The initial stages of gingival enlargement are often asymptomatic. Symptoms are more pronounced in patients with dental plaques and poor dental hygiene. The major symptoms include bleeding of gums which are tender and swollen. The risk for developing the condition is higher among patients with misplaced teeth and other gum diseases. The severity of disease is directly proportional to the general oral health of the patient.

Phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth
Individuals with inflamed gums and plaques are predisposed to gingival overgrowth when phenytoin is used. Localized inflammation of gums induced by dental plaques act as a receptacle for phenytoin.

Cyclosporine-induced gingival overgrowth
Patients suffering from gingivitis and dental plaques are more prone to the development of cyclsporine-induced gingival hyperplasia. Treatment regimen comprising of high dose of drug lead to the development of the hyperplasia by the end of first trimester of treatment. However, it should be noted that the condition is temporary and the gums resume to normal state once the treatment is over [14] [15].

The healthy state of gums can be maintained by proactive oral care and plaque control, however this may not help in preventing development of gingival hyperplasia in predisposed patients.

Nifedipine-induced gingival overgrowth

Administration of nifedipine may lead to the aggravation of cyclosporine induced gingival overgrowth.

Calcium antagonist–induced gingival overgrowth
Lack of proper dental care is a predisposing factor for the development of Calcium antagonist - induced gingival overgrowth. The condition can be managed well with rigorous oral hygiene practices.

• Pain

  Oral manifestations of this condition include enlarged and painful gingiva accompanied by spontaneous bleeding. Nifedipine-induced gingival hyperplasia may be reversible once a proper drug substitution is made. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  It is important to reduce the pain caused by the blisters so that your child is more likely to want to drink. Give your child pain relief medication (paracetamol or ibuprofen) – see our fact sheet Pain relief for children. [rch.org.au]

  Scurvy from Vitamin C Deficiency Associations: Poor nutritional intake of vitamin C containing foods such as fruits + bleeding gums + red painful gums +/- generalized weakness, +/- petechiae of the skin Pathophysiology: Defective collagen synthesis that [ebmconsult.com]

  The gums are very sensitive and sometimes even painful. They are tender and have a more intense raspberry color. The patient might experience difficulties in eating, chewing and swallowing. There will be a bad breath present. [dentist-manila.com]

• Dentist

  If you think you have an area of overgrowth, visit your dentist for an evaluation of your condition. If you are now taking medications that can cause overgrowth consult your physician and dentist. [colgate.com]

  Seventy-six renal transplantation patients were evaluated by an experienced dentist for gingival hyperplasia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Spec Care Dentist 19: 29-34. [omicsonline.org]

  This is a very common condition and can be treated, usually in the dentists’ office the same day. In some cases, small lumps or tumors will appear. [nobodyproblems.com]

• Anemia

  The complete blood count indicated anemia, and the T4 and TSH levels were abnormal. [jcda.ca]

  The patient had been receiving cyclosporine (150 to 250 mg/d) for the past 18 months as treatment for aplastic anemia. [jamanetwork.com]

  Investigation of oral status in KT patients with anemia may give additional data on the possible link between oral diseases and chronic diseases such as anemia (41). [go.gale.com]

  Other diseases or conditions that could cause gum overgrowth include: HIV diabetes anemia Crohn’s disease lymphoma vitamin deficiencies The condition usually improves once the underlying cause has been treated. [healthline.com]

  Primary manifestations include mucosal pallor secondary to anemia, odontalgia, ulceration of the palate, gingival bleeding, gingivitis, petechiae and ecchymoses of the hard and soft palate, tongue and tonsils are also observed. 1-4 Gingival hyperplasia [cda-adc.ca]

• Surgical Procedure

  It is a surgical procedure in which excess gingival tissue is removed. Mouth breathing, hormonal alterations should be treated. Gingival hyperplasia associated with syndrome needs both systemic and dental treatment. [dentaltipsforall.com]

  Case presentation A 70-year old patient was referred to the Department by his dentist because of increased size of the gingiva in both jaws, for which surgical procedure was requested. [hrcak.srce.hr]

  In orthodontics, various intraoral soft tissues surgical procedures may be required frequently, e.g. gingivectomy, gingivoplasty, fraenectomy, exposure of unerupted/ impacted/ partially erupted teeth. [clinicaltrials.gov]

  Gingivectomy and gingivoplasty Gingivectomy and gingivoplasty are surgical procedures designed to remove excess gingiva and to restore its physiological contours. [vetstream.com]

  The first step in treating glioblastoma is a surgical procedure to make a diagnosis, to relieve pressure on the brain, and to safely remove as much tumor as possible. [abta.org]

• Rigor

  Rigorous oral hygiene including scaling, gingival massage, and antiseptic washings to control plaque are thought to be an essential part of the management to prevent recurrence. Gingivectomy is sometimes required [ 9 ]. [omicsonline.org]

  He added: “The trial approach combines exceptional science and a rigorous protocol for a disease for which over-simplified strategies have failed in the past. [healthcare-in-europe.com]

  The condition can be managed well with rigorous oral hygiene practices. Clinical diagnosis of drug related hyperplasia is difficult as there is no diagnostic test available to confirm the condition. [symptoma.com]

  The patients then underwent a rigorous follow-up schedule at 30 days to assess the PI and GI, and to perform periodontal debridement. Complete epithelialisation of the palatal wound occurred in all patients only 4 weeks after surgery. [head-face-med.biomedcentral.com]

• Loss of Appetite

  Symptoms can include: headaches nausea and vomiting sleepiness weakness on one side of your body memory loss problems with speech and language personality and mood changes muscle weakness double vision or blurred vision loss of appetite seizures Keep [healthline.com]

  These may include: Headaches Learning difficulties Loss of appetite Loss of balance or trouble walking Mood swings Nausea or vomiting Personality and behavior changes Problems speaking Problems with memory Seizures Sensation changes Tiredness Trouble [cedars-sinai.org]

  Furthermore, primary tuberculosis manifesting solely as gingival enlargement is extremely rare which can be diagnosed based on history of fever, weakness, loss of appetite and weight loss[47]. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Hypertension

  All patients exhibited adequate control of hypertension. We conclude that in hypertensive patients with nifedipine-induced GH, switching hypertensive therapy to isradipine may result in a regression of GH. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Nifedipine is often used to control hypertension in kidney graft recipients. [link.springer.com]

  All patients exhibited adequate control of hypertension. We conclude that in hypertensive patients with nifedipine‐induced GH, switching hypertensive therapy to isradipine may result in a regression of GH. [doi.org]

• Periodontitis

  Cessation of drug administration, combined with continuous periodontal treatment, brought further improvement. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Gingival Overgrowth

  Seymour RA (1991) Calcium channel blockers and gingival overgrowth. Br Dent J 170:376–379 Google Scholar 7. Pernu HE, Oikarinen K, Hietanen J, Knuuttila M (1989) Verapamil-induced gingival overgrowth: a clinical, histologic, and biochemic approach. [link.springer.com]

  Cyclosporine-induced gingival overgrowth has been mainly described in post-organ transplant patients. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Age No age predilection exists for the onset of drug-induced gingival overgrowth; however, phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth appears to be more frequent in young patients with epilepsy. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Nifedipine-induced gingival overgrowth Administration of nifedipine may lead to the aggravation of cyclosporine induced gingival overgrowth. [symptoma.com]

• Poor Oral Hygiene

  Delay in the widespread acquisition of skills, epilepsy and poor oral hygiene with gingival enlargement was the main concern to seek medical aid. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Dental Hygiene Once overgrowth has started, it is difficult to maintain good oral hygiene. Poor oral hygiene also can increase inflammation that can be a factor in the overgrowth. [colgate.com]

  The interaction of these medications with epithelial keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and collagen can lead to an overgrowth of gingival tissue, particularly in patients with poor oral hygiene, periodontal disease, and malpositioned teeth. [journals.lww.com]

  This acquired mannerism can actually cause oral inflammation if not immediately attended to. One can also get inflammatory gingival hyperplasia through poor oral hygiene (gingivitis, excessive plaque build-up, etc.). [guyhisrichdds.com]

• Gingival Hypertrophy

  194.17 [41] { → {gingival hypertrophy} 0.000012 0.02 107.69 [42] {clobazam, phenobarbital} → {gingival hypertrophy} 0.000012 0.03 141.60 [43] { → {gingival hypertrophy} 0.000012 0.02 111.44 [44] {clonazepam, phenytoin} → {gingival hypertrophy} 0.000012 [jphcs.biomedcentral.com]

  From Wikidata Jump to navigation Jump to search Human disease Gingival enlargement (disorder) Gingival enlargement NOS Gingival enlargement NOS (disorder) Gingival enlargement gingival hyperplasia gingival hypertrophy hypertrophic gingivitis edit English [wikidata.org]

  ( K05.0 ) atrophy of edentulous alveolar ridge ( K08.2 ) chronic gingivitis ( K05.1 ) gingivitis NOS ( K05.1 ) Other disorders of gingiva and edentulous alveolar ridge Approximate Synonyms Gingival hyperplasia Gingival hypertrophy Gingival hypertrophy [icd10data.com]

  MeSH Descriptor Source: MeSH 2019 deskriptory Main Heading hypertrofie dásní English Heading Gingival Hypertrophy See (Czech) dásně - hypertrofie [cze0006698] hypertrofie gingivy [cze0060162] Preferred Concept Mesh Scope Translators Note Abnormální zvětšení [medvik.cz]

  Oral cavity examination showed diffuse grade III gingival hypertrophy (gingiva covering more than two-thirds of visible crown), bleeding, and periodontitis, especially in the anterior maxillary and mandibular region (Figure). [jamanetwork.com]

• Halitosis

  It has influenced people's social intercourse and everyday life because it may cause halitosis, gingivalitis, periodontitis, gingival abscess, alveolar bone absorption, root caries, eventually lead to severe results from teeth loose to deletion and so [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] disorders, allergies, diabetes, hypertension, stroke, cancer, blood, pain, obesity, digestive disorders, ophthalmological disorders, behavioral disorders, reproductive disorders, dermatological disorders, tooth decay, tooth sensitivity, gingivitis, halitosis [sk.glosbe.com]

  Gingival enlargement may cause discomfort, interfere with speech or chewing, result in halitosis (bad odour to the breath) and it may look unsightly. What is the treatment for gingival hyperplasia? The treatment depends on the underlying cause. [dermnetnz.org]

  Two months later, she was admitted to dental clinic because of partial dental prosthesis compatibility, halitosis and frequent bleeding of the gums. In addition, patient stated that feel constantly gums, teeth, and jaw pain. [omicsonline.org]

• Erythema

  Clinically distinctive, LJSGH presents as a localized area of erythema on the attached gingiva, with a subtly papillary surface architecture. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Active disease, when it occurs, results in areas of painful erythema, edema, and hemorrhage that evolve to yellow vesicles with a red halo, then coalesce and rapidly ulcerate. [journals.lww.com]

  Erythematous candidiasis is presented with erythema of the involved tissue, although atrophic changes and fissures can be seen as well. [go.gale.com]

• Xanthelasma

  […] spongiotic gingival hyperplasia, oral lesions associated with cosmetic fillers, oropharyngeal carcinomas related to human papillomavirus (HPV), IgG4-related disease and mammary analogue secretory carcinomas, Globodontia, Lobodontia, Leishmaniasis, and Xanthelasma [books.google.com]

  Clinical signs that may appear during adulthood are xanthomas of the eyelids (i.e. xanthelasma), transient xanthomas on palms (i.e. planar palmar xanthomas) or tuberous xanthomas over elbows or knees. Sensitive hepatomegaly may be observed. [orpha.net]

• Aggressive Behavior

  They are very aggressive lesions with significant growth potential. The high vascularity of these lesions can be understood by their purplish-red color and tendency to bleed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Neglect

  Conclusion Gingival hyperplasia may be triggered by a myriad of factors, but one thing’s for sure– proper oral hygiene is not one to be neglected. Always bear in mind that having good dental habits keeps medical conditions like this one at bay. [guyhisrichdds.com]

  Idiopathic gingival fibromatosis: A neglected case. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2002;12:335-8. 9. Regezi JA, Sciuba JJ. Connective tissue lesions. In oral pathology: Clinical pathologic correlations. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1999;1:179-83. 10. [jicdro.org]

Clinical diagnosis of drug related hyperplasia is difficult as there is no diagnostic test available to confirm the condition. There are a number of oral diseases where the lesions resemble hyperplasia. The condition can either be localized (confined to a few locations) or be generalized (lesions present in multiple sites). Gum diseases like periodontal abscess, benign tumors, trauma or by hormone induced tissue overgrowth eg., pregnancy can also result in localized lesions. Studying the clinical history and oral health care history of the concerned patient often helps physicians identify gingival overgrowth that is drug induced.

Generalized hyperplasia also lacks proper diagnostic tests. In some patients, gingival enlargement is difficult to diagnose. Bacterial biofilms are the major culprits for development of gingival hyperplasia. The condition can thus be reversed by performing non-surgical periodontal therapy i.e. deep cleansing of bacterial plaques and biofilms. This should then be diligently followed by a strict oral health care routine to avoid reappearance of plaques. In some cases this may not give a positive result and patients may suffer from persistent lesions even a month after the therapy. Under such circumstances, underlying systemic factors are suspected and warrant a thorough check up. Patients with undiagnosed or poorly managed diabetes often suffer from inflammation, enlargement and substantial desiccation of gums. Acute leukemia, Wegener's granulomatosis and scurvy are some of the other diseases that may result in gingival enlargement.

Swift overgrowth of gums along with haemorrhaging is indicative of conditions like acute myeoblastic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Approximately 5% of patients suffering from acute myeloblastic leukemia have gingival enlargement as the index symptoms. In suspected cases the periodontist must direct such patients to appropriate a physician or oncologist for early treatment of cancer to effectively managing the condition [13].

Presence of "strawberry gums" characterized by red and inflamed gums with granular texture is indicative of Wegener's granulomatosis. The condition is usually confirmed by conducting biopsy of the affected gums.

Deficiency of Vitamin C which leads to the condition called scurvy is characterized by inflammation and bleeding of gums along with loose teeth. In such conditions, periodontist usually prescribe vitamin C in very high doses to overcome the deficiency. Other non invasive methods are also used to treat this deficiency induced gingival enlargement.

A very rare hereditary disease known as gingival fibromatosis may also cause gingival enlargement. The condition is usually presented in the form of continuous enlargement of the gums. The disease often necessitates invasive procedure to discard the extra gingival growth. Major drawback of this procedure is the chance of recurrence of the lesions. The condition can easily be differentiated from the commonly reported drug induced overgrowth by examining the the nature of the affected gum tissues and clinical history of the patient and his/her family members.

Substituting the offensive drug is the most effective way to manage gingival enlargement. Clinicians usually substitute common gingival enlargement inducing drugs with diuretics, beta blockers or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors with no known side effects on gum tissues.

Phenytoin is usually substituted with ethosuximide, sodium valproate or carbamazepine [16], and cyclosporine A with tacrolimus. When the drug in question cannot be changed or replaced, lesions can be managed non surgically. CCB-induced gingival overgrowth can be managed with root planing or scaling and antimicrobial mouth rinses. However in case of phenytoin induced gingival overgrowth, root planing or scaling is not recommended as presence of collagen in high amounts hinders the shrinkage of gum tissues. Removal of excess gum tissues by surgery helps to reinstate the normal structure and function of gum tissues. Dental laser or electrosurgery is used to perform this procedure.

Relapsing is a common occurrence in gingival overgrowth irrespective of how it was managed (invasive or non invasive). The condition is observed to relapse in about 40% of individuals after the first or second trimester of surgical removal of gum tissues [17]. Poor oral health care practice is the most common reason for the relapse.

The prognosis is often poor and chances of relapsing is high in case of surgical and non surgical intervention of drug-induced gingival hyperplasia. The risk is particularly high when the causative drug is still in use or is removed temporarily. The condition may resurface within 3 to 6 months after surgical remediation, and approximately 40% of the patients will experience a recurrence [13]. Individauls who practice poor dental care and oral hygiene are at a higher risk.

The etiological factors responsible for the pathogenesis of gingival enlargement largely remain unclear. Several mechanisms have been put forth but none have gained enough acceptance from the scientific field.

The major mechanisms that are considered responsible for hyperplasia are as listed below.

• A drop in collagen degradation by the enzyme - collagenase or a hike in production of extracellular ground substance [5] [6].
• Presence of a subgroup of gingival fibroblasts which are "genetically more liable" to drug induced hyperplasia [7].
• The concurring effect of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1b and IL-6) in increasing the collagen production by gingival fibroblasts [8].

Gingival enlargement can be classified into four different groups based on the causation of the condition.

1. Inflammatory
2. Drug induced
3. Hereditary
4. Systemic conditions induced

Inflammatory Gingival Enlargement

Gingival enlargement can be either localized or generalized and as the name implies is due to the inflammation of gums in response to dental plaques. This type is mainly observed in patients who practice poor dental hygiene. Gums involved are usually red in color, tender and bleed easily. The condition can be reversed by implementing proper dental care including regular tooth brushing and flossing.

Drug-Induced Gingival Enlargement

The gum tissues are firm and pale pink in color. Unlike inflammatory gingival enlargement, gums do not bleed easily. The crown of teeth may get fully covered by gum tissues in most severe forms leading to periodontitis, largely owing to the inability to perform proper teeth brushing and displacement of teeth. The condition however gets resolved once the drug responsible for the condition is discontinued. When this option is not viable, surgical interventions are opted to remove the excess gum tissues. This is not a permanent solution as there is a good chance of recurrence of the condition. As presence of plaques aggravates the condition, practicing good oral hygiene may help in reducing the extent of gingival overgrowth.

Hereditary Gingival Fibromatosis
The condition usually becomes evident in childhood years of life, but in some cases remains unnoticed until adulthood. It is presented as protracted, generalized or sometimes localized non-tender, pale pink, firm overgrowth of the gums. Surgical intervention is required to remove the excess growth to avoid dental displacement and injury. The recurrent nature of disease often requires repeated surgical intervention.

Systemic Causes of Gingival Enlargement
Gingival enlargement (localized or generalized) can be a result of physiologic and systemic disorders. Proper management of underlying conditions often helps the gingival overgrowth to regress spontaneously. Effective oral health care is also required to lower the chance of recurrence/development of the condition.

The United States

Gingival hyperplasia is an infrequent form of disease and therefore no population-based or epidemiological studies are conducted in the United States. Most of the data on incidence is obtained from case-series studies. In most of the cases, patients develop the disease as a side effect towards certain medications used to manage other medical conditions.

Approximately 15 - 50% of patients under phenytoin treatment develop gingival overgrowth. The incidence of hyperplasia in transplant recipient patients under cyclosporine medication is about 27%. About 10-20% of patients under calcium antagonists treatment develop gingival hyperplasia.

High level of caution should be exercised while interpreting these data. Clinical practitioners should always consider the type of population represented within each study (ie, young epileptic patients, recipients of transplants).

Other

The world wide epidemiological prevalence data for gingival overgrowth is not available. In a study conducted in India, about 57% of the children diagnosed with epilepsy (8-13 years) contracted gingival enlargement within 6 months of phenytoin monotherapy.

The pathophysiological mechanism of gingival hyperplasia is currently not understood [9]. Variations in influx of calcium ions in gingival tissue is observed in case of drug-induced hyperplasia [10]. Testosterone mediated aldosterone synthesis via calcium antagonism is thought to play an important role. Aggravation of gingival hyperplasia was observed in dogs subjected to testosterone injections and administration of oxodipine in castrated dogs resulted in an improvement of hyperplasia [11]. Cyclosporine induced hyperplasia was observed in patients with marked decrease in transglutaminase levels due to non availability of Calcium [12]. Drug (phenytoin) induced gingival enlargement was reported in feline models where stimulation of fibroblast like cells resulted in proliferation of gingival tissue.

The patients should maintain a good oral health care regimen once the condition is diagnosed. It is the single most important way to prevent gums from further enlargement and pathologic inflammation. In addition to that, good oral health will also aid in complimenting the outcome of non invasive medical interventions offered by the physician.

Many factors contribute to gum tissue overgrowth. Drug induced gingival enlargement is the most common. Most of the congenital form of gingival enlargement is either acquired genetically or due to metabolic dysfunctions (eg., fetal valproate syndrome) [1].

First reports on gingival hyperplasia came in 1960s from dental literature. The articles were mainly discussing the side effects of phenytoin (dilantin) as a treatment option for seizures in epileptic children who were institutionalized. Similar side effects were also reported in epileptic adults under phenytoin and phenobarbital drugs [2].

Most of the scientific studies (clinical and epidemiological) conducted so far are retrospective in nature and therefore the etiological factors of the condition largely remain unclear [3]. However, the evidence from current literature points out that an interplay of multiple factors leads to the development of gingival hyperplasia. One of the major disputes regarding the development of drug-induced gingival overgrowth is whether it is due to the hyperplasia of the gingival epithelium or submucosal connective tissue, and/or both. In addition to that, the influence of age and sex of the patient and the treatment regimen (including duration and dosage) in development of drug induced hyperplasia still remains to be understood.

The major risk factors that lead to the development of gingival hyperplasia include:

1. Gingivitis (inflammation of gums)
2. Lack of proper oral care
3. Presence of dental plaques which act as store house for drugs (phenytoin or cyclosporine).
4. Nickel build up and subsequent proliferation of epithelial cell in orthodontic patients [4].

Gingival over growth (other names: gingival enlargement, gingival hyperplasia and gingival hypertrophy) is a condition in which the gums grow excessively.

Major causes for the condition:

The most common causative factor for gingival overgrowth is intake of certain medications especially that are calcium channel blockers. Some of the other drugs that cause overgrowth include ciclosporin and phenytoin. In rare cases, antibiotics and antidepressant can also cause gingival overgrowth.

Instances like hormonal fluctuations (eg. pregnancy and adolescence) and vitamin/dietary deficiency (eg. Scurvy) in the patient can also trigger gingival overgrowth.

Medical conditions like cancer (eg., acute leukaemia, lymphoma) or systemic conditions (eg. Kaposi sarcoma, primary amyloidosis, Wegener granulomatosis etc) can also result in overgrowth. Rare congentical abnormalities (eg., Pfeiffer's syndrome, infantile systemic hyalinosis, Cowden's syndrome, primary amyloidosis etc) are another important precursor for development of gingival overgrowth.

Major symptoms

The obvious visual symptom is the overgrowth of gum tissues. Other symptoms include tenderness, difficulty in chewing food and talking or bad breath.

Treatment options

In most of the cases the effective management of underlying conditions that cause gingival overgrowth resolves the disease. In cases where the overgrowth is severe gingivectomy is performed to removed the excessive gum tissue. Other less severe cases are managed by non invasive methods like root planing and scaling.

Prevention

Maintaining good oral health hygiene can effectively prevent the occurrence and relapse of gingival overgrowth.

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