METHODS: A 22-day old baby presented with excessive crying, refusal of feed, progressive abdominal distension, fever and vomiting. Besides clinical assessment, body fluids were cultured. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Two cases presented with bacteraemia, and one case presented with meningitis. [hps.scot.nhs.uk]

Hib, for example may present as epiglottitis (severe swelling in the throat) or pneumonia. [immune.org.nz]

• Inflammation

  Middle ear infections Conjunctivitis – inflammation of the conjunctiva – the clear tissue that lines the eyelids and the white part of the eyeball Sinusitis – inflammation of the sinuses Bronchitis – inflammation of the air passages of the lungs Pneumonia [mydr.com.au]

  All three of these diseases can present as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes around the brain) or bacteraemia (infection in the bloodstream, sometimes called septicaemia or blood poisoning). However, they can present in other ways. [immune.org.nz]

  Meningitis: is the inflammation of the outer covering of the brain and spinal cord. is very difficult to spot in the early stages. [vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk]

• Pain

  Osteomyelitis - swelling, inflammation and pain over the affected bone. How is it spread? Hib bacteria can live harmlessly in the throat of healthy people. [health.nsw.gov.au]

  The following case report describes a 67-year-old man who presented with pain and swelling of the right side of the face. Fine needle aspiration suggested a parotid gland abscess. Microbiological studies identified H.paraphrophilus. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Pneumonia (lung infection) symptoms: Fever and chills Cough Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing Sweating Chest pain Headache Muscle pain or aches Excessive tiredness Bacteremia (blood infection) symptoms: Fever and chills Excessive tiredness Pain [health.hawaii.gov]

  Cellulitis: This skin infection makes an area of skin red, painful, and swollen. Arthritis: This joint infection can lead to pain, swelling, and redness in a joint. Ear infections: These are a common cause of ear pain. [kidshealth.org]

• Swelling

  […] drainage from one eye or both eyes burning of the eyes sensitivity to light For sinusitis in younger children runny nose that lasts greater than seven to 10 days thick green or yellow discharge nighttime cough occasional daytime cough swelling around [childrenshospital.org]

  Hib, for example may present as epiglottitis (severe swelling in the throat) or pneumonia. [immune.org.nz]

  Signs of infections in these areas include fever, swelling, pain, and redness along with a drastic decrease in energy and activity. [healthychildren.org]

  The most common types of invasive disease caused by H. influenzae are: Pneumonia* (lung infection) Bloodstream infection Meningitis (swelling of the lining of the brain and spinal cord) Epiglotittis (swelling in the throat) Cellulitis (skin infection) [cdc.gov]

• Asymptomatic

  Participants were asymptomatic subjects recruited from households with cases of leg ulcers, and from households without cases of leg ulcers. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Close contacts may be asymptomatic H. influenzae carriers and typically are given prophylaxis with rifampin. Click here for Patient Education [msdmanuals.com]

  Sources: Humans, including asymptomatic carriers, are the reservoir and transmit through respiratory droplets or direct contact. [doh.wa.gov]

  Incubation Period The incubation period is hard to define, because most persons who acquire Haemophilus influenzae infections are asymptomatically colonized. [dshs.texas.gov]

• Sepsis

  The genus includes commensal organisms along with some significant pathogenic species such as H. influenzae—a cause of sepsis and bacterial meningitis in young children—and H. ducreyi, the causative agent of chancroid. [dbpedia.org]

  Neonatal and maternal sepsis. Neonatal sepsis caused by nontypeable H. influenzae is being recognized with increasing frequency. [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]

  Bacteremia can lead to any of the above illnesses or to sepsis, a dangerous whole-body response to infection. Sepsis can damage many organs or even cause death if not treated right away. Despite its name, Hib doesn't cause influenza (the flu). [kidshealth.org]

  Bacterial sepsis during pregnancy, particularly when resulting from genital tract infection, remains an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. [jamanetwork.com]

• Pneumonia

  Pneumonia Pneumonia is a form of acute respiratory infection affecting the lungs. With pneumonia, the alveoli of the lungs are filled with pus and fluid, which makes breathing painful and limits the flow of oxygen. [mlst.net]

  The Case Fatality Ratio (CRF) for Hif pneumonia was 11.5% and 41.2% for Hie pneumonia. [pneumonia.biomedcentral.com]

  Haemophilus parainfluenzae pneumonia View Full Text Statistics from Altmetric.com Haemophilus parainfluenzae pneumonia Respiratory tract infections remain a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and pneumonia in particular is the leading cause [thorax.bmj.com]

  Community-acquired pneumonia is pneumonia that is acquired outside of a hospital setting. Symptoms of H. flu pneumonia are fever, productive cough and shortness of breath. [livestrong.com]

• Cough

  […] occasional daytime cough swelling around the eyes For sinusitis in older children runny nose or cold symptoms that last greater than seven to 10 days complaints of drip in his/her throat from his/her nose headaches facial discomfort bad breath cough [childrenshospital.org]

  How it spreads Hib spreads: when an infected person coughs or sneezes, and you breathe it in if you touch things that an infected person has coughed or sneezed on. Hib can live in the throats of healthy people without causing any symptoms. [health.gov.au]

  Whooping cough, why, he nearly whooped himself to death. —R. N. Carey: Uncle Max Haemophilus and Bordetella are small, Gram-negative rods that tend to assume a coccobacillary shape. [accessmedicine.mhmedical.com]

  Nighttime cough Occasional daytime cough Swelling around the eyes Symptoms of sinusitis in older children may include: Runny nose or cold symptoms that last longer than 10 to 14 days Nasal fluid that drains down the back of the throat (postnasal drip) [stlouischildrens.org]

• Stridor

  Your child’s first symptoms will probably be a severe sore throat and fever (typically a temperature greater than 101°F [38.3°C]), followed by a raspy or harsh sound called stridor during breathing. [healthychildren.org]

  Signs and symptoms of epiglottitis, such as breathing difficulties, anxiety, dribbling/drooling, and stridor (a high pitched breathing sound). Fever and chills. Headache. Tiredness – excessive. Cough. Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath. [mydr.com.au]

  The patient is usually a child, and presents with signs of upper respiratory tract obstruction, and a characteristic soft stridor and drooling. [www2.health.vic.gov.au]

  Patients typically present acutely with a short history of high fever, tachypnoea, inspiratory stridor and excessive drooling. Intubation and sometimes an emergency tracheotomy may be required to prevent airway obstruction and death. [ecdc.europa.eu]

• Vomiting

  METHODS: A 22-day old baby presented with excessive crying, refusal of feed, progressive abdominal distension, fever and vomiting. Besides clinical assessment, body fluids were cultured. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] the specific infection: For otitis media (middle ear infection) unusual irritability difficulty sleeping or staying asleep tugging or pulling at one or both ears fever fluid draining from ear(s) loss of balance hearing difficulties ear pain nausea and vomiting [childrenshospital.org]

  Diarrhea Anxiety Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing Altered mental status (confusion) Meningitis (infection of the covering of the brain and spinal cord) symptoms: Fever Headache Stiff neck Nausea with or without vomiting Increased sensitivity [health.hawaii.gov]

  Symptoms may include: Unusual irritability Difficulty sleeping or staying asleep Tugging or pulling at one or both ears Fever Fluid draining from ear(s) Loss of balance Hearing difficulties Ear pain Nausea and vomiting Decreased appetite Nasal congestion [chop.edu]

• Arthritis

  However, it is an uncommon pathogen in osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Hib causes septic arthritis and cellulitis in children younger than 2 years. Hib septic arthritis also occurs in adults. Neonatal infection: Often due to non-typeable H. influenzae, which colonises the maternal genital tract. [patient.info]

  Hib – infections include meningitis, epiglottitis, septicaemia, septic arthritis and osteomyelitis. Rarely seen now due to vaccine. Non-capsulated H. influenzae – lower and upper respiratory tract infections especially in patients with COPD. [gloshospitals.nhs.uk]

• Blister

  Intraorally, OLP presents as white striations, papules, plaques, mucosal atrophy, erosions or blisters, mainly affecting the buccal mucosa, tongue, gingiva and lips 3. [doi.org]

• Hearing Impairment

  Symptoms include fever, stiff neck, and impaired mental status. Meningitis results in permanent hearing impairment or other neurological conditions in 15-30% of patients who survive it. [historyofvaccines.org]

  Hearing impairment in children after bacterial meningitis: incidence and resource implications. Br J Audiol 1993; 27(1):43-52. Grimwood K, Anderson VA, Bond L, Catroppa C, Hore RL, Keir EH et al. [ecdc.europa.eu]

• Headache

  […] thick green or yellow discharge nighttime cough occasional daytime cough swelling around the eyes For sinusitis in older children runny nose or cold symptoms that last greater than seven to 10 days complaints of drip in his/her throat from his/her nose headaches [childrenshospital.org]

  Meningitis - fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting and drowsiness Epiglottitis - difficulty breathing and swallowing, pale colour and fever Pneumonia - shortness of breath, fever, lack of energy, loss of appetite, headache, chest pain and cough [health.nsw.gov.au]

  […] the back of the throat) Headaches Facial discomfort (usually over the cheek bones or over the eyes which worsens when bending over) Bad breath Cough Fever Sore throat Swelling around the eye (tends to be worse in the morning) Epiglottitis. [chop.edu]

• Irritability

  Symptoms vary depending on the specific infection: For otitis media (middle ear infection) unusual irritability difficulty sleeping or staying asleep tugging or pulling at one or both ears fever fluid draining from ear(s) loss of balance hearing difficulties [childrenshospital.org]

  – inflammation of the flap at the top of the windpipe (epiglottis), which can block a child's breathing (signs include severe breathing difficulties, fever, restlessness and irritability) pneumonia – lung inflammation (symptoms include fever, cough, [betterhealth.vic.gov.au]

  Symptoms may include: Unusual irritability Difficulty sleeping or staying asleep Tugging or pulling at one or both ears Fever Fluid draining from ear(s) Loss of balance Hearing difficulties Ear pain Nausea and vomiting Decreased appetite Nasal congestion [chop.edu]

All strains of H. influenzae genogroup b were isolated during routine urine culture workups at the VA Puget Sound Health Care System Clinical Microbiology Laboratory or the Houston VA Medical Center. [jcm.asm.org]

[…] presence of cellulitis Joint, lung, and sinus aspiration Transtracheal aspiration Tympanocentesis Pericardiocentesis Laparoscopy and tubal cultures in women: For suspected NTHi Culdocentesis and peritoneal fluid cultures in women: For suspected NTHi See Workup [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Streptococcus Pneumoniae

  The bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of meningitis in adults. In many developing countries, tuberculous meningitis is common. Read More otitis media In otitis media the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae. [britannica.com]

  pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b were grown on culture Source: From the Immunization Action Coalition Infant with severe vasculitis with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) Source: From the Immunization Action Coalition [cdc.gov]

  Design of a multiplex PCR for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae to be used on sputum samples. APMIS 113 : 99 – 111. 93. [asmscience.org]

  Furthermore, elongated forms from sputum may exhibit bipolar staining, leading to an erroneous diagnosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Figure 1. Gram stain of Haemophilus influenzae from sputum. H. influenzae is highly adapted to its human host. [textbookofbacteriology.net]

  At the same time, Haemophilus influenzae is the dominant causative factor of the infection process, accounting for 61–70%, of which in 27% of cases it is associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae. [mlst.net]

Some people with certain medical conditions have an increased risk of infection, for example, those without a functioning spleen, and those who are immune compromised from a disease or treatment of a disease. [immune.org.nz]

Back in the Netherlands, a painful ulcer developed at the same body location, and despite treatment with flucloxacillin, his complaints worsened. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

In adults, complete recovery is common with treatment(7), but for children there is a 2-5% mortality rate, even with treatment. [msdsonline.com]

Rifampin, an antibiotic, is used in some circumstances as preventive treatment for persons who have been exposed to Hib disease. [health.ny.gov]

Treatment and prognosis Mortality rates in patients with H. influenzae pneumonia have been reported as ranging around 10-42% Promoted articles (advertising) [radiopaedia.org]

Prognosis The sequelae following Hib meningitis may include deafness, convulsions and intellectual impairment. [patient.info]

The prognosis of uncomplicated Hib pneumonia and nonencapsulated H influenzae infections is usually good. [emedicine.medscape.com]

An acute infectious disease, clinically manifested by hoarseness and stenosis of the respiratory tract (up to asphyxiation), is epiglottitis, the etiological factor of which in most cases is Haemophilus influenzae, type B. [mlst.net]

Data Immunization Investigation Reporting Resources VPD Home Organism, Causative Agent, or Etiologic Agent Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease can be caused by six identifiable types of H. influenzae bacteria (types a through f) or non-typeable H. [dshs.texas.gov]

The Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health Project: a 21st century childhood pneumonia etiology study. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54 Suppl 2:S93–101. https://doi.org/www.dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir1052. PMID:22403238 110. [pneumonia.biomedcentral.com]

The oral cavity is usually a likely source of the etiologic agents in infections caused by these organisms. Such infections include endocarditis, brain abscesses, jaw infections and infections following human bites or finger sucking. [catalog.hardydiagnostics.com]

Vishniakova LA, Putov NV (1990) The etiology of acute pneumonia. Ter Arkh 62: 15-18. Sinopalnikov A, Romanov AG (2006) An infectious exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulmonology 1. [omicsonline.org]

An epidemiologic study with special reference to day-care centers. JAMA 1984; 252(18):2581-2584. Shapiro ED, Ward JI. The epidemiology and prevention of disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. Epidemiol Rev 1991; 13:113-142.Tsang R. [ecdc.europa.eu]

Neonatal invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in England and Wales: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcome. Clin Infect Dis 2015 ; 60 : 1786 – 92. 21. Epidemiology of invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease, Europe, 2007–2014. [academic.oup.com]

An important epidemiologic aspect of Hib disease is the risk that it poses to contacts of the affected person. [emedicine.medscape.com]

We therefore studied the effect of the nasopharyngeal microbiome on viral load and mucosal cytokine responses, two important factors influencing the pathophysiology of RSV disease. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] settings where the test may be helpful Assessing a patient's immunological (IgG) response to Haemophilus influenzae type B (HIB) vaccine Assessing immunity against HIB Aiding in the evaluation of immunodeficiency Clinical Information Discusses physiology, pathophysiology [mayomedicallaboratories.com]

Pathophysiology The nomenclature (Haemophilus is Greek for "blood loving") acknowledges the fact that H influenzae requires 2 erythrocyte factors for growth: X (hemin) and V (nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide). [emedicine.medscape.com]

Coalition) Hib Vaccination (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) [medlineplus.gov]

Risk in Hawaii Prevention There is a vaccine that can prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease. This vaccine does not prevent disease caused by other types of H. influenzae. [health.hawaii.gov]

Prevention Invasive Hib disease can be prevented by giving the Hib vaccine to kids 2-18 months of age. [dshs.texas.gov]

In addition, there are complex vaccines designed to prevent a number of infections, including those caused by Haemophilus influenza, for example: Pentaxim – a vaccine for the prevention of diphtheria and tetanus adsorbed, pertussis, inactivated poliomyelitis [mlst.net]

How can Hib disease be prevented? The best way to prevent Hib disease is to ensure all children are vaccinated according to the National Immunisation Program Schedule (see below). [healthywa.wa.gov.au]