Affected individuals may have a family history of genetic sexual conditions or infertility. A prenatal history may also reveal maternal increased exposure to androgens. On physical examination findings may be ambiguous or seemingly normal genitalia [1]. Gonads may or may not be palpable. Gonadal dysgenesis (GD) may result in genitalia that is discordant with the genotype, in addition to the presence of streak gonads. Presentation of GD may occur during childhood, adolescence, or at an even later stage, with complaints such as amenorrhea, lack of pubertal development, and infertility.

One type of GD entails disorders that are genetic and are perpetuated by abnormal chromosomes, examples of which are Turner's syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome [2]. These can have variable karyotypes.

Disorders of sex development can either be 46,XX or 46,XY. They take place due to a disruption in the pathways necessary for gonadal and urogenital development. In 46,XY disorders, patients are genotypically male but may have ambiguous genitalia (seen in partial GD) or completely female genitalia (seen in complete GD).

Presentation of those with 46,XX may be that of a phenotypic male, or they may have normal female genitalia but in both cases lack functional ovaries [3]. They may present with primary amenorrhea. Moreover, concomitant renal and lung dysfunction may be found. Anomalies in sexual development arise due to errors in the expression of certain genes, such as R-spondin-1 (RSPO1) or sex-determining region Y (SRY), which may predispose patients to other conditions such as squamous cell carcinoma or excess androgens in utero.

The most commonly reported form of GD is congenital adrenal hypoplasia (CAH) and is often seen after overexposure to external androgens prenatally.

• Pelvic Mass

  A 22-year-old female patient with a 46,XY karyotype was admitted to hospital for primary amenorrhea and a pelvic mass. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  In any patient with a premenarchal pelvic mass, karyotyping should be performed. [cureus.com]

  Therefore in premenarchal patients with a pelvic mass, the karyotype should be determined. Differential diagnosis for dysgerminoma include diffuse large B cell lymphoma, poorly differentiated carcinoma, embryonal carcinoma and gonadoblastoma. [doi.org]

• Myopathy

  Patients also manifested a unique syndrome of extragonadal anomalies, including typical facial gestalt, low birth weight, myopathy, rod and cone dystrophy, anal atresia, omphalocele, sensorineural hearing loss, dry and scaly skin, skeletal abnormalities [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Suggestibility

  MAMLD1 is suggested to play a role in the development of 46,XY disorders of sexual development (46,XY DSD). So far, mutations in this gene have been detected in several cases of hypospadias with normal testosterone levels at birth. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Visual Hallucination

  We present a 27-yr-old female with gonadal dysgenesis (46, XY), who presented to our hospital with poor consciousness, aphasia, restlessness, and visual hallucination. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Behavior Problem

  Chromosome 8p deletions are associated with a variety of conditions, including cardiac abnormalities, mental, behavioral problems with variable morphotype and genitourinary anomalies in boys. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Amenorrhea

  The condition usually becomes apparent first in adolescence with delayed puberty and primary amenorrhea. Herein the authors present the case of a 27-year-old woman with primary amenorrhea and undeveloped breasts. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  primary amenorrhea could be diagnosed even in 14 years of age. [advbiores.net]

A family history and prenatal history are useful in determining whether or not there is a genetic cause, and in exposing the influence of external androgens on the fetus.

As there is a vast differential for gonadal dysgenesis, tests carried out are to narrow down the possible diagnosis. Despite this, there are some cases where a diagnosis is never reached [1] [4]. Genetic testing and karyotyping may be conducted to determine the genotype of the individual, although it is not routinely performed. Hormonal tests are also done to assess the functionality of gonads and adrenal glands, as CAH is a common GD. Hormonal stimulation tests are utilized in the determination of receptor abnormalities. Urinalysis is also indicated.

The first imaging study done is usually a pelvic ultrasound. This gives information on the internal urogenital structures. Genitograms performed with contrast provide further information on the ductal system of the pelvic organs. Computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are not routinely used.

Individuals for whom all other modalities fail to establish a clear result, surgical exploration via laparoscopy or laparotomy is possible, although laparoscopy is often preferred [4] [5]. A biopsy of tissue determines its origin and may aid in making a final diagnosis [6].

• Lymphocytic Infiltrate

  The squamous cells of the cervix was normal, and lymphocytes infiltrated was seen in the cervix tissue. (Figure 3A ). [doi.org]

The patient had pure 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis with hypoplastic uterus, estrogen treatment for amenorrhea, and no neoplastic changes on the histopathology report. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] gonadal dysgenesis (CGD) / Swyer syndrome mixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD) pure gonadal dysgenesis (PGD) Associations syndromic associations Turner syndrome ( streak ovaries ) DRASH syndrome other associations Madelung deformity gonadoblastoma Treatment and prognosis [radiopaedia.org]

Prognosis With appropriate management, the physiological and clinical outcome for patients is good. The documents contained in this web site are presented for information purposes only. [orpha.net]

The very rare nature of this condition and its dismal prognosis merit its reporting. Disclosure The author reports no conflicts of interest in this work. References 1. Renu D, Rao BG, Rangnath K, Namitha. Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome. [dovepress.com]

Hum Reprod 11 (Suppl 4):1–26 PubMed Google Scholar Vermeulen A, Vandeweghe M, Deslypere JP (1986) Prognosis of subfertility in men with corrected or uncorrected varicocele. [doi.org]

However, its exact etiological role in gonadal dysgenesis in patients with Y chromosome mosaicisms has not yet been clarified. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Etiology Ovarian dysgenesis results from genetic defects of ovarian development. [orpha.net]

Its epidemiology in Sub-Saharan Africa is not known. This study reports experience in the management of 3 cases at the Yaounde Gynecologic-Obstetric and Paediatric Hospital. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Summary Epidemiology Prevalence is unknown but is thought to be less than 1/10,000. Clinical description Patients are born as females without ambiguity. [orpha.net]

J Urol 124:757–767 PubMed Google Scholar Garner MJ, Turner MC, Ghadirian P, Krewski D (2005) Epidemiology of testicular cancer: an overview. [doi.org]

PPPR3C provides insight into pathophysiology, as well as emerging as a potential therapeutic target for male infertility. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Pathophysiology and clinical assessment of primary amenorrhea. Frontiers in Gynecological Endocrinology. New York: Springer; 2014. p. 3-7. 3. Speroff L, Fritz MA. Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility. [advbiores.net]

Currently, the basic pathophysiology of the lack of androgen effect on the genitalia is understood more fully. Some patients are receptor-negative; their cytosol receptors cannot bind DHT. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Reproductive endocrinology, physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical management. 4th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1999. p. 153–190. 20 Larsen WJ. Development of the urogenital system.In: Larsen WJ, editor. Human embryology. 2nd ed. [nature.com]

Molecular genetics and pathophysiology of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:130–6. PubMed Google Scholar Rosler A, Bélanger A, Labrie F. [doi.org]

Once the diagnosis of Swyer syndrome is established, early treatment is crucial to prevent the development of gonadal malignancy and to enable a normal sex life, and even carry a fetus in an immature uterus. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Chomatin negative Barr bodies Low immunoglobulins levels Prognostic factors High risk for gonadoblastoma (30%) if Y chromosome material is present, which may obliterate testicular elements and cause incorrect diagnosis Treatment Excise gonads early to prevent [pathologyoutlines.com]

1. Ahmed SF, Dobbie R, Finlayson AR, et al. Prevalence of hypospadias and other genital anomalies among singleton births; 1988-1997; in Scotland. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2004;89(2):149–151.
2. Oliveira RM, Verreschi IT, Lipay MV, Eça LP, Guedes AD, Bianco B. Y chromosome in Turner syndrome: review of the literature. Sao Paulo Med J. 2009;127(6):373–378.
3. Ottolenghi C, Omari S, Garcia-Ortis JE, et al. FOXL2 is required for commitment to ovary differentiation. Hum Mol Genet. 2005;14(14):2053-2062.
4. MacLaughlin DT, Donahoe PK. Sex determination and differentiation. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(4):367–378.
5. Ahmed SF, Cheng A, Dovey L, et al. Phenotypic features, androgen receptor binding, and mutational analysis in 278 clinical cases reported as androgen insensitivity syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(2):658–665.
6. Kim KR, Kwon Y, Joung JY, Kim KS, Ayala AG, Ro JY. True hermaphroditism and mixed gonadal dysgenesis in young children: a clinicopathologic study of 10 cases. Mod Pathol. 2002;15(10):1013–1019.