With approximately 12,500 deaths and 20,500 new cases every year in the United States, gliomas are the most common primary tumors of the brain [1] [2]. Although numerous risk factors of various origins have been proposed (such as viral infections by varicella zoster virus - VZV and cytomegalovirus - CMV, genetic predisposition, nonionizing radiation from cellular phones, etc.), occupational exposure to pesticides or organic solvents and ionizing radiation have the strongest association with the development of gliomas [1] [2] [3] [4]. These tumors are encountered in two age groups - In the first decade of life (0-8 years) and in late adulthood/the elderly (50-70 years of age) [1]. The clinical presentation can vary widely depending on the tumor location, but the two main symptoms are convulsions and a decrease in cognitive function [5]. In addition, memory and speech deficits, gait disturbances, headaches, nausea, vomiting, visual and/or auditory impairment, as well as personality changes are all mentioned in the literature as possible symptoms of gliomas [1] [6]. Furthermore, tumors originating from the brainstem produce an array of clinical signs, including cranial nerve palsies (predominantly of the V, VI, and VIII) and pyramidal weakness [4]. Progression of symptoms can be either slow or rapid, depending on the subtype. An early diagnosis is mandatory in either case, however, survival rates for gliomas diagnosed in the most advanced stages rarely exceed 1 year [6].

• Nausea

  Short term side effects of radiation therapy can include: Nausea Diarrhea Fatigue Skin changes Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. [texaschildrens.org]

  Symptoms include headaches, nausea, vomiting, dizziness and balance problems. Diagnosis is made with an MRI, but a confirming biopsy is usually required. Treatment may include surgery, radiation and/or chemotherapy. [ucihealth.org]

  This is called ‘palliative’ treatment and may include using medications to relieve pain, nausea and vomiting. [betterhealth.vic.gov.au]

  Nausea and vomiting Some of the chemotherapy drugs used may make your child feel sick or vomit. We will give anti-sickness drugs at the same time to stop nausea and vomiting. These are usually very effective. [royalmarsden.nhs.uk]

• Dyslexia

  The CME unit “The Diagnosis and Treatment of Dyslexia” (issue 41/2010) can be accessed until 26 November 2010. For issue 49/2010 we plan to offer the topic “Idiopathic Scoliosis.” [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Headache

  Headaches may be dull and may cause a person to feel nauseated, to vomit or to have problems with their vision. The pain caused by the headache may increase as the tumour grows. [medbroadcast.com]

  Astroctyoma symptoms Headache Seizure Behavioural changes Ependymoma symptoms Increased head size Irritability Vomiting Inability to sleep Nausea Vomiting Headache Oligodendroglioma symptoms Headache Seizure Behavioral changes Weakness on one side of [news-medical.net]

  Three years after surgery, the patient is lucid, with hypopituitarism under replacement. 2) A 46 year-old woman complained about a three year-history of amenorrhea, galactorrhea and headache. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  You have dizziness, a severe headache, or vision loss. Care Agreement You have the right to help plan your care. Learn about your health condition and how it may be treated. [drugs.com]

  Symptoms include headaches, nausea, vomiting, dizziness and balance problems. Diagnosis is made with an MRI, but a confirming biopsy is usually required. Treatment may include surgery, radiation and/or chemotherapy. [ucihealth.org]

• Asthenia

  Toxicities included neutropenia, diarrhea, epistaxis, emesis, and asthenia. One patient died of an intracranial hemorrhage and one patient died of complications of gastrointestinal perforation. [surgicalneurologyint.com]

Having in mind the very poor prognosis of late-stage gliomas, all patients with the undisclosed central nervous system (CNS)-related symptoms must be evaluated in a thorough manner. Firstly, the course of symptoms should be noted during history taking, whereas a meticulous physical examination, with an emphasis on the neurological exam and cognitive assessment, can provide vital clues about the location of the lesion. Imaging studies are the cornerstone of diagnosing gliomas. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), sometimes supported by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is the modality of choice in identifying the exact site of the tumor and in determining the extent of tissue and nodal invasion [1] [4]. To confirm the diagnosis, however, a biopsy and a histopathological examination are necessary, which aids in classifying tumor into one of its three main categories [1] [2] [3] [5] [6]:

• Astrocytomas - Encompassing about 80% of all gliomas, astrocytomas are diagnosed either as low-grade tumors of limited proliferative capacities (stage I), or as highly malignant lesions (well-differentiated, anaplastic, and glioblastoma multiforme are terms used to describe stages II, III and IV, respectively) [1] [3] [6]. The two main forms are diffuse (malignant) and pilocytic (more often benign), and the distinguishing feature of astrocytomas on pathohistological examinations is the positive staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) on immunohistochemistry [1] [6].
• Oligodendrogliomas - Contrary to astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas are principally benign tumors arising in the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex. This tumor, based on its histological characteristics, is classified into stage II, but more severe anaplastic forms (stage III) carry a somewhat poorer prognosis, although the outcome is much better compared to astrocytomas [1] [6].
• Ependymomas - These tumors are very rarely encountered and comprise about 5-10% of all gliomas, developing in close proximity of the fourth ventricle in the majority of case.

Treatment then focuses on improving quality of life by relieving the symptoms. This is called ‘palliative’ treatment and may include using medications to relieve pain, nausea and vomiting. [betterhealth.vic.gov.au]

Being well informed about your cancer and its treatment can make it easier to make decisions and cope with what happens. Follow up You will have regular check ups once you finish your treatment. [cancerresearchuk.org]

Treatment for these cancers is best done by a multidisciplinary treatment team. Specialized therapy may be needed if there is memory loss. Members of the treatment team can include neurosurgeons and radiation oncologists. [healthline.com]

Treatment Options for Childhood Brain Stem Glioma For information about the treatments listed below, see the Treatment Option Overview section. [cancer.gov]

[…] associated with favourable prognosis. [proteinatlas.org]

Continuing multimodal and multitargeted therapies might lead to an improvement in the dismal prognosis of the disease. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

What is the prognosis of diffuse midline gliomas? The likely outcome of the disease or chance of recovery is called prognosis. [cancer.gov]

Despite the frequency of gliomas, the etiology of these tumors remains largely unknown. Diffuse gliomas, including astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas, belong to a single pathologic class but have very different histologies and molecular etiologies. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Genes Chromosomes Cancer 42 : 107–116 14 Ohgaki H and Kleihues P (2005) Epidemiology and etiology of gliomas. [nature.com]

For the majority of astrocytoma, the etiology is unknown. Children with a familial cancer predisposition have an increased risk for developing both low grade and high grade gliomas. [childrensmn.org]

PMID 18579016 What is the etiology of human brain tumors? A report on the first Lebow conference. Brem S, Rozental JM, Moskal JR. Cancer. 1995 Aug 15;76(4):709-13. [atlasgeneticsoncology.org]

In Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, 1231–1281 (Eds Schottenfeld D and Fraumeni JF) New York: Oxford University Press 12 Claus EB et al. (2005) Epidemiology of intracranial meningioma. [nature.com]

This presentation of two cases and literature review discusses the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of high-grade glioma with extracranial metastases. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Melissa Bondy, professor of medicine and epidemiology and population sciences at Baylor College of Medicine, discusses details about the Gliogene study. [bcm.edu]

6256 > ; # American journal of epidemiology. http://worldcat.org/issn/1476-6256 > # American journal of epidemiology a schema:Periodical ; schema:issn " 1476-6256 " ; schema:name " American journal of epidemiology " ; umbel:isLike http://worldcat.org [worldcat.org]

Delayed infarction in the lenticulostriate artery (LSA) area after insular glioma resection is not common, and its pathophysiology remains unknown. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Anatomic location determines the pathophysiological manifestation of the tumor. With tectal lesions, hydrocephalus may occur as a result of fourth ventricular compression. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Therefore, the comparison of results can be affected by many confounding factors, including inhomogeneity in patient pathophysiology, classification criteria, measurement techniques, and so forth. [ajnr.org]

We describe a novel method for preventing postoperative adhesions after high-grade glioma surgery using BioD film. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Notably, inhibition of RIP1 or RIP3 prevented intracellular H2O2 accumulation, which was correlated with preventing shikonin-induced downregulation of x-CT and depletion of GSH and cysteine. [freepaper.me]

Hideho Okada, MD, PhD April 17, 2017 AACR Street Team, Brain Tumors In this video, Hideho Okada, MD, PhD, of the University of California, San Francisco, discusses current research on the use of vaccines in low-grade glioma for the prevention of high-grade [cancernetwork.com]

“It is our hope that results from Gliogene will further brain cancer screening and prevention strategies for future generations.” Forms of glioma, a malignant primary brain tumor, include astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma and glioblastoma multiforme. [bcm.edu]

1. Gladson CL, Prayson RA, Liu W (Michael). The Pathobiology of Glioma Tumors. Annual review of pathology. 2010;5:33-50.
2. Schwartzbaum JA, Fisher JL, Aldape KD, Wrensch M. Epidemiology and molecular pathology of glioma. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2006;2(9):494-503.
3. Ostrom QT, Bauchet L, Davis FG, et al. The epidemiology of glioma in adults: a “state of the science” review. Neuro-Oncology. 2014;16(7):896-913.
4. Reyes-Botero G, Mokhtari K, Martin-Duverneuil N, Delattre J-Y, Laigle-Donadey F. Adult Brainstem Gliomas. Oncologist. 2012;17(3):388-397.
5. Posti JP, Bori M, Kauko T, et al. Presenting symptoms of glioma in adults. Acta Neurol Scand. 2015 Feb;131(2):88-93.
6. Aster, JC, Abbas, AK, Robbins, SL, Kumar, V. Robbins basic pathology. Ninth edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2013.