Cirrhosis was present in 28 (44%). IFNλ3, rs12979860 genotype CC, was present in 41 (64.1%), CT in 21 (32.8%) and TT in 2 (3.1%). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Pain

  […] in the liver (upper, right side of abdomen) muscle and joint pain Jaundice (yellowish eyes and skin, dark urine and pale-coloured faeces.” [nuaa.org.au]

  These symptoms include: Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) Tiredness Loss of appetite Joint pain Pain in the stomach area Nausea Hepatitis D is transmitted in similar ways to hepatitis B. [bccdc.ca]

  Loss of appetite Dark-colored urine Joint pain People with chronic hepatitis B — who then acquire hepatitis D — will usually develop chronic hepatitis D virus infection. [chop.edu]

  Symptoms may include: Abdominal pain Dark-colored urine Fatigue Jaundice Joint pain Loss of appetite Nausea Vomiting Many of the medicines used to treat hepatitis B are not helpful for treating hepatitis D. [medlineplus.gov]

• Fatigue

  an acute or chronic hepatitis that is caused by the hepatitis D virus, is marked chiefly by fatigue, fever, nausea, loss of appetite, and jaundice, and is transmitted especially by contact with infected blood (as by transfusion or by sharing contaminated [merriam-webster.com]

  Although clinical symptoms disappear, fatigue and lethargy may persist for weeks or months. Picture from CDC Website Superinfection: Superinfection occurs when chronic HBV carriers are infected with HDV. [web.stanford.edu]

  Initial symptoms may include fatigue, lethargy, abdominal discomfort, anorexia, and nausea(1,2). This leads to jaundice and the persistence of fatigue and nausea. [msdsonline.com]

  Initial symptoms may include fatigue, lethargy, abdominal discomfort, anorexia, and nausea ( Footnote 1, Footnote 2 ). This leads to jaundice and the persistence of fatigue and nausea. [canada.ca]

• Vietnamese

  The prevalence of HDV in Vietnamese HBsAg-positive patients is speculative. Therefore, we assessed the prevalence of HDV in Vietnamese patients, determined the HDV-genotype distribution and compared the findings with the clinical outcome. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Identification of a natural intergenotypic recombinant hepatitis delta virus genotype 1 and 2 in Vietnamese HBsAg-positive patients. J Viral Hepat. [Internet]. 2015;22:55–63. Available from: . Cited 7 Aug 2017. [virologyj.biomedcentral.com]

• Camping

  Antonia Alexandra Evripioti, Ana Maria Ortega-Prieto, Jessica Katy Skelton, Quentin Bazot and Marcus Dorner, Phosphodiesterase-induced cAMP degradation restricts hepatitis B virus infection, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological [doi.org]

• Noncompliance

  Eight untreated patients were withdrawn from the control group for noncompliance. In Farci 1994, one patient was lost to follow‐up in the control group. [doi.org]

• Nausea

  You may develop a sudden fever, extreme tiredness, nausea, lack of appetite, abdominal or stomach pain, and yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes. [hepatitisfoundation.org]

  an acute or chronic hepatitis that is caused by the hepatitis D virus, is marked chiefly by fatigue, fever, nausea, loss of appetite, and jaundice, and is transmitted especially by contact with infected blood (as by transfusion or by sharing contaminated [merriam-webster.com]

  Initial symptoms may include fatigue, lethargy, abdominal discomfort, anorexia, and nausea(1,2). This leads to jaundice and the persistence of fatigue and nausea. [msdsonline.com]

  Initial symptoms may include fatigue, lethargy, abdominal discomfort, anorexia, and nausea ( Footnote 1, Footnote 2 ). This leads to jaundice and the persistence of fatigue and nausea. [canada.ca]

• Abdominal Pain

  The symptoms of hepatitis D virus infection are similar to those experienced with hepatitis B virus infection, and can include: Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice) Gastrointestinal (GI) issues such as nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain Tiredness [chop.edu]

  Symptoms may include: Abdominal pain Dark-colored urine Fatigue Jaundice Joint pain Loss of appetite Nausea Vomiting Many of the medicines used to treat hepatitis B are not helpful for treating hepatitis D. [medlineplus.gov]

  Symptoms may include: Abdominal pain Dark-colored urine Fatigue Jaundice Joint pain Loss of appetite Nausea Vomiting Exams and Tests You may need the following tests: Anti-hepatitis D antibody Liver biopsy Liver enzymes (blood test) Treatment Many of [umms.org]

  Signs and symptoms Symptoms are similar to those of hepatitis B and may include: fever loss of appetite nausea and vomiting abdominal pain (especially in the right upper abdomen) yellow skin and eyes (jaundice) (see image) dark urine and pale faeces muscle [sahealth.sa.gov.au]

• Pruritus

  However, none of the participants reported pruritus, or itching, Wedemeyer noted. "Blocking HBV/HDV entry with Myrcludex is a safe and promising strategy to treat chronic hepatitis delta," the researchers concluded. [infohep.org]

• Ulcer

  Reasons were ulcer at the injection site in one patient, acute icteric hepatitis in another, and non‐compliance in three. Eight untreated patients were withdrawn from the control group for noncompliance. [doi.org]

• Neglect

  Florian Lempp and Stephan Urban, Hepatitis Delta Virus: Replication Strategy and Upcoming Therapeutic Options for a Neglected Human Pathogen, Viruses, 10.3390/v9070172, 9, 7, (172), (2017). Ingrid Couto, Marilu Victoria, Valdiléa G. [doi.org]

• Burning Sensation

  Many hours after exposure to infection, the virus saps its victims powers and strength completely, and they will begin to feel extremely hot all over their body which may perpetuate to a burning sensation all over as the victim comes near their true death [trueblood.wikia.com]

(See Workup .) A study from The Netherlands suggested that HDV may hinder the control of HBV. [emedicine.medscape.com]

[…] the end of treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

No evidence-based rules for treating CDH exist, and treatment duration needs to be individualized based on virologic response at end of treatment or end of follow-up. [doi.org]

Despite the success of the national vaccination program, delta hepatitis is not a vanishing disease and it has a grave prognosis due to development of early cirrhosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prognosis The prognosis is excellent for patients with coinfection in whom treatment eradicates both viruses. The prognosis is variable for patients who are superinfected. [emedicine.medscape.com]

[…] hepatitis D HDV antigens and HDV RNA levels Initial management of Hepatitis D See management of HBV Peg-interferon is the only treatment for chronic hepatitis delta Complications of hepatitis D Chronic liver disease with all its associated complications Prognosis [oxfordmedicaleducation.com]

The prognosis in cirrhosis varies widely according to patient characteristics. [doi.org]

In fulminant hepatitis cases, delta virus superinfection of hepatitis B virus carriers was the most common serological pattern; histopathologic examination showed features identical to those described in fulminant hepatitis cases of similar etiology in [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Paul, MN 55164-0975 Etiology Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a defective, single-stranded RNA virus that requires the helper function of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) to replicate. [health.state.mn.us]

(Etiology) Hepatitis D Infections is caused by the hepatitis D virus. However, the hepatitis D virus alone cannot cause an infection. [dovemed.com]

Wedemeyer H, Manns MP (2010) Epidemiology, pathogenesis and management of hepatitis D: update and challenges ahead. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 7:31–40 PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar 12. [doi.org]

To define more exactly the epidemiology of delta virus infection and confirm its role in causing fulminant Labrea hepatitis in the Amazon Basin, we studied the prevalence of delta virus infection among persons with acute and chronic hepatitis B virus [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] infection in patients with acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (acute coinfection), chronic HBV infection (chronic coinfection), or acute exacerbation of known chronic HBV infection (HDV superinfection) Clinical Information Discusses physiology, pathophysiology [mayomedicallaboratories.com]

Back to Top Pathophysiology Patients may be infected with HDV at the same time that they acquire the hepatitis B virus (acute coinfection) or they can acquire the virus after infection with hepatitis B (superinfection). [clevelandclinicmeded.com]

Grazia Anna Niro and Antonina Smedile, Current Concept in the Pathophysiology of Hepatitis Delta Infection, Current Infectious Disease Reports, 10.1007/s11908-011-0233-5, 14, 1, (9-14), (2011). M. [doi.org]

[…] and Prevention, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

“Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, 7th ed.” Jan 2002, DHHS-CDC. [health.state.mn.us]

[…] in preventing HDV transmission. [who.int]