Late onset group, included patients with different presentations such as behavioural changes, optic atrophy and dystonia. Consanguinity was prominent in this study, being present in 61.5% patients. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Coarse Facial Features

  Affected children have coarse facial features and visceromegaly consistent with a lysosomal storage disease. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Feeding Difficulties

  Mental deterioration, emaciation, severe feeding difficulties, and visual impairment occur commonly in the late stages of the disease. The disease has its onset in the first or second decade of life. [medicinenet.com]

• Vertical Gaze Palsy

  Average age of onset is 66 years and other common features include vertical gaze palsy, diplopia, and photophobia, which are not features of PKAN. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Diplopia

  Average age of onset is 66 years and other common features include vertical gaze palsy, diplopia, and photophobia, which are not features of PKAN. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Facial Grimacing

  grimacing painful muscle spasms HSD is a genetic disease. [healthline.com]

• Onset at Age <20

  Differential diagnoses include the following: Early-onset Parkinson disease including parkin type of juvenile Parkinson disease and PLA2G6 -associated dystonia-parkinsonism may initially present similarly to atypical PKAN, with onset between age 20 and [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Dysarthria

  The Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome (HSS) is a rare condition characterized by extrapyramidal and pyramidal signs, dystonia, dysarthria, retinal degeneration, dementia and a progressive course. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Ataxia

  We studied a 27-year-old woman who died after a 6-year history of progressive dementia, dystonia, ataxia, apraxia, spasticity, choreoathetosis, visual and auditory hallucinations, and optic atrophy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] and accessible format, the book is designed to allow easy identification of relevant information, with the overall organization of topics following established phenotypic classifications of movement disorders such as Parkinsonian syndromes, chorea, ataxia [books.google.com]

• Hyperreflexia

  Neurologically, opisthotonus, rigidity of extremities, dystonia, hyperreflexia, profound emaciation, and bilaterally positive Babinski signs were present. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Described features include 9,11 : progressive dementia extrapyramidal signs (rigidity, dystonia, choreoathetosis) corticospinal signs (spasticity, hyperreflexia) dysarthria retinitis pigmentosa tremors The clinical course is usually relentlessly progressive [radiopaedia.org]

  Pyramidal signs including spasticity and hyperreflexia. Retinitis pigmentosa Atypical PKAN : Usually presents around 12-14 years of age. Slower progression. Speech and behavioural problems predominate in the early stages. [genetics4medics.com]

• Pyramidal Tract Signs

  Table-1: Diagnostic features of Hallervorden spatz disease [11] Obligate Features Collaborate Features Exclusion Features Onset during first two decades Pyramidal tract signs Non progressive nature of the disease Progressive nature of the disease Progressive [medresearch.in]

  tract signs. 1 Choreoathetotic movements or tremor may also be present but these features have not been described in isolation. [jnnp.bmj.com]

  tract signs (rare) Cranial nerve involvement (rare) These disorders include the following: Hypobetalipoproteinemia type 1 (FHBL1; OMIM 615558 ) Hypobetalipoproteinemia type 2 (FHBL2; OMIM 605019 ) FHBL1, FHBL2, and ABL share the findings of acanthocytosis [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Cranial Nerve Involvement

  nerve involvement (rare) These disorders include the following: Hypobetalipoproteinemia type 1 (FHBL1; OMIM 615558 ) Hypobetalipoproteinemia type 2 (FHBL2; OMIM 605019 ) FHBL1, FHBL2, and ABL share the findings of acanthocytosis, dysarthria, neuropathy [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

(See Presentation and Workup.) [4, 5, 6] PKAN is relentlessly progressive. The clinical course is characterized by progressive dementia, spasticity, rigidity, dystonia, and choreoathetosis. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Visceromegaly

  Affected children have coarse facial features and visceromegaly consistent with a lysosomal storage disease. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Western blot analysis with specific hPANK2 antibodies was used to investigate the effect of the RNAi treatment (48 h after RNAi treatment) on hPANK2 protein levels. GAPDH was used as a loading control. [doi.org]

A 12 year old patient with the Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome and suffering from acute intestinal obstruction during treatment with benztropine is presented. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prognosis: Fatal; Mean duration disease after symptom onset 11 yrs Treatment: No curative treatment. Iron chelation ineffective. Palliative treatment with Baclofen, trihexyphenidyl, stereotactic pallidotomy, Pantothenate (vit B5). [neuroradiologycases.com]

[…] choreoathetosis, torsion spasm–dystonia, parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, speech impairment, mental deterioration, generalized rigidity Imaging Cerebral atrophy by CT DiffDx Dementia with extrapyramidal motor defects, Wilson's disease Management None Prognosis [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

Prognosis: Fatal; Mean duration disease after symptom onset 11 yrs Treatment: No curative treatment. Iron chelation ineffective. Palliative treatment with Baclofen, trihexyphenidyl, stereotactic pallidotomy, Pantothenate (vit B5). [neuroradiologycases.com]

(See Presentation and Prognosis.) [7, 8] The disease can be familial or sporadic. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Etiology The exact etiology of PKAN is not known. One proposed hypothesis is that abnormal peroxidation of lipofuscin to neuromelanin and deficient cysteine dioxygenase lead to abnormal iron accumulation in the brain. [emedicine.medscape.com]

These findings suggest that obtaining a buffy coat and bone marrow biopsy may aid in the diagnosis of Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome and ultimately provide information regarding etiology. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration EPIDEMIOLOGY PKAN was first described by Drs. Julius Hallervorden and Hugo Spatz in 1922. [flipper.diff.org]

Relevant External Links for PANK2 Genetic Association Database (GAD) PANK2 Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator PANK2 Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology: PANK2 No data available for Genatlas for PANK2 Gene A novel pantothenate [genecards.org]

The clarification of the role of oxidative distress in the pathophysiology of the syndrome will fill a large void in the understanding of the condition. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

His main research interest is in movement disorders, specifically the merging of clinical, electrophysiological and imaging methods to provide insights into the pathophysiology of conditions like dystonia and Parkinson's disease. [books.google.com]

We here demonstrate that pantethine administration can prevent the onset of the neuromuscular phenotype in mice suggesting the possibility of experimental treatment in patients with pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Brain tissue from patients who have died only hours before is needed, and it must be handled properly to prevent iron from being unintentionally removed from the tissue. Other tissue also is needed, but brain tissue is needed most urgently. [nbiadisorders.org]

Mutations in the PANK2 gene likely result in the production of an abnormal version of pantothenate kinase 2 or prevent cells from making any of this enzyme. [ghr.nlm.nih.gov]