at the time of diagnosis. [uwhealth.org]

Etiology The precise etiology of neuroendocrine tumors is not well understood. [cancernetwork.com]

Assessing the etiology can have important implications in prognosis and treatment of these tumors. [archivesofpathology.org]

Behavioral features such as smoking [ 3 ] and genetic factors [ 4 ] have been implicated in the etiology of these lesions; however, clear causative factors have not yet been delineated. [jcancer.org]

The goal of this review is to detail the classification, epidemiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, and staging of these tumors and to provide an overview of management strategies. [thieme-connect.com]

Epidemiologic trends in neuroendocrine tumors: an examination of incidence rates and survival of specific patient subgroups over the past 20 years. Semin Oncol. 2018 ;45: 249 - 258. Google Scholar Crossref 17. [journals.sagepub.com]

Conference: 10th Annual ENETS Conference (2013) Category: Epidemiology/Natural history/Prognosis - Descriptive epidemiology Presenting Author: professor Claudio Pasquali #1933 Unusual Presentation of Carcinoid Syndrome in Chronic Pancreatitis Introduction [enets.org]

EPIDEMIOLOGY A 5-decade review of carcinoid tumors in National Cancer Institute (NCI) and Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) databases performed in 2003 2 notes that NETs have increased in incidence for at least 30 to 50 years. [archivesofpathology.org]

The differences observed among regions may be influenced by external factors, such as completeness of data acquisition, rather than a true difference in the epidemiology of the disease. [jcancer.org]

NETs of the lung, thymus, and stomach von Hippel-Lindau syndrome – pancreatic neoplasia of neuroendocrine origin occurs in 15% of cases Neurofibromatosis type 1 (von Recklinghausen disease) – infrequent carcinoids of the duodenum Tuberous sclerosis Pathophysiology [arupconsult.com]

Pathophysiology Carcinoid tumors are neuroendocrine tumors. [amboss.com]

Carcinoid heart disease: from pathophysiology to treatment--‘something in the way it moves’. Neuroendocrinology 2015; 101 (04) 263-273 21 Palaniswamy C, Frishman WH, Aronow WS. Carcinoid heart disease. [thieme-connect.com]

Sleisenger & Fordtran’s gastrointestinal and liver disease: pathophysiology, diagnosis, management. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders;1998. p. 1831–3. 2. Karahan OI, Kahriman G, Yikilmaz A, Ozkan M, Bayram F. [kjco.org]

If you are at extremely high risk, your doctor may choose to remove an organ, such as the thyroid, to prevent a neuroendocrine tumor from growing there. [roswellpark.org]

Cholecystectomy should be done at the same time as any surgery to prevent complications from gallstone formation from any subsequent therapy with octreotide. [bccancer.bc.ca]

If the tumour is too large to remove completely, surgery may be performed to make the tumour smaller to prevent it from affecting surrounding organs. [gicancer.org.au]

How can I prevent carcinoid tumors? Presently, there is no way to prevent carcinoid tumors. There may be an association between carcinoid tumors and smoking, hence not starting or quitting smoking may reduce the risk of developing carcinoid tumors. [oncolink.org]

In many cases, as in this one, thickening of the leaflets and subvalvular apparatus leads to retraction of the leaflets, which become fixed, preventing coaptation and leaving the valve in a semi-open position. [revportcardiol.org]