The aim of the present paper is to review present knowledge about the pathophysiology of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, especially with respect to novel treatment strategies and biomarkers that might enhance early detection of this disorder [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Trismus

  BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We describe the use of mandibular nerve block for the management of bilateral trismus associated with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Normal Hearing

  RESULTS: SEP to median nerve stimulation showed bilateral absence of the N20 component, while the N13 and P14 peaks were preserved; BAEP showed normal I-V interpeak latency and normal hearing threshold. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

All neonates with stroke had a negative thrombophilia workup. Neonates with stroke had a significantly higher incidence of seizures and increased initial platelet counts on univariate analysis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Cerebral Palsy Workup: Approach Considerations, Potentially Helpful Laboratory Tests, Cranial Imaging Studies. (2018, October 02). Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1179555-workup . [hiehelpcenter.org]

These guidelines did not address evidence needed for diagnosis of seizures, but were confined to suggestions as to which ASDs were to be considered as 1st-, 2nd- and 3rd-line treatments for seizures, and provided a suggested workup for the potential causes [karger.com]

Electroencephalography (EEG) - Standard and amplitude-integrated EEG Hearing test - An increased incidence of deafness has been found among infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy who require assisted ventilation Retinal and ophthalmic examination See Workup [emedicine.medscape.com]

The SBU assessment stated: "[t]here is limited evidence that either visually rated EEG or qEEG helps the diagnostic workup differentiate AD (Alzheimer’s Disease) patients from controls or AD from other dementia disorders." [aetna.com]

• Burst Suppression

  Abstract In the prediction of neurological sequelae after hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in the newborn, the electroencephalogram (EEG) burst suppression pattern (BS) and subcortical leukomalacia can mean grave neurodevelopmental problems will [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  “Burst suppression or generalized epileptiform discharges on EEG predicted poor outcomes but with insufficient prognostic accuracy” NB. [litfl.com]

  Distinct neurophysiological phenomena such as seizures and burst suppression were detected and studied in association to underlying HIE. [repository.cam.ac.uk]

• Periodic Lateralized Epileptiform Discharges

  Gloor et al 29 reviewed postmortem examinations of patients with periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges and saw gray matter lesions only, and metabolic or electrophysiologic etiologies were also implicated in GPDs. 30, 31 These findings suggest [ajnr.org]

  We identified all cardiac arrest patients treated at King's College Hospital between 2011-2014 who developed hypoxic encephalopathy associated with GPEDs, BiPLEDs (bilateral periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges), and periodic discharges on first [researchgate.net]

  A number of patterns suggest a poor prognosis. 39 These include: generalized electrical suppression or burst suppression; unresponsive α-, θ- or δ-rhythms; periodic patterns (periodic lateralized, bilateral or synchronous epileptiform discharges); the [academic.oup.com]

Further research is needed to better understand if the long-term impact of the experimental treatments and whether the combinations of experimental treatments can improve outcomes in infants with HIE. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prognosis relates to the severity of the hemorrhage as well as any preceding hypoxic-ischemic insults and the subsequent occurrence of hydrocephalus. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

EEG monitoring and MRI are important tools in determining the etiology of encephalopathy and prognosis of the infant. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Etiology and prognosis of alpha coma. Neurology 1988;38:773-7. [ PUBMED ] 5. Kaplan PW, Genoud D, Ho TW, Jallon P. Etiology, neurologic correlations, and prognosis in alpha coma. Clin Neurophysiol 1999;110:205-13. [ PUBMED ] 6. [neurologyindia.com]

When BISi < 10, a neurological etiology death dominated independent of cardiac risk group. [researchgate.net]

KEYWORDS: all epilepsy / seizures; childhood stroke; cohort studies; epilepsy; risk factors in epidemiology [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Post-cardiac arrest syndrome: epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognostication. [cambridge.org]

In comparison, epidemiologic studies have suggested that 70% of causation is related to chronic antenatal factors. [doi.org]

In this article, we review the epidemiology and pathophysiology of seizures in the critically ill, various seizure monitoring modalities, and recommended medical therapy. [mdpi.com]

Understanding pathophysiology of the brain damage is essential for the early detection of patients with high risk for HIE and development of strategies for their treatments. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Application of this knowledge will allow us to identify strategies for early intervention and prevent the course of damage caused by hypoxic-ischemic injury. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This pace and duration prevents reperfusion injury, which can occur when normal oxygen and flood flow restore too rapidly to brain cells. Hypothermia therapy stabilizes brain cells and prevents, or at least limits, inflammation. [news-medical.net]