Presentation
Schulze-Bonhage Medicine, Psychology Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy 2010 Evidence is presented that ZNS is effective not only in adult focal epilepsies, for which it has been approved in the USA and in Europe, but also may offer treatment options for [semanticscholar.org]
Metoclopramide-induced oculogyric crisis presenting as encephalitis in a young girl. Arumugam J, Vijayalakshmi AM. Arumugam J, et al. Indian J Pharmacol. 2012 Mar;44(2):266-7. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.93867. Indian J Pharmacol. 2012. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Atypical presentation of DOPA responsive dystonia. Adv Neurol 1998; 78:283–290. CAS PubMed Google Scholar Blau N, Barnes I, Dhondt JL. International database of tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency. J Inherited Metab Dis 1993; 19. [link.springer.com]
Entire Body System
- Epilepsy
Zonisamide in the treatment of epilepsy A. [semanticscholar.org]
In: Guerrini R, Aicardi J, Andermann F, Hallet M (eds) Epilepsy and movement disorders. Cambridge University Press, 2002,125–139. Google Scholar Krauss JK, Koller R, Burgunder JM. [link.springer.com]
Treatment
Neuropharmacological investigations and treatment of spasmodic torticollis. Adv Neurol 1979; 32:783–787. Google Scholar Jankovic J Treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders with tetrabenazine: a double-blind crossover study. [link.springer.com]
The most common drugs used in the treatment were anticholinergics and benzodiazepines, with poor responses in the generalized forms. Botulinum toxin A was the first line treatment for focal and segmental forms of dystonia. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Zonisamide in the treatment of epilepsy A. [semanticscholar.org]
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of primary dystonia. Brain 1998; 121:195–212. CrossRef Google Scholar Benabid AL, Benazzouz A, Limousin P et al. Dyskinesias and the subthalamic nucleus. Ann Neurol 2001; 47:S189. [link.springer.com]