Measures of treatment effect Dichotomous data For dichotomous data, we present results as summary risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). When appropriate we present risk difference (RD) with 95% CI. [cochranelibrary.com]

The initial clinical presenting form was cellulitis (39%). Necrotizing fasciitis, septic shock, and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (Stss) were observed in 9.6%, 12.9%, and 6.4% of patients, respectively. The mortality rate was 16.1%. [elsevier.es]

• Asymptomatic

  Although, asymptomatic vaginal carriage of Group B haemolytic streptococci (GBS) was described in 1935 (Lancefield 1935), the first report of GBS sepsis in a neonate did not appear until 1964 (Eickhoff 1964). [cochranelibrary.com]

• Sore Throat

  The bacteria can also be spread by touching infected wounds or sores on the skin. Symptoms Streptococcus pyogenes can cause both invasive diseases (such as meningitis or blood stream infections) and non-invasive diseases (such as strep throat). [dshs.texas.gov]

  Get Smart: Know When Antibiotics Work, Sore Throat. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/antibiotic-use/URI/sore-throat.html. Accessed September 2012. Kahn, Z and Salvaggio, M. (2015 3 September, Updated). [labtestsonline.it]

• Pharyngitis

  Pharyngitis. American Family Physician [On-line journal]. Available online at http://www.aafp.org/afp/20040315/1465.html. Kazzi, A. and Wills, J. (2005 April 21, Updated). Pharyngitis. eMedicine [On-line information]. [labtestsonline.it]

  Epidemiologic analysis of Group A streptococcal serotypes associated with severe systemic infections, rheumatic fever, or uncomplicated pharyngitis. J Infect Dis, 166 (1992), pp. 374-382 [6.] B. Beall, R. Facklam, T. Thompson. [elsevier.es]

• Cough

  Transmission The bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes are spread through direct contact with respiratory secretions from the nose or throat of infected persons who are coughing or sneezing. [dshs.texas.gov]

• Pneumonia

  Neonatal sepsis, meningitis, urinary tract infection or pneumonia due to bacterial organisms other than GBS, to drug‐resistant bacteria and to fungi. Initial hospital stay. [cochranelibrary.com]

Two studies (Boyer 1986; Matorras 1990) compared ampicillin with no treatment for GBS intrapartum prophylaxis and one study compared penicillin with no treatment (Tuppurainen 1989). [cochranelibrary.com]

[…] chickenpox (Some children get invasive GAS infection right after they've had chickenpox) School Exclusion Policy Children with streptococcal sore throat and scarlet fever should be kept out of school or childcare until 24 hours from the time antibiotic treatment [dshs.texas.gov]

Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment of GBS in Newborns. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/groupbstrep/about/symptoms-diagnosis-treatment.html through http://www.cdc.gov. Accessed June 2013. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [labtestsonline.it]

Organism, Causative Agent, or Etiologic Agent Group A streptococcus (GAS) invasive disease is caused by a type of bacteria called Streptococcus pyogenes. [dshs.texas.gov]

Description of the condition Historical background The etiology of neonatal sepsis varies with geographical location and changes over time (Nyhan 1958; Ohlsson 1986). [cochranelibrary.com]

Outbreak of group A streptococcal bacteriemia in Sweden: an epidemiologic and clinical study. J Infect Dis, 164 (1991), pp. 595-598 [4.] D.L. Kiska, B. Thiede, J. Caracciolo, M. Jordan, D. Johnson, E.L. Kaplan, et al. [elsevier.es]

Group B Strep Prevention (GBS, baby strep, Group B streptococcal bacteria) General Public, Frequently Asked Questions. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [On-line information]. [labtestsonline.it]

Prevention The following steps will help prevent the spread of infection: Keep cuts, scratches, sores and wounds clean and covered Cover your mouth and nose when you sneeze and cough Wash your hands often using hot water and soap Don't share toothbrushes [dshs.texas.gov]

Guidelines for prevention of GBS neonatal infections In 1992, the first guidelines for GBS prevention were published in the US (AAP 1992; ACOG 1992). [cochranelibrary.com]