We report a case of gnathostomiasis involving a male Thai residing in Kuwait who presented with acute pain in the right iliac fossa. A resection of the terminal ileum and cecum was performed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] in some; located near nerve ring Phasmids are present; posterior Excretory system is tubular Cuticle is striated in two to four layers; lateral field is present Three esophageal glands; esophageal structure varies Males generally have one testis Caudal [en.wikipedia.org]

The usual presentation is cutaneous gnathostomiasis, frequently preceded by a nonspecific prodrome due to larval migration. Other presentations include urogenital, visceral, ocular, and neurological gnathostomiasis [1,2]. [mdpi.com]

• Fever

  Patients with A. cantonensis had more headache and fever, while patients with G. spinigerum had more migratory swelling, radicular pain, and abnormal Babinski’s sign. [jmatonline.com]

  Here, we are reporting a 27 -year -old male who presented with headache for 2 months, fever and redness of right eye for 11/2 months due to small worm in the anterior chamber of right eye. [go.gale.com]

  An 18-year-old man presented with symptoms that evolved over the course of three days and included fever, radicular back pain, vertigo, ataxia, headache, and left-sided hemiparesis. [nejm.org]

  Here, we are reporting a 27 -year -old male who presented with headache for 2 months, fever and redness of right eye for 1½ months due to small worm in the anterior chamber of right eye. [ajmhs.org]

  Patient 2 A 50-year-old woman (Patient 1’s wife) developed fevers and lethargy 12 days after eating the same fish as her husband. Vomiting and abdominal cramps followed, and settled down over 10 days. [mja.com.au]

• Localized Pain

  As human being is not a suitable host for the parasite, ingestion of infected food causes migration of the infective form of the nematode from stomach via intestine to skin, subcutaneous tissue and it is often associated with localized pain, pruritus [go.gale.com]

  As human is not a suitable host for the parasite, ingestion of infected fish causes migration of the infective form from stomach via intestine to dermal, subcutaneous tissue and often associated with localized pain, pruritus and erythema. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Lymphadenopathy

  On general examination there was no oedema, pallor, organomegally and lymphadenopathy. Examination of the left eye revealed congestion, redness, lacrimation, & swelling but the right eye was normal. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  On general examination, there was no edema, pallor, organomegaly, and lymphadenopathy. During that period, he was treated with analgesics and antibiotic eye drops by local doctor. Then he was referred to ophthalmologist for opinion. [ajmhs.org]

• Pallor

  On general examination there was no oedema, pallor, organomegally and lymphadenopathy. Examination of the left eye revealed congestion, redness, lacrimation, & swelling but the right eye was normal. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  On general examination, there was no edema, pallor, organomegaly, and lymphadenopathy. During that period, he was treated with analgesics and antibiotic eye drops by local doctor. Then he was referred to ophthalmologist for opinion. [ajmhs.org]

• Acute Onset of Symptoms

  The major criteria were eating raw food possibly contaminated with living Gnathostoma infective stage larvae from an endemic area, and acute-onset neurologic symptoms. [e-sciencecentral.org]

• Lacrimation

  A live intraocular nematode was identified from a 37 year-old man presented with iritis, pain, redness, lacrimation, swelling, vision loss and intermittent blindness during many hours per day of the left eye. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  A 28 year old female presented with swelling, redness, lacrimation, pain & diminished vision of left eye since 2 1/2 years. Slit lamp examination revealed a worm piercing iris muscle. [casesjournal.biomedcentral.com]

• Larva Migrans

  & Yamasaki, H. ( 2011 ) A case of cutaneous larva migrans caused by Gnathostoma spinigerum. Hifu(ka No Rinsho 53, 887 – 890. Bandelt, H.J., Forster, P. & Röhl, A. ( 1999 ) Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. [cambridge.org]

  migrans Necator americanus Necatoriasis Angiostrongylus cantonensis Angiostrongyliasis Metastrongylus Metastrongylosis Ascaridida Ascaris lumbricoides Ascariasis Anisakis Anisakiasis Toxocara canis / T. cati Visceral larva migrans / Toxocariasis Baylisascaris [en.wikipedia.org]

  It is one of the causes of visceral larva migrans and also of creeping eruption. This infection is most commonly seen in Japan and Thailand and occasionally occur in India, Burma, Malaysia, New Guinea, Indonesia, and China. [go.gale.com]

  Clinical Diagnosis • Gnathostomiasisinterna ▫ Adult worms are coiled inside tumors of the definitive hosts • Gnathostomiasisexterna ▫ Due to 3rd stage larva in humans ▫ Deep cutaneous and subcutaneous tunnels – visceral larva migrans • Migration to other [fr.slideshare.net]

  It is one of the causes of visceral larva migrans and also of creeping eruption. [ajmhs.org]

• Pruritus

  As human being is not a suitable host for the parasite, ingestion of infected food causes migration of the infective form of the nematode from stomach via intestine to skin, subcutaneous tissue and it is often associated with localized pain, pruritus [go.gale.com]

  The larvae migrate, often in the subcutaneous tissues, causing a creeping eruption, pruritus, urticaria and eosinophilia. Gnathostomiasis is common in Latin America, Japan and southeast Asia, where it is becoming an endemic health problem. [apps.who.int]

  As human is not a suitable host for the parasite, ingestion of infected fish causes migration of the infective form from stomach via intestine to dermal, subcutaneous tissue and often associated with localized pain, pruritus and erythema. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Erythema

  […] human being is not a suitable host for the parasite, ingestion of infected food causes migration of the infective form of the nematode from stomach via intestine to skin, subcutaneous tissue and it is often associated with localized pain, pruritus and erythema [go.gale.com]

  As human is not a suitable host for the parasite, ingestion of infected fish causes migration of the infective form from stomach via intestine to dermal, subcutaneous tissue and often associated with localized pain, pruritus and erythema. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The majority of gnathostomiasis patients present with cutaneous lesions such as mobile nodular erythema or serpigenous eruption. Involvement of the eyes [ 6 ] and central nervous system (CNS) [ 7 ] has also been sporadically reported. [parasitol.kr]

• Suggestibility

  The main laboratory finding was eosinophilic pleocytosis in the CSF (greater than 10%) which in patients originating or returning from South-East-Asia, particularly Thailand, is highly suggestive of these parasitic infections. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Neurologic Manifestation

  & Vejjajiva, A. (1977) Neurological manifestation of gnathostomiasis. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 31, 279–291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed Daengsvang, S. (1980) Gnathostoma spinigerum Owen, 1836. pp. 4–48in Daengsvang, S. (Ed.) [cambridge.org]

  Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 20:297–304 CAS PubMed Google Scholar Boongird P, Phuapradit P, Siridej N, Chirachariyavej T, Chuahirun S, Vejjajiva A (1977) Neurological manifestations of gnathostomiasis. [link.springer.com]

  Gnathostomiasis patients with neurological manifestations do not always have cutaneous intermittent migratory swelling or radicular pain [ 7, 12 - 14 ]. [parasitol.kr]

  Neurological manifestations of gnathostomiasis. J Neurol Sci. 1977; 31:279–291. PMID: 839236. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ] 8. Intapan PM, Khotsri P, Kanpittaya J, Chotmongkol V, Sawanyawisuth K, Maleewong W. [e-sciencecentral.org]

• Intracranial Hemorrhage

  Since invasion of the nervous system by this parasite is a significant cause of intracranial hemorrhage in Thailand, it should be kept in mind by internists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, and pathologists who care for patients residing in, or who have [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  As gnathostomiasis has been shown to cause intracranial hemorrhage, patients with neurologic disease should be carefully monitored and plans for prompt intervention should be put into place. [cdc.gov]

  Importantly, this diagnostic tool will be helpful for neurosurgeons considering management of intracranial hemorrhage patients without conventional invasive therapy. [e-sciencecentral.org]

• Neglect

  Neurognathostomiasis, a neglected parasitosis of the central nervous system. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17: 1174-1180. PMID: 21762569. 8. Sawanyawisuth K, Chlebicki MP, Pratt E, Kanpittaya J, Intapan PM. [parasitol.kr]

  Neurognathostomiasis, a neglected parasitosis of the central nervous system. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011; 17:1174–1180. PMID: 21762569. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ] 5. Chitanondh H, Rosen L. [e-sciencecentral.org]

• Stroke

  A multinational comparison of subarachnoid hemorrhage epidemiology in the WHO MONICA stroke study. Stroke 2000;31: 1054-1061. PMID: 10797165. 2. Ammar A, al-Rajeh S, Ibrahim AW, Chowdhary UM, Awada A. [parasitol.kr]

  Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Pain Medicine, American College of Forensic Examiners, American College of International Physicians, American College of Managed Care Medicine, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Stroke [medscape.com]

• Gnathostoma Spinigerum

  & Wiwanitkit, V. ( 2002 ) A survey of the infective larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum in swamp eels bought in a local market in Bangkok, Thailand. Annals Tropical Medicine and Parasitolology 96, 191 – 195. [cambridge.org]

  The parasite was identified as Gnathostoma spinigerum. His blood test for Gnathostoma antibody was positive. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Echinococcus Multilocularis

  A review of clinical features of 33 indigenous cases of Echinococcus multilocularis infection in Alaskan Eskimos. ‎ Página 184 - Hayes, EB, Matte, TD, O'Brien. TR. McKinley, TW. Logsdon, GS, Rose. JB, Ungar, BLP. Word, DM. [books.google.es]

Percutaneous Emergence of Gnathostoma spinigerum Following Praziquantel Treatment. Trop. Med. Infect. [mdpi.com]

His clinical signs and symptoms ameliorated with symptomatic treatment within six months. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

However, the risk of treatment in pregnant women who are known to have an infection needs to be balanced with the risk of disease progression in the absence of treatment. [cdc.gov]

Definitive prognosis of gnathostomiasis relies mainly on the isolation of advanced-stage larvae (aL3), which is very challenging especially if the aL3 is sequestered in difficult-to-reach organs.… FREE Publisher Full TextPMC Free Full TextPMC Free PDF [unboundmedicine.com]

The etiology of isolated optic neuritis in this patient was Gnathostoma spinigerum which was confirmed by the histopathology of the obtained parasite and the positive serologic test. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Nematodes of the genus Gnathostoma (Nematoda: Gnathostomatidae) are the etiological agents of human gnathostomiasis and may also infest dogs, cats, tigers and leopards(3). [med-chem.com]

Study of the etiological agent of gnathostomosis in Nayarit, Mexico. Parasitol Int. 2002; 51:201–204. PMID: 12113759. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ] 4. Katchanov J, Sawanyawisuth K, Chotmongkoi V, Nawa Y. [e-sciencecentral.org]

On the third day of hospitalization, serum and stool specimens were collected and sent for testing for various parasitic etiologies, including schistosomiasis, to determine the cause of peripheral eosinophilia and liver abscess. [mdpi.com]

Thus, we carried out to know the infection status of Gnathostoma larvae Nematodes of the genus Gnathostoma are clinically important as etiologic agents of foodborne parasitic zoonoses in humans [1]. [docksci.com]

The dot-ELISA appears to be a suitable rapid test for diagnostic purpose as well as epidemiological studies. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

For the last 20 years, he has focused mostly on the diagnosis, molecular epidemiology, comparative genomics, and ecology of foodborne, waterborne, and zoonotic parasites and is mostly noted for his work on the genus Cryptosporidium. [books.google.es]

Main Clinical Presentation in Humans Transmission Morphology Diagnostic Tests and Therapy Epidemiology Public Health and Prevention Strategies Useful Web Links References [web.stanford.edu]

In addition, background information on epidemiology, pathogenesis and pathophysiology encourages a fuller understanding of conditions, and over 250 full colour images help with diagnosis when treating patients. [books.google.es]

This up-to-date and essential reference tool, supports all medical professionals in the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases. [books.google.es]

To date, albendazole is claimed to be the effective drug in preventing the reoccurrence of migratory swelling in patients. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The World Health Organization (WHO) excludes pregnant women from mass prevention campaigns that use ivermectin. [cdc.gov]