Hyperpituitarism causes two categories of symptoms: some caused by abnormal hormone secretion and others induced by the tumor itself. The latter consist of headaches and visual impairment, caused by optic nerve compression, or even hypopituitarism. If prolactin hypersecretion occurs in a pubertal girl, she will present with pubertal arrest. Galactorrhea may also be present in this case. Pubertal boys and prepubertal children complain about growth failure, visual impairment, and headaches, but the first category also experiences pubertal arrest [1]. Medical history and physical examination reveal menstrual abnormalities, acanthosis nigricans, and gynecomastia, in addition to other traits of the disease the patients notice.

Excess growth hormone causes acromegaly in adults and gigantism in children. Gigantism presents as accelerated complete growth in children, whereas acromegaly is characterized by the growth of the extremities (fingers and toes) and facial coarsening [2], as well as occlusion changes and apertognathia [3] [4]. Additional features include macrocephaly, prognathism, frontal bossing, irregular menses in women, and hyperhidrosis. The distance between teeth increases and the lips become thicker and darker [5]. In adult patients, cardiac hypertrophy sets in during the progression of the disease. Uterine, prostate, and colon benign tumors seem to have an increased incidence in these patients. The physician must also keep in mind the fact that these patients are prone to develop diabetes mellitus and peripheral neuropathies, as well as muscular and articular disorders, and conduct an active surveillance in this area [6] [7].

If the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is involved, patient present with symptoms of excessive glucocorticoid secretion: hypertension, hirsutism, weight gain, acne, fatigability, and sleep apnea signs [8]. The clinician is often able to highlight the presence of the typical Cushing facies, as well as a dorsal cervical fat pad and bruising.

• Fatigue

  Muscle weakness, fatigue and lethargy. (Hotman Rumahardo, 2000: 39). Test and Diagnosis Serum prolactin levels ; ACTH, GH. CT - Scan / MRI. Measurement of visual field. Hormone tests. Angiography. Glucose tolerance test. [purba-java-indo.blogspot.com]

  Side effects can include headaches, fatigue, and abnormal liver function. Dopamine agonists make up the third medication group. [niddk.nih.gov]

  Symptoms of hyperthyroidism may include anxiety or nervousness, rapid heart rate, irregular heartbeats, exhaustion, fatigue, muscle weakness & loss of weight. [xpertdox.com]

  Prolactin deficiency: In women, symptoms include lack of milk production, fatigue, and loss of underarm and pubic hair. No symptoms are seen in men. ADH deficiency: Symptoms include increased thirst and urination. [annbyers.yolasite.com]

  For adults and children: muscle weakness and fatigue; sweating profusely; gaining weight; sinus congestion; oily skin; tongue size increases; voice sounds hollow; joint pain; oversleeping; tingling feeling in hands; unexpected mood changes. [azsymptoms.com]

• Galactorrhea

  Galactorrhea may also be present in this case. Pubertal boys and prepubertal children complain about growth failure, visual impairment, and headaches, but the first category also experiences pubertal arrest. [symptoma.com]

  Abstract The early radiographic changes of the sella turcica in the cases of hypersecreting pituitary adenomas (Cushing disease, acromegaly, amenorrhea-galactorrhea) are reported and discussed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Symptoms of prolactinoma or galactorrhea may include tender breasts in women, breasts that begin to produce milk in non-pregnant women, reproductive dysfunctions, irregular periods, infertility, low sex drive, erectile dysfunction and low energy levels [xpertdox.com]

  Pubertal females frequently present with symptoms of pubertal arrest or hypogonadism (with or without galactorrhea) due to suppression of gonadotropin secretion or local compression of the pituitary. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  In women: Abnormal milk flow from the breast in a woman who is not pregnant or nursing ( galactorrhea ) Breast tenderness Decreased sexual interest Decreased peripheral vision Headache Infertility Stopping of menstruation not related to menopause, or [nlm.nih.gov]

• Weight Gain

  If the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is involved, patient present with symptoms of excessive glucocorticoid secretion: hypertension, hirsutism, weight gain, acne, fatigability, and sleep apnea signs. [symptoma.com]

  Weight gain and obesity in children with Cushing disease tends to be generalized rather than centripetal. Pubertal arrest, failure, or delay may occur. Amenorrhea may be noted. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  In adults, symptoms include low energy, decreased strength and exercise tolerance, weight gain, decreased muscle mass, and feelings of anxiety or depression. [annbyers.yolasite.com]

  Symptoms such as fatigue and weight gain can have many different causes. Cushing’s syndrome may be mistaken for other conditions that have many of the same signs, such as polycystic ovary syndrome or metabolic syndrome. [niddk.nih.gov]

  Pegvisomant Study in Acromegaly Unknown status NCT02668172 Phase 4 Pasireotide LAR 60 mg;Pegvisomant 3 Effects of Sandostatin LAR® in Acromegaly Unknown status NCT01424241 Phase 4 Sandostatin LAR 4 Reversal of Antipsychotic-Induced Hyperprolactinemia, Weight [malacards.org]

• Turkish

  Look up "hyperpituitarism" at Merriam-Webster Look up "hyperpituitarism" at dictionary.com In other languages: Spanish | French | Italian | Portuguese | Romanian | German | Dutch | Swedish | Russian | Polish | Czech | Greek | Turkish | Chinese | Japanese [wordreference.com]

  The pituitary is a gland located in the turkish sphenoid bone, which comprises the posterior and anterior lobe. The neurohormones of the posterior pituitary are ADH, which acts on the kidneys, and oxytocin, which acts on uterine and breast muscles. [bdigital.ufp.pt]

  […] speakers Translator English - Vietnamese hyperpituitarism 80 millions of speakers Translator English - Tamil பிட்யூட்டரி மிகைச் சுரப்பு 75 millions of speakers Translator English - Marathi हायपरपिटइटरिझम 75 millions of speakers Translator English - Turkish [educalingo.com]

• Intravenous Administration

  A thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test can also be performed if a doubt exists, given that intravenous administration of TRH leads to an abrupt increase of prolactinemia 15 to 30 minutes later in normal individuals. [symptoma.com]

• Hyperpnea

  See Also: hyperpatriotically hyperpatriotism hyperperfection hyperperistalsis hyperperistaltic hyperpersonal hyperphagia hyperphysical hyperpigmentation hyperpigmented hyperpituitarism hyperplane hyperplasia hyperploid hyperpnea hyperpolarize hyperpolysyllabic [wordreference.com]

• Overeating

  The constellation of signs and symptoms is vast and differs in individuals depending over nature and extent of underlying pathology. Incidence : Exact incidence of Hyperpituitarism is not known. [xpertdox.com]

  Cushing’s syndrome is a disorder that occurs when your body makes too much of the hormone cortisol over a long period of time. Cortisol is sometimes called the “stress hormone” because it helps your body respond to stress. [niddk.nih.gov]

  A anatomo-radiologic classification of the alterations sella turcica in 4 grades is made, which is of great utility for the surgical prognostic, since we have observed clinical and biological cure over 90% in the grade 1, 75% in the grade 2, 50% in the [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Over 1,000 illustrations, charts, and graphs enhance the text, with a new appendix relating Internet sites for nurses. [books.google.com]

• Failure to Thrive

  If the problem is chronic, symptoms consist of fatigue, weight loss, failure to thrive (in children), delayed puberty (in adolescents), hypoglycemia (low blood sugar levels), anemia and hyponatremia (low sodium levels). [en.wikipedia.org]

• Hypertension

  Prolonged effects of excessive secretion of pituitary hormones include arthritis, carpal tunnel syndrome, osteoporosis, kyphosis, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, heart enlargement and heart failure. Classification pituitary / pituitary adenoma. [purba-java-indo.blogspot.com]

  If the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is involved, patient present with symptoms of excessive glucocorticoid secretion: hypertension, hirsutism, weight gain, acne, fatigability, and sleep apnea signs. [symptoma.com]

  […] measurement of IGF-1 in patients without the typical manifestations of acromegaly, but who have several of these associated conditions: sleep apnea syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, debilitating arthritis, carpal tunnel syndrome, hyperhidrosis, and hypertension [web.archive.org]

  Prolonged effects of excessive GH secretion include: arthritis carpal tunnel syndrome osteoporosis kyphosis hypertension arteriosclerosis heart enlargement heart failure Acromegaly develops slowly. [healthguidance.org]

  An individual with advanced acromegaly, however, may suffer serious complications, such as hypertension, congestive heart failure, type 2 diabetes mellitus, respiratory diseases, or cerebrovascular diseases. [m.body-disease.com]

• Prognathism

  Additional features include macrocephaly, prognathism, frontal bossing, irregular menses in women, and hyperhidrosis. The distance between teeth increases and the lips become thicker and darker. [symptoma.com]

  No specific dental changes have been described in this condition. [1] Gigantism and oral manifestations Gigantism is the childhood version of growth hormone excess and is characterized by the general symmetrical overgrowth of the body parts. [2] Prognathic [doi.org]

  The following may be noted: Tall stature Mild-to-moderate obesity (common) Macrocephaly, which may precede linear growth Exaggerated growth of the hands and feet with thick fingers and toes Coarse facial features, including frontal bossing and prognathism [emedicine.medscape.com]

  The increased height and prognathism.The increased height and prognathism. Enlarged hand and foot of the affected twin are apparent. Their clinical features began to diverge at the age of approximately 13 years. 54. [slideshare.net]

• Macrocephaly

  Additional features include macrocephaly, prognathism, frontal bossing, irregular menses in women, and hyperhidrosis. The distance between teeth increases and the lips become thicker and darker. [symptoma.com]

  The following may be noted: Tall stature Mild-to-moderate obesity (common) Macrocephaly, which may precede linear growth Exaggerated growth of the hands and feet with thick fingers and toes Coarse facial features, including frontal bossing and prognathism [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Visual Impairment

  Pubertal boys and prepubertal children complain about growth failure, visual impairment, and headaches, but the first category also experiences pubertal arrest. [symptoma.com]

  Pubertal males may present with headaches, visual impairment, and pubertal arrest or growth failure. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Visual Impairment

  Pubertal boys and prepubertal children complain about growth failure, visual impairment, and headaches, but the first category also experiences pubertal arrest. [symptoma.com]

  Pubertal males may present with headaches, visual impairment, and pubertal arrest or growth failure. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Hirsutism

  If the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is involved, patient present with symptoms of excessive glucocorticoid secretion: hypertension, hirsutism, weight gain, acne, fatigability, and sleep apnea signs. [symptoma.com]

  Signs and symptoms : Characteristic symptoms and signs caused by hyperpituitarism and associated mass effects include hirsutism, visual field loss, double vision, excessive sweating, decreased libido, lethargy, headache, and muscle weakness. [xpertdox.com]

  Hyperpituitarism Pituitary gland Specialty Endocrinology Symptoms Hirsutism[1] Causes From a pituitary microadenoma.[2] Diagnostic method MRI[2] Treatment Dopamine agonists [2] Hyperpituitarism is a condition due to the primary hypersecretion of pituitary [en.wikipedia.org]

  […] adults symptoms include, enlarged jaw bones, hands, forehead, and feet; wider neck and head; coarsened features of the face; teeth spaced widely; men experience impotence; termination of menstrual cycles (amenorrhea); women experience excess facial hair (hirsutism [azsymptoms.com]

  […] there is a number of non-specific signs and symptoms but the condition is most often noted by physical features like fat accumulation in the upper body, purple to brown stretch marks (striae), excessive hair growth on the face particularly in women (hirsutism [healthhype.com]

• Hyperhidrosis

  Additional features include macrocephaly, prognathism, frontal bossing, irregular menses in women, and hyperhidrosis. The distance between teeth increases and the lips become thicker and darker. [symptoma.com]

  Force suggests the measurement of IGF-1 in patients without the typical manifestations of acromegaly, but who have several of these associated conditions: sleep apnea syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, debilitating arthritis, carpal tunnel syndrome, hyperhidrosis [web.archive.org]

  […] moderate obesity (common) Macrocephaly (may precede linear growth) Headaches Visual changes Hypopituitarism Soft tissue hypertrophy Exaggerated growth of the hands and feet, with thick fingers and toes Coarse facial features Frontal bossing Prognathism Hyperhidrosis [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Hyperpigmentation

  See Also: hyperpatriotically hyperpatriotism hyperperfection hyperperistalsis hyperperistaltic hyperpersonal hyperphagia hyperphysical hyperpigmentation hyperpigmented hyperpituitarism hyperplane hyperplasia hyperploid hyperpnea hyperpolarize hyperpolysyllabic [wordreference.com]

  […] takes on a triangular configuration) Wide spacing of the teeth and prognathism Cutis verticis gyrata (ie, furrows resembling gyri of the scalp) [6] Small sessile and pedunculated fibromas (ie, skin tags) Hypertrichosis Oily skin (acne is not common) Hyperpigmentation [emedicine.medscape.com]

  […] onset is abrupt, collapse, shock and vomiting may occur. [1] [6] ACTH deficiency is highly similar to primary Addison's disease, which is cortisol deficiency as the result of direct damage to the adrenal glands; the latter form, however, often leads to hyperpigmentation [en.wikipedia.org]

• Hypertrichosis

  Enlargement of the lower lip and nose (the nose takes on a triangular configuration) Wide spacing of the teeth and prognathism Cutis verticis gyrata (ie, furrows resembling gyri of the scalp) [6] Small sessile and pedunculated fibromas (ie, skin tags) Hypertrichosis [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Suggestibility

  The Task Force suggests magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as the imaging modality of choice, followed by computed tomography (CT) scan when MRI is contraindicated or unavailable. (2|++OO) The Task Force suggests performing formal visual field testing when [web.archive.org]

  Diagnostic Procedures The clinical picture of symptoms suggests the diagnosis. A glucose tolerance test is the standard method for confirming elevated hGH levels. [m.body-disease.com]

  Symbols Support WR Privacy Policy Forums Suggestions hyperpituitarism [links] ⓘ One or more forum threads is an exact match of your searched term in Spanish | in French | in Italian | English synonyms | English Usage | Conjugator | in context | images [wordreference.com]

  Cortisol levels that don’t drop suggest Cushing’s syndrome. In the LDDST test, you will have blood drawn after taking a low dose of dexamethasone. [niddk.nih.gov]

  The lack of variation suggests Cushing disease. Additional investigations include the dexamethasone suppression testing and the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation testing in uncertain cases. [symptoma.com]

• Frontal Bossing

  Additional features include macrocephaly, prognathism, frontal bossing, irregular menses in women, and hyperhidrosis. The distance between teeth increases and the lips become thicker and darker. [symptoma.com]

  The following may be noted: Tall stature Mild-to-moderate obesity (common) Macrocephaly, which may precede linear growth Exaggerated growth of the hands and feet with thick fingers and toes Coarse facial features, including frontal bossing and prognathism [emedicine.medscape.com]

  bossing, dental malocclusion, and interdental spacing are the other features which may be seen in such individuals. [doi.org]

• Irregular Menstruation

  irregular menstruation Vision changes In men: Decreased sexual interest Decreased peripheral vision Enlargement of breast tissue (gynecomastia) Headache Erection problems (impotence) Infertility Vision changes Symptoms caused by pressure from a larger [nlm.nih.gov]

• Headache

  Pubertal boys and prepubertal children complain about growth failure, visual impairment, and headaches, but the first category also experiences pubertal arrest. [symptoma.com]

  […] tumor may include: Headache Lethargy Nasal drainage Nausea and vomiting Problems with the sense of smell Vision changes, such as double vision, drooping eyelids or visual field loss There may be no symptoms, especially in men. [nlm.nih.gov]

  Signs and symptoms : Characteristic symptoms and signs caused by hyperpituitarism and associated mass effects include hirsutism, visual field loss, double vision, excessive sweating, decreased libido, lethargy, headache, and muscle weakness. [xpertdox.com]

  Symptoms and Signs The symptoms of the condition include headaches, double vision, excessive sweating, hoarseness, sleep apnea and muscle weakness. [medigest.uk]

  Headache. Changes in the menstrual cycle (in women clients), infertility. Decreased sexual libido. Muscle weakness, fatigue and lethargy. (Hotman Rumahardo, 2000: 39). Test and Diagnosis Serum prolactin levels ; ACTH, GH. CT - Scan / MRI. [purba-java-indo.blogspot.com]

• Peripheral Neuropathy

  The physician must also keep in mind the fact that these patients are prone to develop diabetes mellitus and peripheral neuropathies, as well as muscular and articular disorders, and conduct an active surveillance in this area. [symptoma.com]

  neuropathies (eg, carpal tunnel syndrome) Cardiovascular disease: Prolonged GH excess can result in cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, and left ventricular hypertrophy. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Hyperpituitarism workup should concentrate on detecting abnormal pituitary gland function based on whatever clinical findings the physician encounters. For instance, if hyperprolactinemia is suspected, serum prolactin should be measured several times if the obtained values are normal, but one determination is sufficient if a value above 200 ng/mL is found. A thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test can also be performed if a doubt exists, given that intravenous administration of TRH leads to an abrupt increase of prolactinemia 15 to 30 minutes later in normal individuals. Prolactinoma patients usually do not show this increase in prolactin serum levels.

A patient with an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - releasing adenoma should undergo a urinary free cortisol excretion measurement, as well as a plasma cortisol determination. The first test accurately measures the cortisol secretion rate, while the second one needs to be interpreted based on the time the blood sample was drawn, keeping in mind that cortisol levels are normally highest from 6 to 8 AM and decline during the day. The lack of variation suggests Cushing disease. Additional investigations include the dexamethasone suppression testing and the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation testing in uncertain cases.

When growth hormone oversecretion is suspected, the following tests should be ordered: serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) measurement, serum insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) dosage, and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). After 1.75-g/kg oral glucose ingestion (maximum 75g), the serum growth hormone level should decrease to less than 5 ng/dL within 3 hours in healthy individuals.

The presence of the pituitary adenoma itself may be revealed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium administration, what is considered to be the gold standard [9] [10].

• Hyperprolactinemia

  […] hormone hypersecretion Non-pregnancy related A-G syndrome Physiological hyperprolactinemia Pituitary stalk compression hyperprolactinemia Pregnancy hyperprolactinemia Pregnancy-related A-G syndrome Prepuberal hyperpituitarism Secondary hyperprolactinemia [icd9data.com]

  Hyperprolactinemia can reduce estrogen production. Although estrogen production may be restored after treatment for hyperprolactinemia, even a year or 2 without estrogen can compromise bone strength. [niddk.nih.gov]

  Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion All MeSH Categories Diseases Category Endocrine System Diseases Pituitary Diseases Hyperpituitarism Acromegaly Gigantism Hyperprolactinemia Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] check your overall health status understand what's happening to your body identify any nutritional deficiencies Similar conditions include hyperprolactinemia, hypothyroidism, sleep apnea and carpal tunnel syndrome. [diagnose-me.com]

  For instance, if hyperprolactinemia is suspected, serum prolactin should be measured several times if the obtained values are normal, but one determination is sufficient if a value above 200 ng/mL is found. [symptoma.com]

Surgical Care Transsphenoidal surgery is the treatment of choice for Cushing disease in children. [emedicine.medscape.com]

[edit] Treatment (for hyperpituitarism) in the case of prolactinoma consists of long-term medical management. [en.wikipedia.org]

Treatment for Hyperpituitarism Treatment can consist of pituitary microsurgery to remove tumor. [healthguidance.org]

Treatment regarding Hyperpituitarism Tips 1. Treatment can include pituitary microsurgery to take off tumor. 2. [pituitarytumors.wordpress.com]

Hypopituitary Treatment - Medical Treatment Medical treatment consists of hormone replacement therapy and treatment of the underlying cause. Medications Drugs used to treat hypopituitarism replace the deficient hormone. [annbyers.yolasite.com]

Prognosis The prognosis for an individual with either gigantism or acromegaly depends on how far the condition has advanced before successful treatment. Gigantism is generally not life-threatening, and the prognosis is usually good. [m.body-disease.com]

Determining of specific gene mutations at early diagnostic stage enables to establish proper prognosis and adjust the optimal treatment. [abstracts.eurospe.org]

Prognosis Because of the small number of people with gigantism, mortality and morbidity rates for this disease during childhood are unknown. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Although the prognosis depends on the causative factor, these ... Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009 [educalingo.com]

Prognosis The prognosis for hyperfunctioning pituitary tumors in children is very good. Medical therapy or transsphenoidal surgery are preferred methods of treatment. Radian S, Diekmann Y, Gabrovska P, et al. [emedicine.com]

[…] builder options Subheadings: analysis anatomy and histology blood cerebrospinal fluid chemically induced classification complications congenital diagnosis diagnostic imaging diet therapy drug therapy economics embryology enzymology epidemiology ethnology etiology [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

(See Etiology.) Regulation of the development of the mammalian anterior pituitary gland by transcription factors. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Etiology The hypersecretion of hGH that produces gigantism and acromegaly is typically due to benign, slow-growing glandular tumors, or adenomas, in the anterior pituitary. [m.body-disease.com]

Etiology Most cases occur sporadically. Some cases ( ∼ 5% ) have a genetic/familial association. [amboss.com]

Epidemiology Pituitary adenomas account for about 15% of primary intracranial tumors. Peak incidence : 35–60 years Prevalence : ∼ 80 cases per 100,000 individuals References: [1] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. [amboss.com]

1965) PubMed search builder options Subheadings: analysis anatomy and histology blood cerebrospinal fluid chemically induced classification complications congenital diagnosis diagnostic imaging diet therapy drug therapy economics embryology enzymology epidemiology [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Among the many highlights of the Fifth Edition are: * An extensively updated chapter on the cellular and molecular biology of the neuron* An expanded chapter on the epidemiology and genetics of neuropsychiatric disorders* An extensively revised and expanded [books.google.com]

The epidemiology of prolactinomas. Pituitary. 2005. 8:3-6. [Medline]. Colao A, Loche S, Cappabianca P. Pituitary adenomas in children and adolescents. Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies. [emedicine.com]

Gigantism begins before epiphyseal closure and causes proportional ... 4 Pathophysiology: Functional Alterations in Human Health Pathophysiology A form of hyperpituitarism, secretion of excessive growth hormone from the pituitary gland causes exaggerated [educalingo.com]

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 Carney syndrome Isolated familial acromegaly References: [2] Pathophysiology Pituitary adenomas are well circumscribed, intrasellar tumors with monomorphic, polygonal cells arranged in sheets or cords without any connective [amboss.com]

(See Pathophysiology and Etiology.) GH acts indirectly, by stimulating the formation of IGF hormones (also called somatomedins). [emedicine.medscape.com]

Pathophysiology [ edit ] The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain, and intimately connected with the hypothalamus. [en.wikipedia.org]

Pathophysiology Hypothalamic dysfunction clearly may promote tumor growth, but overwhelming evidence indicates intrinsic pituicyte genetic disruption leads to pituitary tumorigenesis. [emedicine.com]

Prevention There is no specific prevention for hyperpituitarism. Early treatment helps to prevent complications. [m.body-disease.com]

Prevention No way is known for preventing hyperpituitarism. Diagnosis Physical examination (to include visual-field exams) and patient history. [azsymptoms.com]

[…] imaging diet therapy drug therapy economics embryology enzymology epidemiology ethnology etiology genetics history immunology metabolism microbiology mortality nursing organization and administration parasitology pathology physiology physiopathology prevention [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Treatment and Prevention Treatment can consist of pituitary microsurgery to remove tumor ; pituitary radiation if surgery fails; gamma knife radiation treatment (a special type of focused radiation); bromocriptine (helps decrease growth hormone in some [diagnose-me.com]

Drug Uses Colchicine is used for treating and preventing pain associated with gouty arthritis. It may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor. How to use Use Colchicine as directed by your doctor. [cheap-rx.com]

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2. Chanson P, Salenave S. Acromegaly. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2008;3:17.
3. Sarment DP, Weisgold AS. The importance of dentistry in the differential diagnosis of a medical disorder. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 1998;19:124–126.
4. Cohen RB, Wilcox CW. A case of acromegaly identified after patient complaint of apertognathia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1993;75:583–586.
5. Lima DL, Montenegro RM, Jr, Vieira AP, et al. Absence of periodontitis in acromegalic patients. Clin Oral Investig. 2009;13:165–169.
6. Ayuk J, Sheppard MC. Growth hormone and its disorders. Postgrad Med J. 2006;82:24–30.
7. Nabarro JD. Acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol. 1987;26:481–512.
8. Colao A, Loche S, Cappabianca P. Pituitary adenomas in children and adolescents. Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies. The Endocrinologist. 2000;10:314-327.
9. Chaudhary V, Bano S. Imaging of pediatric pituitary endocrinopathies. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16(5):682-691.
10. Lonser RR, Ksendzovsky A, Wind JJ, et al. Prospective evaluation of the characteristics and incidence of adenoma-associated dural invasion in Cushing disease. J Neurosurg. 2012;116(2):272-279.