Information on each class is presented in turn, tracing relevant historical insights, highlighting similarities and differences between the classes from the molecular to the behavioral level, and presenting the most up-to-date information on clinically [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Collapse

  Along with the leaves were mortar and pestle for grinding the leaves to powder, storage containers, snuff trays and tubes used for snorting the powder. 24 375-500 - Roman Empire collapses and Rome is sacked by waves of northern European armies. c. 850LEthiopian [erowid.org]

  The usual separation of brain regions and their functions collapses, and a kind of neural cosmopolitanism emerges. [nautil.us]

  It is arguable that one reason the research collapsed in the 1960s is because some clinicians lost touch with the foundations of science that underpin the profession. [doi.org]

• Crying

  The battle cry of the hippy movement was turn on, tune in, drop out…telling people don’t worry about it, get high. “ – from “ Weird Scenes Inside the Canyon: Laurel Canyon, Covert Ops & the Dark Heart of the Hippy Dream ” by Dave McGowan Burning Man We [veilofreality.com]

• Cough

  DXM (Dextromethorphan) —also known as robo—is a cough suppressant and expectorant ingredient in some over-the-counter (OTC) cold and cough medications that are often abused by adolescents and young adults. [drugabuse.gov]

  Kelela has one hell of a cough, muting the phone when it momentarily consumes her but bounces back earnest and warm. "I haven't done so much chilling, you know?" she explains over the call from her L.A. base. [thefader.com]

   Ketamine – immoblizer, used in animal research with anesthetics & analgesics, aka “date rape drug”  Phencyclidine (PCP) – synthesized for use as anesthetic, now used recreationally, aka “angel dust” “KJ” “illy” or “wet”  Dextramethorphan (DXM) – cough [slideshare.net]

  ‘As a result, they turned to other drugs, such as alcohol, cocaine, various hallucinogens, cough syrup, and in a few cases such as Jose's, dangerous inhalants.’ [en.oxforddictionaries.com]

  If you thought the cough reflex was complicated, just wait! [erowid.org]

• Tachycardia

  Sympathomimetic effects predominate, with hypertension and tachycardia being quite common. Hyperthermia is a common and occasionally serious complication. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  […] dream-like state slowed passage of time laughter a mixing of senses (synesthesia, such as "seeing a sound" or "hearing colors") pupil dilation Side effects or risks Side effects or risks of mescaline use may include: anxiety, fear racing heart beat (tachycardia [drugs.com]

  These tropane alkaloids are poisonous and can cause death due to tachycardia-induced heart failure and hyperthermia even in small doses. [en.wikipedia.org]

  Two or more of the following signs develop: pupillary dilation, tachycardia, sweating, palpitations, blurring of vision, tremors, or incoordination. [mentalhealth.com]

• Visual Hallucination

  Abuse results in rapid onset and short-lasting effects that include visual hallucinations and motor-function impairment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Organic brain disorder, eg brain tumour, delirium, dementia, visual hallucination due to epileptic activity. Visual hallucinations due to another drug and/or associated medical condition, eg Parkinson's disease and L-dopa. Factitious illness. [patient.info]

  Common effects after use may include: visual hallucinations and radically altered states of consciousness (psychedelic experience) open and closed eye visualizations euphoria dream-like state slowed passage of time laughter a mixing of senses (synesthesia [drugs.com]

  Visual hallucinations and mania alternate with periods of deep sleep. Hallucinogens. Amanita muscaria. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Depersonalization

  See Hallucination. hal·lu·ci·no·gen ( hă-lū'si-nō-jen ) A mind-altering chemical, drug, or agent that elicits optic or auditory hallucinations, depersonalization, perceptual disturbances, and disturbances of thought processes. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Although not highly traumatized, the subjects with depersonalization disorder reported significantly more childhood trauma than the normal comparison subjects. [ajp.psychiatryonline.org]

   Derealization (perception that outside world is a dream) &/or  Depersonalization (similar to out-of-body experience).  Examples:  Ketamine – immoblizer, used in animal research with anesthetics & analgesics, aka “date rape drug”  Phencyclidine [slideshare.net]

• Aggressive Behavior

  The patient may need to be sedated for hostile or aggressive behavior. [recoveryconnection.com]

  It can especially have serious affects on the brain, sometimes causing psychotic and violent behavior. PCP remains inside the body in fat cells. [yessafechoices.org]

  behavior Difficulty focusing Poor memory Drug cravings Paranoia When a person is partying with Ecstasy, he may take more of the drug every three to six hours to keep the high going as the effects begin to wear off. [narconon.org]

  Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI Hoaken, PNS, Stewart, SH ( 2003 ) Drugs of abuse and the elicitation of human aggressive behavior. Addict Behav 28: 1533 – 1554. [doi.org]

• Perceptual Distortion

  It is described as a re-experiencing of some perceptual distortions induced while intoxicated and suggested to subsequently cause functional impairment or anxiety. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Mescaline produces a hallucinatory state similar to LSD but with fewer visual distortions. Mescaline's perceptual distortions typically affect a person's thinking process, time awareness and self-awareness. [study.com]

  These substances create euphoria and have psychedelic effects (visual and auditory perceptual distortions). [mentalhelp.net]

  It is now well established that the activation of KORs induces a large number of behavioral effects that include analgesia, sedation, and perceptual distortions. [doi.org]

• Inappropriate Laughter

  This is often referred to as “skittling,” “robotripping,” or “dexing,” the DEA Inappropriate laughter, feelings of floating, altered sense of touch and hearing, hallucinations, paranoia, and agitation are common consequences of DXM abuse, as are slurred [solutions-recovery.com]

• Confusion

  Effects include rapidly changing feelings, hallucinations, confusion, anxiety and loss of control. Includes substances such as LSD, PCP and ecstasy. [yessafechoices.org]

  Confusion and fear may persist. This is known as hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD). Users may continue to have feelings of confusion and distorted reality long after the trip has ended without having to take any more of the drug. [addictionresource.com]

  On top of confusion among researchers, the public tends to have several misconceptions about the use of psychedelics, Krebs said. “Many people assume psychedelics must be addictive,” she said. [healthline.com]

  Confusion, heart problems, seizures and hallucinations often result. Appearance: May be sold as a white or off-white powder in a small plastic bag, labeled “not for food, drug, household or cosmetic use.” [narconon.org]

  The user may experience panic, confusion, suspiciousness, anxiety, helplessness, and loss of control. Two long-term effects are psychosis and hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD). [addictionrecov.org]

• Agitation

  […] it tells you that the dangers are real: "Ingestion of Angel's Trumpet flowers or a tea brewed from them results in an alkaloid-induced central nervous system anticholinergic syndrome characterized by symptoms such as fever, delirium, hallucinations, agitation [curiosity.com]

  It was soon withdrawn from use because of severe adverse psychological reactions following its use; severe dysphoria, agitation, and psychotic behavior were all noted routinely. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  […] blurred vision; sense of relaxation and well-being; hallucinations and distorted perception, including visual, auditory, body, time and space; disorganised thoughts, confusion and difficulty concentrating, thinking or maintaining attention; anxiety, agitation [mydr.com.au]

  IMMEDIATE SYMPTOMS Flushing and heavy perspiration Nausea Drooling Confusion Fluttering and uncontrolled eye movement Blurred vision Loss of coordination Rapid heart rate Altered states of consciousness Stupor Elevated blood pressure and body temperature Agitation [yessafechoices.org]

  The effects of DMT come on quickly and last about 30-45 minutes, the DEA Depersonalization, significant visual hallucinations, distorted body image and sense of time, as well as agitation, seizures, heightened blood pressure and heart rate, dizziness, [solutions-recovery.com]

• Sensory Distortion

  Hallucinogen A drug that distorts sensory perceptions and disturbs emotion, judgment, and memory. hallucinogen, n substance which distorts a person's sensory perception, inducing false perceptions such as noises and images that do not really exist. hal [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Some physical side effects include: Analgesia (inability to feel pain) Hyperthermia Hypothermia Respiratory failure Memory loss Blurred vision Dilated pupils Speech impairment Impaired motor skills Seizures Rapid breathing Sensory distortions Illogical [addictionhope.com]

  Erratic behaviors, episodes of violence and aggression, unnatural strength, disorganized thoughts, impaired motor coordination, blurred vision, feelings of invincibility, sensory distortions, difficulties breathing, increased blood pressure and heart [solutions-recovery.com]

Title: Studying the Effects of Classic Hallucinogens in the Treatment of Alcoholism: Rationale, Methodology, and Current Research with Psilocybin VOLUME: 6 ISSUE: 1 Author(s): Michael P. [eurekaselect.com]

There are case reports, but no randomized controlled trials, of successful treatment with neuroleptics, anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines, and clonidine. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Studying the Effects of Classic Hallucinogens in the Treatment of Alcoholism: Rationale, Methodology, and Current Research with Psilocybin Author(s): Michael P. [web.archive.org]

Prognosis [ 7 ] Symptoms should settle over a period of months and do seem to respond to pharmacotherapy in the majority of cases. However, some patients may experience distressing symptoms that last for years or are irreversible. [patient.info]

Prognosis Because hallucinogens are not physically addictive, many people are able to stop using these drugs successfully. [minddisorders.com]

Although it may be difficult to collect large samples of HPPD cases, further studies are critically needed to augment the meager data presently available regarding the prevalence, etiology, and treatment of HPPD. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Etiology and phenomenology: II. clinical syndromes. J Ment Sci 1954; 100: 838–72 Google Scholar 43. Vallar G, Perani D. The anatomy of unilateral neglect after right-hemisphere stroke lesions: a clinical/CT-scan correlation study in man. [doi.org]

Therapy: randomized controlled trial Drug Therapy: multicenter randomized controlled trial Drug Therapy: placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial Economic Impact Education Electroconvulsive Therapy Embryology Enzymology Epidemiology Escitalopram Etiology [mentalhealth.com]

Abstract This paper examines selected epidemiologic issues raised by the consideration of 28 stimulant-hallucinogen drugs for international drug control. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Epidemiology It is exceedingly uncommon on a population basis and probably still extremely rare in the population that has taken hallucinogenic drugs. No reliable prevalence data are available. [patient.info]

Griffiths, Classic Psychedelics: An integrative review of epidemiology, mystical experience, brain network function, and therapeutics, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.11.010, (2018). [doi.org]

Given an emerging recognition of the importance of alterations in glutamatergic transmission in the actions of both psychedelic hallucinogens an NMDA antagonists, this review concludes with of implications for the pathophysiology and therapy of schizophrenia [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Effective strategies to prevent and treat AD remain elusive despite major efforts to understand its basic biology and clinical pathophysiology. Significant investments in therapeutic ... [doi.org]

The effects of i.v. salvinorin A were not prevented by a small dose of the opioid antagonist nalmefene (0.01 mg/kg s.c.) but were prevented by a larger dose of nalmefene (0.1 mg/kg); the latter nalmefene dose is sufficient to produce kappa-antagonist [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

SAMHSA has created the Opioid Overdose Prevention Toolkit to offer strategies to health care providers, communities, and local governments for developing practices and policies to help prevent opioid-related overdoses and deaths. [samhsa.gov]

We have compiled the scientific information in this report to inform readers and hopefully prevent the use of these drugs. Nora D. Volkow, M.D. Director National Institute on Drug Abuse [nida.nih.gov]