Patients with high output heart failure present with dyspnea, tachypnea, non-productive cough, fatigability, pulmonary rales, pleural effusion and peripheral edema, as a result of pulmonary and venous congestion due to neurohormonal activation and increased salt and water retention. Also, they are often tachycardic, with a heart rate between 85 and 105 beats per minute. A third heart sound and bilateral basal crackles are often heard in these patients [1]. Jugular and femoral venous hum may be sometimes observed. Peripheral vasodilatation leads to warm extremities.

High output heart failure is caused by a number of conditions each with their own signs and symptoms, that can sometimes also be found in affected individuals, such as chronic anemia, systemic arterio-venous fistulae, Paget's disease, hyperthyroidism, chronic hypercapnia, obesity, beriberi heart disease and sepsis.

Anemia causes cutaneous pallor and fatigability which overlaps with that induced by the heart failure, peripheral vasodilatation caused by vascular nitric oxide synthase [2] and low systemic vascular resistance [3].

Arteriovenous fistulae are associated with a specific hum on auscultation and may be congenital or acquired. They lead to a decrease in the systemic vascular resistance and thus high output heart failure [4]. Fistulae may be found in the context of certain congenital diseases, such as Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, Parkes-Weber or Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome. They can cause decreased pulse pressure distal to their location [1].

Paget's disease is associated with pain and warmth of the affected area, but a large amount of bone must be involved before heart failure occurs. A similar mechanism for the malfunction of the heart has been described in multiple myeloma, and Albright's disease [5].

Hypercapnia caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may also cause high output heart failure [6]. The pulmonary pathology is recognized by auscultation and symptoms like dyspnea and fatigability.

Hyperthyroidism causes tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy and thus high output heart failure [7] and is often accompanied by atrial fibrillation [8].

Sepsis causes systemic vasodilatation, arterial hypotension and heart failure [9] and is recognized most often using laboratory workup, but also by fever, tachycardia, and tachypnea.

Beriberi is associated with chronic alcohol consumption or impaired nutrient absorption, that lead to weight loss and steatorrhea. Heart beriberi causes peripheral edema and fatigability and decreased systemic vascular resistance, leading to high output heart failure.

Obesity leads to systolic and diastolic malfunction of the heart and increased total blood volume, thus causing high output heart failure [10].

• Congestive Heart Failure

  Her symptoms and cardiovascular changes were consistent with congestive heart failure and severe preeclampsia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  A rare cause of congestive heart failure includes systemic AV shunting or vasodilation, eventually over time resulting in a high-output heart failure state [2]. [hindawi.com]

  […] systolic (congestive) heart failure I50.21 Acute systolic (congestive) heart failure I50.22 Chronic systolic (congestive) heart failure I50.23 Acute on chronic systolic (congestive) heart failure I50.3 Diastolic (congestive) heart failure Inclusion term [icd10coded.com]

  Clinical portrait of congestive heart failure. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Anemia

  Anemia causes cutaneous pallor and fatigability which overlaps with that induced by the heart failure, peripheral vasodilatation caused by vascular nitric oxide synthase and low systemic vascular resistance. [symptoma.com]

  These conditions include anemia, hyperthyroidism, and pregnancy. [uofmhealth.org]

  High-output heart failure (HOHF) is associated with several diseases including chronic anemia, psoriasis, systemic arteriovenous fistula, sepsis, hypercapnia, multiple myeloma, and hyperthyroidism. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Dyspnea

  After the procedure, dyspnea was improved and procedure related complication was not seen. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The pulmonary pathology is recognized by auscultation and symptoms like dyspnea and fatigability. Hyperthyroidism causes tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy and thus high output heart failure and is often accompanied by atrial fibrillation. [symptoma.com]

• Orthopnea

  He denied orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and lower-extremity swelling. He also denied abdominal pain, hematochezia, melena, diarrhea, and flushing. He was thin, mildly tremulous, and afebrile and had no evidence of sepsis. [annals.org]

  In fact, some physicians will ask patients to use terms such as ‘2 pillow’ or ‘3 pillow’ orthopnea to differentiate how severe their congestion is. [ausmed.com]

  Orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea are related to congestion of the pulmonary blood vessels and edema of the lung tissues. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Orthopnea 3. Fatigue 4. Edema 5. Paroxysmal noctural dyspnea ..Cardiogenic asthma는 발작성 야간 호흡 및 기침과 관련이 있으며 기관지 경 련에 의한 2차적인 천명이 특징이고 특히 밤... [kmle.co.kr]

• Rales

  Patients with high output heart failure present with dyspnea, tachypnea, non-productive cough, fatigability, pulmonary rales, pleural effusion and peripheral edema, as a result of pulmonary and venous congestion due to neurohormonal activation and increased [symptoma.com]

  Rales were heard over both lung bases. An abdominal examination showed a moderately distended abdomen with an enlarged liver. He had trace edema. The skin color was normal with no telangiectasia. [annals.org]

  On physical exam, she has jugular venous distention, pulmonary rales, cardiac S3 sound, and pitting edema. Her electrocardiogram shows sinus tachycardia and chest radiograph shows pleural effusions and cardiomegaly. [medbullets.com]

  Abstract Congestive heart failure describes a syndrome with complex and variable symptoms and signs, including dyspnea, increased fatigability, tachypnea, tachycardia, pulmonary rales, and peripheral edema. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  A chest examination detected no rales. Heart auscultation demonstrated accentuated first and second heart sounds, and grade 3/6 pansystolic ejection murmur in the mitral and tricuspid area. [circheartfailure.ahajournals.org]

• Exertional Dyspnea

  A 64-year-old woman was admitted with systemic edema and exertional dyspnea. High-output heart failure was diagnosed by right heart catheterization and she was treated with diuretics. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Introduction In February, 2012, a 33-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of exertional dyspnea, chest distress, and fatigue of 1 month duration. On admission, his blood pressure was 124/80 mm Hg and heart rate was 120 beats per minute. [circheartfailure.ahajournals.org]

• Basilar Rales

  rales may be audible on auscultation. [amboss.com]

• Heart Disease

  ICD-10-CM Codes › I00-I99 Diseases of the circulatory system › I30-I52 Other forms of heart disease › I50- Heart failure › High output heart failure 2018 - New Code 2019 Billable/Specific Code I50.83 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used [icd10data.com]

  heart failure Pulmonary edema with heart disease NOS Pulmonary edema with heart failure I50.2 Systolic (congestive) heart failure Inclusion term(s): Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction [HFrEF] Systolic left ventricular heart failure I50.20 Unspecified [icd10coded.com]

  Introduction Pediatric heart failure (HF) is an etiologically diverse disease manifesting a variety of clinical presentations. [pedsinreview.aappublications.org]

  […] chronic hypercapnia, obesity, beriberi heart disease and sepsis. [symptoma.com]

  Heart attacks are usually the result of heart disease, so taking steps to delay or reverse coronary artery disease can help prevent a heart attack. [northshore.org]

• Tachycardia

  Hyperthyroidism causes tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy and thus high output heart failure and is often accompanied by atrial fibrillation. [symptoma.com]

  Her EKG showed sinus tachycardia at 108 beats per minute. ECHO showed a normal ejection fraction with moderate mitral regurgitation. [shmabstracts.com]

  Patients may present with the usual signs of high-output heart failure including tachycardia, elevated pulse pressure, hyperkinetic precordium, and jugular venous distension. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Ventricular Tachycardia [VT] is common in advanced HF, which may evolve into ventricular arrhythmias and cardiac arrest. [almostadoctor.co.uk]

  Patients who have ventricular tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia or rapid atrial fibrillation with evidence of cardiovascular compromise (hypotension, myocardial ischemia or pulmonary edema/congestion, poor perfusion) should have urgent electrical [clinicaladvisor.com]

• Gallop Rhythm

  On the third day of life, she developed cardiac failure with gallop rhythm, hepatomegaly and a murmur in the anterior fontanel; an echocardiogram confirmed clinic aggravation with biventricular dysfunction and right cavities and superior vena cava dilatation [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  B 12, 14 Heart failure can be ruled in if jugular venous distention, displacement of the apical pulsation, or a gallop rhythm is present. [aafp.org]

  There may be a gallop rhythm due to presence of S3 (see also the separate Heart Auscultation article) or murmurs of mitral or aortic valve disease. Bilateral basal end-inspiratory crackles ± wheeze ('cardiac asthma'). Tachypnoea. Pleural effusions. [patient.info]

  Gallop rhythm or third heart sound Oxygen saturations Respiratory rate Indicators of peripheral perfusion Consciousness level Peripheral skin temperature Central temperature Capillary refill time Urine output Indicators of congestion Raised JVP Peripheral [clinicaladvisor.com]

  Hemodynamic parameters of interest include blood pressure, HR and heart rhythm, gallop rhythm, oxygen saturation, and respiratory rate [47]. [oatext.com]

• S3 Gallop

  References:[4][8] Clinical features General features of heart failure Nocturia [9] Fatigue Tachycardia, various arrhythmias Heart sounds: S3/S4 gallop Pulsus alternans Clinical features of left-sided heart failure Clinical features of right-sided heart [amboss.com]

• S4 Gallop

  References:[4][8] Clinical features General features of heart failure Nocturia [9] Fatigue Tachycardia, various arrhythmias Heart sounds: S3/S4 gallop Pulsus alternans Clinical features of left-sided heart failure Clinical features of right-sided heart [amboss.com]

Blood workup shows elevated levels of atrial and brain natriuretic peptide in high output heart failure patients [11] [12]. Venous oxygen saturation, if high (above 75%), is an indirect indicator of a high output state. The oxygen content of arterial and mixed venous blood samples is expected to be decreased.

As in all heart failure individuals, a chest radiography is useful, as it might show cardiomegaly, pleural effusion or pulmonary congestion. A diagnosis of pneumonia in a septic patient with high output heart failure should lead the physician to suspect it as the underlying cause of the failure.

The diagnosis is ultimately confirmed with echocardiography showing an increased cardiac index. This investigation may show eccentric remodeling, chamber dilatation, and increased ventricular filling pressures, with a high ejection fraction. Pulmonary hypertension is another common finding in these patients.

Cardiac catheterization confirms increased cardiac filling pressures, high pulmonary artery pressure, stroke volume, ventricular preload, ejection fraction and decreased afterload as a result of low systemic vascular resistance [13].

Endovenous laser ablation treatment has become the less invasive therapeutic choice for the treatment of superficial venous insufficiency and varicose veins. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The prognosis for people with heart failure and preserved LV ejection fraction is a little better than the prognosis for people with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. Generally, the lower the ejection fraction, the poorer the prognosis. [patient.info]

References:[46][47][48] Prognosis Congestive heart failure Summary Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Underlying mechanism of reduced cardiac output Consequences of systolic and diastolic dysfunction Compensation mechanisms Clinical features [amboss.com]

Symptoms of Congestive Heart Failure Symptoms of Congestive Heart Failure Rehabilitate Your Heart #Save a #Life CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF) -- Description, causes, signs & symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, prevention. | RxList [pinterest.de]

Some patients may develop end-stage liver disease which also has a poor prognosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Objectives This study sought to characterize the etiologies, pathophysiology, clinical and hemodynamic characteristics, and outcomes of high-output HF in the modern era. [mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com]

Certain conditions have both an underlying etiology and multiple body system manifestations due to the underlying etiology. [icd10coded.com]

Characteristics of high-output HF etiologies Most hemodynamic and ventricular function findings were fairly uniform among the different etiologies of high-output HF, although there were some notable differences (Table 2). [onlinejacc.org]

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to characterize the etiologies, pathophysiology, clinical and hemodynamic characteristics, and outcomes of high-output HF in the modern era. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Rich, “Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology of congestive heart failure in older adults,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 968–974, 1997. View at: Google Scholar P. A. Mehta and S. W. [hindawi.com]

Epidemiology The frequency of Holiday heart syndrome is unclear due to conflicting evidence. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The underlying pathophysiology was believed to be caused by the high-output state of pregnancy and by the increased peripheral vascular resistance of preeclampsia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This indicates that excessive reduction in afterload indeed plays the dominant role in the pathophysiology of high-output HF. [onlinejacc.org]

Some cases may therefore “may need exercise testing with or without invasive evaluation to clarify the pathophysiology”, Anand concludes. [medwirenews.com]

Objectives This study sought to characterize the etiologies, pathophysiology, clinical and hemodynamic characteristics, and outcomes of high-output HF in the modern era. [mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com]

When addressing the problem of high-output heart failure, the nephrologist is faced with the dilemma of preventing progression of heart failure at the expense of loss of vascular access. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Regular use of other NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, may make aspirin less effective in preventing heart attack and stroke. For information on how to prevent a heart attack, see the Prevention section of this topic. [northshore.org]

Preventing 'holiday heart' Tips for preventing holiday heart while still enjoying your holidays include being conscious of the amount of alcohol you are consuming during the event, and staying well hydrated. [edition.cnn.com]

Treatment of the erythroderma flare can help prevent or treat the serious secondary complications. [shmabstracts.com]

The key to prevention? Says cardiologist Dr. Kevin Campbell: “Moderation in alcohol and eating. Getting plenty of exercise and plenty of sleep. And try to avoid big family discussions until after the holidays.” [vicnews.com]

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