METHODS: A 22-day old baby presented with excessive crying, refusal of feed, progressive abdominal distension, fever and vomiting. Besides clinical assessment, body fluids were cultured. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Two cases presented with bacteraemia, and one case presented with meningitis. [hps.scot.nhs.uk]

Hib, for example may present as epiglottitis (severe swelling in the throat) or pneumonia. [immune.org.nz]

• Pain

  Osteomyelitis - swelling, inflammation and pain over the affected bone. How is it spread? Hib bacteria can live harmlessly in the throat of healthy people. [health.nsw.gov.au]

  The following case report describes a 67-year-old man who presented with pain and swelling of the right side of the face. Fine needle aspiration suggested a parotid gland abscess. Microbiological studies identified H.paraphrophilus. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Pneumonia (lung infection) symptoms: Fever and chills Cough Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing Sweating Chest pain Headache Muscle pain or aches Excessive tiredness Bacteremia (blood infection) symptoms: Fever and chills Excessive tiredness Pain [health.hawaii.gov]

  Cellulitis: This skin infection makes an area of skin red, painful, and swollen. Arthritis: This joint infection can lead to pain, swelling, and redness in a joint. Ear infections: These are a common cause of ear pain. [kidshealth.org]

• High Fever

  The onset is usually abrupt, with high fever and breathing difficulties. [britannica.com]

  Babies with meningitis may have drowsiness, poor feeding, bulging fontanelles (the soft spot on the top of a baby’s head) and high fever. Older children with meningitis typically have neck stiffness and sensitivity to light. [healthywa.wa.gov.au]

  These are rare in infants, who have more non-specific symptoms such as high fever, drowsiness and poor feeding. [mydr.com.au]

  The classical signs of meningitis, such as neck stiffness and photophobia, are often not detected in infants, who may present with drowsiness, poor feeding and high fever. [www2.health.vic.gov.au]

• Poor Feeding

  Babies with meningitis may have drowsiness, poor feeding, bulging fontanelles (the soft spot on the top of a baby’s head) and high fever. Older children with meningitis typically have neck stiffness and sensitivity to light. [healthywa.wa.gov.au]

  These are rare in infants, who have more non-specific symptoms such as high fever, drowsiness and poor feeding. [mydr.com.au]

  The classical signs of meningitis, such as neck stiffness and photophobia, are often not detected in infants, who may present with drowsiness, poor feeding and high fever. [www2.health.vic.gov.au]

  Instead, they may present with drowsiness, poor feeding, high fever or irritability. 3 Epiglottitis Epiglottitis presents with respiratory obstruction, associated with soft stridor and often drooling. [immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au]

• Chills

  Pneumonia (lung infection) symptoms: Fever and chills Cough Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing Sweating Chest pain Headache Muscle pain or aches Excessive tiredness Bacteremia (blood infection) symptoms: Fever and chills Excessive tiredness Pain [health.hawaii.gov]

  Fever and chills. Headache. Tiredness – excessive. Cough. Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath. Anxiety. Nausea. Symptoms can appear quickly and worsen quickly in children, so urgent medical attention is necessary. [mydr.com.au]

  If you have a baby who is sick with sudden fever, shaking/chills, cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, stiff neck, disorientation and sensitivity to light take action immediately. [healthnavigator.org.nz]

  In the interim she had developed a fever (38.3°C), had chills, and had worsening right hip pain. Repeat physical examination showed deterioration in range of motion at her right hip with significant pain. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Pallor

  […] are less common. ( 3 ) Epiglottitis (inflammation of the epiglottis) presents with respiratory obstruction, evidenced by soft stridor and often drooling, with the child remaining upright to maximise his or her airway, as well as systemic signs such as pallor [health.gov.au]

• Cough

  […] occasional daytime cough swelling around the eyes For sinusitis in older children runny nose or cold symptoms that last greater than seven to 10 days complaints of drip in his/her throat from his/her nose headaches facial discomfort bad breath cough [childrenshospital.org]

  How it spreads Hib spreads: when an infected person coughs or sneezes, and you breathe it in if you touch things that an infected person has coughed or sneezed on. Hib can live in the throats of healthy people without causing any symptoms. [health.gov.au]

  Whooping cough, why, he nearly whooped himself to death. —R. N. Carey: Uncle Max Haemophilus and Bordetella are small, Gram-negative rods that tend to assume a coccobacillary shape. [accessmedicine.mhmedical.com]

  Nighttime cough Occasional daytime cough Swelling around the eyes Symptoms of sinusitis in older children may include: Runny nose or cold symptoms that last longer than 10 to 14 days Nasal fluid that drains down the back of the throat (postnasal drip) [stlouischildrens.org]

• Sneezing

  In addition: Avoid overcrowded living conditions, if possible Avoid sharing food, drinks and eating utensils Limit close physical contact when coughing and sneezing Remember to cover your mouth and wash hands thoroughly after coughing or sneezing Haemophilus [immune.org.nz]

  How it spreads Hib spreads: when an infected person coughs or sneezes, and you breathe it in if you touch things that an infected person has coughed or sneezed on. Hib can live in the throats of healthy people without causing any symptoms. [health.gov.au]

  Risk of getting a Haemophilus influenzae infection is increased in the following: Children Blacks Native Americans Infection is spread by sneezing, coughing, or touching infected people. [msdmanuals.com]

• Stridor

  Your child’s first symptoms will probably be a severe sore throat and fever (typically a temperature greater than 101°F [38.3°C]), followed by a raspy or harsh sound called stridor during breathing. [healthychildren.org]

  Signs and symptoms of epiglottitis, such as breathing difficulties, anxiety, dribbling/drooling, and stridor (a high pitched breathing sound). Fever and chills. Headache. Tiredness – excessive. Cough. Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath. [mydr.com.au]

  The patient is usually a child, and presents with signs of upper respiratory tract obstruction, and a characteristic soft stridor and drooling. [www2.health.vic.gov.au]

  Patients typically present acutely with a short history of high fever, tachypnoea, inspiratory stridor and excessive drooling. Intubation and sometimes an emergency tracheotomy may be required to prevent airway obstruction and death. [ecdc.europa.eu]

• Pharyngitis

  Three patients had pneumonia, while the others had epiglottitis with meningitis, pharyngitis, arthritis, and endocarditis, respectively. Nonendocarditic manifestations of adult H parainfluenzae infection were reported in four other cases. [jamanetwork.com]

  Other species: all are part of normal flora of human oral and pharyngeal cavities but may also be causes of bacterial respiratory tract infections and endocarditis, similar to H. influenzae. [hopkinsguides.com]

  Immunisation reduces oro-pharyngeal Hib carriage in immunized children thereby reducing exposure to and transmission of Hib to unimmunised individuals. [ecdc.europa.eu]

• Respiratory Distress

  Presentations include meningitis, pneumonia, respiratory distress, scalp abscess, conjunctivitis and vesicular eruption. Investigations[5] Gram stain: small, Gram-negative, pleomorphic coccobacilli with polymorphonuclear cells. [patient.info]

  (eg, HIV infection), alcoholism, pregnancy, and malignancy Neonatal infections: May have nonspecific manifestations; may include signs/symptoms of bacteremia, sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia, respiratory distress, scalp abscess, conjunctivitis, and vesicular [emedicine.medscape.com]

  The health at the time of birth was known for 86.7% (95% CI, 69.3%-96.2%; 26/30) of live-born infants; and 80.8% (95% CI, 60.6%-93.4%; 21/26) had respiratory distress, sepsis, or both. [jamanetwork.com]

• Diarrhea

  Side effects can include diarrhea, headache, stomach upset and vomiting. Patients who are allergic to penicillin should not take these medications. [livestrong.com]

  […] specific infection: For otitis media (middle ear infection) unusual irritability difficulty sleeping or staying asleep tugging or pulling at one or both ears fever fluid draining from ear(s) loss of balance hearing difficulties ear pain nausea and vomiting diarrhea [childrenshospital.org]

  […] chills Cough Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing Sweating Chest pain Headache Muscle pain or aches Excessive tiredness Bacteremia (blood infection) symptoms: Fever and chills Excessive tiredness Pain in the belly Nausea with or without vomiting Diarrhea [health.hawaii.gov]

• Dental Caries

  Prevotella species, the Gram-negative rod-shaped anaerobes, were also implicated involved in many other oral disease, such as endodontic disease 28, periodontal infection 29 and dental caries 30. [nature.com]

  Over the past decade bacteria in the form of biofilms have been recognized as important causes of a variety of human infections, including infections of prosthetic devices, endocarditis, dental caries, pneumonia in cystic fibrosis, prostatitis and others [bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com]

• Sweating

  Pneumonia (lung infection) symptoms: Fever and chills Cough Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing Sweating Chest pain Headache Muscle pain or aches Excessive tiredness Bacteremia (blood infection) symptoms: Fever and chills Excessive tiredness Pain [health.hawaii.gov]

  Symptoms of pneumonia usually include:[13] Fever (but older people may have lower than normal body temperature) Cough Shortness of breath Chills Sweating Chest pain that comes and goes with breathing Headache Muscle pain Excessive tiredness Nails may [en.wikipedia.org]

• Photophobia

  Older children and adults In older children and adults, symptoms of meningitis include: headache fever vomiting stiff neck or back joint pains drowsiness (excessive sleepiness) or confusion photophobia (discomfort when looking at light). [sahealth.sa.gov.au]

  Symptoms of Hib infection depend on what problems or conditions it is causing and can include: Signs and symptoms of meningitis, such as a stiff neck and photophobia (sensitivity to light). [mydr.com.au]

  Anxiety Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing Altered mental status (confusion) Meningitis (infection of the covering of the brain and spinal cord) symptoms: Fever Headache Stiff neck Nausea with or without vomiting Increased sensitivity to light (photophobia [health.hawaii.gov]

• Hearing Impairment

  Symptoms include fever, stiff neck, and impaired mental status. Meningitis results in permanent hearing impairment or other neurological conditions in 15-30% of patients who survive it. [historyofvaccines.org]

  Hearing impairment in children after bacterial meningitis: incidence and resource implications. Br J Audiol 1993; 27(1):43-52. Grimwood K, Anderson VA, Bond L, Catroppa C, Hore RL, Keir EH et al. [ecdc.europa.eu]

• Hearing Problem

  Symptoms may include: Unusual irritability Trouble sleeping or staying asleep Tugging or pulling at one or both ears Fever Fluid draining from an ear or ears Loss of balance Hearing problems Ear pain Loss of appetite Conjunctivitis This is an inflammation [stlouischildrens.org]

  Symptoms may include: Abnormal grouchiness Trouble sleeping or staying asleep Tugging or pulling at one or both ears Fever Fluid draining from an ear or ears Loss of balance Hearing problems Ear pain Loss of appetite Conjunctivitis This is an inflammation [urmc.rochester.edu]

• Suggestibility

  Our study suggests that a testing scheme that includes reliable PCR assays and standard microbiological methods should be used in order to improve H. haemolyticus identification. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  A study from Finland suggested that the optimum protective level is 1.0 mg/L postimmunization.(1) Furthermore, studies have shown that the response to HIB vaccine is age-related. [mayomedicallaboratories.com]

  Incidence of pneumonia in HIV patients on ART likely less than older literature suggests in HIV populations. [hopkinsguides.com]

• Chancroid

  The genus includes commensal organisms along with some significant pathogenic species such as H. influenzae—a cause of sepsis and bacterial meningitis in young children—and H. ducreyi, the causative agent of chancroid. [dbpedia.org]

  […] reclassification from Haemophilus spp.[21] H. aphrophilus is now Aggregatibacter aphrophilus (see module) H. paraphrophilus is now Aggregatibacter paraphrophilus (see module) H. segnis is now Aggregatibacter segnis (see module) H. ducreyi, agent of chancroid [hopkinsguides.com]

  H. ducreyi causes a venereal disease in humans known as chancroid, or soft chancre. [britannica.com]

  Meningitis, epiglottitis, arthritis, sepsis, otitis media H influenzae — Hematin and NAD — Pili, HMW — Normal flora, respiratory droplet spread Otitis media, bronchitis, sinusitis H ducreyi — Hematin — Pili Cytolethal distending toxin Sexual contact Chancroid [accessmedicine.mhmedical.com]

• Headache

  […] thick green or yellow discharge nighttime cough occasional daytime cough swelling around the eyes For sinusitis in older children runny nose or cold symptoms that last greater than seven to 10 days complaints of drip in his/her throat from his/her nose headaches [childrenshospital.org]

  Meningitis - fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting and drowsiness Epiglottitis - difficulty breathing and swallowing, pale colour and fever Pneumonia - shortness of breath, fever, lack of energy, loss of appetite, headache, chest pain and cough [health.nsw.gov.au]

  […] the back of the throat) Headaches Facial discomfort (usually over the cheek bones or over the eyes which worsens when bending over) Bad breath Cough Fever Sore throat Swelling around the eye (tends to be worse in the morning) Epiglottitis. [stanfordchildrens.org]

• Seizure

  Symptoms Hib symptoms depend on which part of the body is affected and include: fever severe headache a stiff neck fits or seizures severe drowsiness difficulty waking up loss of consciousness shortness of breath, cough and breathing problems restlessness [health.gov.au]

  Symptoms include a fever, a decrease in appetite, an increase in crying or irritability, seizures, excessive sleepiness, and vomiting. In children older than 2 years, there may be additional symptoms such as a headache, a stiff neck, and back pain. [healthychildren.org]

  Those who survive may have long-term problems, such as hearing loss, seizures and learning disabilities. How Hib is spread Hib bacteria can live in the nose and throat of healthy people, and usually do not cause any symptoms. [nhs.uk]

  If any of these effects persist or worsen, tell your infant's doctor or pharmacist promptly.Infrequently, temporary symptoms such as fainting / dizziness / lightheadedness, vision changes, numbness/tingling, or seizure -like movements have happened after [medicinenet.com]

• Confusion

  Not to be confused with Haemophilia Haemophilus is a genus of Gram-negative, pleomorphic, coccobacilli bacteria belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family. [dbpedia.org]

  Meningitis (infection of the covering of the brain and spinal cord) symptoms: Fever Headache Stiff neck Nausea with or without vomiting Increased sensitivity to light (photophobia) Altered mental status (confusion) Limp, loss of alertness (lethargy) [health.hawaii.gov]

  Not to be confused with Haemophilia. Haemophilus is a genus of Gram-negative, pleomorphic, coccobacilli bacteria belonging to the family Pasteurellaceae. [en.wikipedia.org]

  Symptoms of meningitis include fever, headache, stiff neck, vomiting, light sensitivity and confusion. About 10% of cases surviving H. influenzae meningitis have permanent neurological damage. Treatment is with antibiotics. [doh.wa.gov]

  Cautions Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances This assay does not provide diagnostic proof of the presence or absence of [mayomedicallaboratories.com]

• Convulsions

  […] the throat (epiglottis) Pneumonia Joint, heart, bone, skin inflammation Long term nerve damage Death in around 1 case out of 20 despite treatment Responses to vaccine Common responses Irritability Sleepiness Unusual crying Rare responses Hives Itching Convulsion [immune.org.nz]

  Symptoms include severe headache, stiff neck, convulsions or seizures, severe drowsiness, difficulty waking up, loss of consciousness or difficulty with breathing. Seek urgent medical attention if you think your child has any symptoms. [betterhealth.vic.gov.au]

  These include: • Severe headache • Stiff neck • Severe drowisiness or fatigue • Breathing difficulties • Loss of consciousness • Convulsions or seizures Complications of a Hib Infection If you or your child display any of the above symptoms, be sure to [healthhub.sg]

  These can include nerve problems, permanent hearing loss and convulsions. Septic arthritis could cause damage to joints, but most other Hib infections are more likely to resolve without long term consequences. [mydr.com.au]

• Altered Mental Status

  mental status (confusion) Meningitis (infection of the covering of the brain and spinal cord) symptoms: Fever Headache Stiff neck Nausea with or without vomiting Increased sensitivity to light (photophobia) Altered mental status (confusion) Limp, loss [health.hawaii.gov]

  Symptoms and signs of Hib meningitis are indistinguishable from other causes of bacterial meningitis and include fever, headache, photophobia, stiff neck, vomiting and altered mental status. Severe cases may present with convulsions and coma. [ecdc.europa.eu]

All strains of H. influenzae genogroup b were isolated during routine urine culture workups at the VA Puget Sound Health Care System Clinical Microbiology Laboratory or the Houston VA Medical Center. [jcm.asm.org]

[…] presence of cellulitis Joint, lung, and sinus aspiration Transtracheal aspiration Tympanocentesis Pericardiocentesis Laparoscopy and tubal cultures in women: For suspected NTHi Culdocentesis and peritoneal fluid cultures in women: For suspected NTHi See Workup [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Haemophilus Parainfluenzae

  Table 1 Haemophilus parainfluenzae susceptibility results. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Full Name Haemophilus parainfluenzae Rivers, 1922 According To NZIB (2012-) New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity Name Based Concepts Subordinate Taxon Concept Full Name Haemophilus paraphrophilus Zinnemann et al., 1968 According To NZFUNGI (2012-) New [nzor.org.nz]

  […] parahaemolyticus Pittman, 1953 Species Haemophilus parainfluenzae Rivers, 1922 Species Haemophilus paraphrohaemolyticus Zinnemann et al., 1971 Species Haemophilus parasuis Biberstein and White, 1969 Species Haemophilus piscium Snieszko et al., 1950 Species [itis.gov]

  parainfluenzae Agent type: Bacteria Taxonomy Family: Pasteurellaceae Genus: Haemophilus Species: parainfluenzae Synonym or cross reference: None. [canada.ca]

  Haemophilus parainfluenzae pneumonia View Full Text Statistics from Altmetric.com Haemophilus parainfluenzae pneumonia Respiratory tract infections remain a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and pneumonia in particular is the leading cause [thorax.bmj.com]

• Aggregatibacter Aphrophilus

  H. parainfluenzae (most common) H. parahaemolyticus Taxonomy changes: reclassification from Haemophilus spp.[21] H. aphrophilus is now Aggregatibacter aphrophilus (see module) H. paraphrophilus is now Aggregatibacter paraphrophilus (see module) H. segnis [hopkinsguides.com]

  […] as Aggregatibacter aphrophilus. [catalog.hardydiagnostics.com]

  Reclassification of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Haemophilus aphrophilus, Haemophilus paraphrophilus, and Haemophilus segnis as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans gen. nov., comb. nov., Aggregatibacter aphrophilus comb. nov., and Aggregatibacter [asmscience.org]

• Pleural Effusion

  Pleural effusions may be seen in a small portion of patient while mediastinal lymph node enlargement is uncommon. [radiopaedia.org]

Some people with certain medical conditions have an increased risk of infection, for example, those without a functioning spleen, and those who are immune compromised from a disease or treatment of a disease. [immune.org.nz]

Back in the Netherlands, a painful ulcer developed at the same body location, and despite treatment with flucloxacillin, his complaints worsened. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

In adults, complete recovery is common with treatment(7), but for children there is a 2-5% mortality rate, even with treatment. [msdsonline.com]

Rifampin, an antibiotic, is used in some circumstances as preventive treatment for persons who have been exposed to Hib disease. [health.ny.gov]

Treatment and prognosis Mortality rates in patients with H. influenzae pneumonia have been reported as ranging around 10-42% Promoted articles (advertising) [radiopaedia.org]

Prognosis The sequelae following Hib meningitis may include deafness, convulsions and intellectual impairment. [patient.info]

The prognosis of uncomplicated Hib pneumonia and nonencapsulated H influenzae infections is usually good. [emedicine.medscape.com]

An acute infectious disease, clinically manifested by hoarseness and stenosis of the respiratory tract (up to asphyxiation), is epiglottitis, the etiological factor of which in most cases is Haemophilus influenzae, type B. [mlst.net]

Data Immunization Investigation Reporting Resources VPD Home Organism, Causative Agent, or Etiologic Agent Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease can be caused by six identifiable types of H. influenzae bacteria (types a through f) or non-typeable H. [dshs.texas.gov]

The Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health Project: a 21st century childhood pneumonia etiology study. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54 Suppl 2:S93–101. https://doi.org/www.dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir1052. PMID:22403238 110. [pneumonia.biomedcentral.com]

The oral cavity is usually a likely source of the etiologic agents in infections caused by these organisms. Such infections include endocarditis, brain abscesses, jaw infections and infections following human bites or finger sucking. [catalog.hardydiagnostics.com]

Vishniakova LA, Putov NV (1990) The etiology of acute pneumonia. Ter Arkh 62: 15-18. Sinopalnikov A, Romanov AG (2006) An infectious exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulmonology 1. [omicsonline.org]

An epidemiologic study with special reference to day-care centers. JAMA 1984; 252(18):2581-2584. Shapiro ED, Ward JI. The epidemiology and prevention of disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. Epidemiol Rev 1991; 13:113-142.Tsang R. [ecdc.europa.eu]

Neonatal invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in England and Wales: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcome. Clin Infect Dis 2015 ; 60 : 1786 – 92. 21. Epidemiology of invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease, Europe, 2007–2014. [academic.oup.com]

An important epidemiologic aspect of Hib disease is the risk that it poses to contacts of the affected person. [emedicine.medscape.com]

We therefore studied the effect of the nasopharyngeal microbiome on viral load and mucosal cytokine responses, two important factors influencing the pathophysiology of RSV disease. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] settings where the test may be helpful Assessing a patient's immunological (IgG) response to Haemophilus influenzae type B (HIB) vaccine Assessing immunity against HIB Aiding in the evaluation of immunodeficiency Clinical Information Discusses physiology, pathophysiology [mayomedicallaboratories.com]

Pathophysiology The nomenclature (Haemophilus is Greek for "blood loving") acknowledges the fact that H influenzae requires 2 erythrocyte factors for growth: X (hemin) and V (nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide). [emedicine.medscape.com]

Coalition) Hib Vaccination (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) [medlineplus.gov]

Risk in Hawaii Prevention There is a vaccine that can prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease. This vaccine does not prevent disease caused by other types of H. influenzae. [health.hawaii.gov]

Prevention Invasive Hib disease can be prevented by giving the Hib vaccine to kids 2-18 months of age. [dshs.texas.gov]

In addition, there are complex vaccines designed to prevent a number of infections, including those caused by Haemophilus influenza, for example: Pentaxim – a vaccine for the prevention of diphtheria and tetanus adsorbed, pertussis, inactivated poliomyelitis [mlst.net]

Vaccines can prevent Hib disease. CDC recommends routine Hib vaccination for all children younger than 2 years old. [cdc.gov]