Infantile gastroenteritis presentation widely varies depending on its etiology and severity. In viral gastroenteritis, most often caused by rotavirus, there is low fever, vomiting, and water-like stools. Most rotavirus patients are younger than 2 years [1]. Blood is absent in the fecal matter.

Severe abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea point to a bacterial etiology.

The existence of dehydration should be thoroughly assessed. Important clinical indicators are low blood pressure, tachycardia, thready pulse, significant weight loss, dry mucous membranes, and oliguria. The consciousness state may be decreased in severely affected infants.

The physician should inquire about the types of food the patient has ingested, which may point to a specific pathogen: dairy products may contain Staphylococcus, Campylobacter, Listeria or Salmonella species. Meat can be infected by Clostridium perfringens, Aeromonas, Staphylococcus and Salmonella or Campylobacter species, while seafood intake may lead to astrovirus, Vibrio, Aeromonas or Plesiomonas species infection. If symptoms occur sooner than 6 hours after ingestion, a preformed toxin, like those produced by Bacillus or Staphylococcus should be suspected. Nosocomial infection of various types has also been documented [2].

Aeromonas induces acute watery diarrhea or a more severe, cholera-like illness, with blood present in the stool [3]. Bacillus cereus causes precocious emetic syndrome that usually resolves within 24 hours [4] and watery diarrhea accompanied by severe cramps [5]. Campylobacter infection is characterized by a pre-diarrhea period, with fever, myalgia and abdominal pain [6]. Clostridium difficile may be complicated by pseudomembranous colitis [7]. Escherichia coli leads to enteritis that may progress to hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome [8]. Diarrhea usually lasts for 1 to 3 days and is accompanied by headache, dizziness, lymphadenopathy, rash and myalgia [9]. Nontyphoidal Salmonella infection is characterized by diarrhea that usually lasts less than a week, but may lead to extraintestinal complications, such as urinary tract infections, osteomyelitis or arthritis. Salmonella typhi is the etiological agent of typhoid fever, a condition with diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, headaches and rose spots. Bloody stools may be present both in Salmonella [10] and Shigella patients [11]. Cholera is described as afebrile, watery, painless diarrhea. A more severe form, cholera gravis may give rise to an immense liquid loss which rapidly progresses to severe dehydration and death [12]. Yersinia enterocolitica can be the causative agent of terminal ileitis and mesenteric lymphadenitis and may mimic appendicitis [13]. Complaints may persist up to one year in Yersinia infection [14]. The physician should inquire about associated symptoms of parasitic infections, like anal pruritus, that may be accompanied by diarrhea.

• Pain

  Additionally, abdominal pain can be referred pain, which can complicate the clinical picture even further. [nursing.com]

  […] endemic viral gastroenteritis of young children (6 months-12 years) that is especially widespread during winter, caused by strains of rotavirus (family Reoviridae); the incubation period is 2-4 days, with symptoms lasting 3-5 days, including abdominal pain [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Diagnosis Acute Pain Outcomes Patient will report a decrease of pain. [rnpedia.com]

  The symptoms that usually appear with the infantile gastroenteritis are similar to which occurs in adults with the same virus, that is, that our son can suffer nausea, vomiting, fever, dizziness, abdominal pain and episodes of diarrhea. [parenthotline.net]

• Inflammation

  It is inflammation of the stomach mucosa and bowel mucosa. It is an irritation and inflammation of the whole digestive tract of our children. [parenthotline.net]

  Allergic inflammation in the skin and gastrointestinal tract was clearly distinguished by both CTACK and TSLP. [jacionline.org]

  Acute gastritis is caused due to sudden and severe inflammation of the stomach lining. If gastritis continues for a prolonged period, it becomes chronic in nature. [nandadiagnosis.blogspot.com]

  Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the stomach and the small bowel, Gastroenteritis (also called intestinal flu, traveler's diarrhea, viral enteritis, and food poisoning) is an inflammation of the stomach and small intestine that is self-limiting. [nurse-thought.blogspot.com]

• Weakness

  She is very weak. The current laboratory results are Na+ 128 mEq/L, K+ 3.0 mEq/L, Cl− 90 mEq/L. The physician orders IV of 0.9% normal saline solution at 100 mL/hr, NPO, and I & O. [homeworklib.com]

  Because of this there will be fast consumption of ATP leading to weaker contractions thus causing muscle weakness. And if the patient has muscle weakness there will be activity intolerance. [rnpedia.com]

  He is consistent and precise in identifying strength and weakness of the matter. Read More Choose from our most consulted lawyers across India and get instant legal advice. [legistify.com]

  General Diseases (fever, cough and cold), blood pressure and diabetes, eye infection, weakness, itching, antenatal care (ANC), gastroenteritis, hypertension, body pain, and skin diseases are the top ten diseases in the descending order which have been [smilefoundationindia.org]

  We report the first Norwegian case, an 80-year-old man presenting with progressive weakness, dyspnea and dizziness. With the exception of hypersedimentation, routine chemistry values were within reference limits. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Malaise

  […] dehydration and loss of crucial electrolytes, which can lead to shock, vascular collapse, renal failure Assessment Nursing Care Plans for gastroenteritis acute onset of diarrhea accompanied by abdominal pain and discomfort cramping, nausea, and vomiting malaise [nurse-thought.blogspot.com]

  […] patients of all ages; in the United States, viruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis. [1] Viral gastroenteritis ranges from a self-limited watery diarrheal illness (usually <1 wk) associated with symptoms of nausea, vomiting, anorexia, malaise [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Clinical symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, malaise, and vomiting, though vomiting is less common in astrovirus infection than in rotavirus or calicivirus infections [ 11, 22 ]. [bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com]

• Apyrexia

  Pediatrics, Centro Hospitalar Tâmega e Sousa Keywords: Benign entity, afebrile seizures, children, acute gastroenteritis, rotavirus Abstract Introduction: Benign afebrile convulsions associated with mild acute gastroenteritis are seizures that occur in apyrexia [revistas.rcaap.pt]

• Diarrhea

  Bacillus cereus causes precocious emetic syndrome that usually resolves within 24 hours and watery diarrhea accompanied by severe cramps. Campylobacter infection is characterized by a pre-diarrhea period, with fever, myalgia and abdominal pain. [symptoma.com]

  Diarrhea occurred in 41 of 165 infants (25%), with probable nosocomial acquisition in 26 patients. Two infants each had two episodes of diarrhea, and one had three. A putative pathogen was found in 31 of 45 case episodes (69%). [jpeds.com]

  Blood samples were extracted from each child with diarrhea, in the acute and convalescence period, complement fixing antibodies being measured with antigen of Nebraska Calf Diarrhea Virus (NCDV). [nature.com]

  Part III examines the epidemiological relationship between malnutrition and chronic diarrhea in infants and children. Part IV focuses on the diagnosis and dietary and pharmacological management of chronic diarrhea. [books.google.de]

• Vomiting

  […] by the picture of vomiting and diarrhea, in addition to the appearance of the fever produced by the viral character of the infantile gastroenteritis. [parenthotline.net]

  The occurrence of vomiting is controlled by the vomiting center in the central nervous system (brain) us. Vomiting occurs when there are certain conditions that stimulate the vomiting center. [nanda-health.blogspot.com]

  […] of young children (6 months-12 years) that is especially widespread during winter, caused by strains of rotavirus (family Reoviridae); the incubation period is 2-4 days, with symptoms lasting 3-5 days, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, and vomiting [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  She has been vomiting and having severe diarrhea for 2... 36-year-old client was admitted with gastroenteritis. She has been vomiting and having severe diarrhea for 2 days. She is very weak. [homeworklib.com]

• Abdominal Pain

  Reoviridae); the incubation period is 2-4 days, with symptoms lasting 3-5 days, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, and vomiting. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Abdominal pain can be classified as either acute or chronic. [nursing.com]

  The symptoms that usually appear with the infantile gastroenteritis are similar to which occurs in adults with the same virus, that is, that our son can suffer nausea, vomiting, fever, dizziness, abdominal pain and episodes of diarrhea. [parenthotline.net]

  Severe abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea point to a bacterial etiology. The existence of dehydration should be thoroughly assessed. [symptoma.com]

• Nausea

  Imbalanced Nutrition, Less Than Body Requirements related to nausea and vomiting. Intervention Diagnosis 1 Imbalanced Nutrition, Less Than Body Requirements related to nausea and vomiting. [free-nursingcareplan.blogspot.com]

  Other symptoms of gastroenteritis include: vomiting nausea stomach cramps headaches a high temperature (fever) of 38–39C (100.4–102.2F) Symptoms of dehydration include: tiredness apathy (a lack of emotion or enthusiasm) dizziness nausea headaches muscle [care-plan.blogspot.com]

  The feeling that one is about to vomit is called nausea; it often precedes, but does not always lead to vomiting. Antiemetics are sometimes necessary to suppress nausea and vomiting. [en.wikipedia.org]

  […] symptoms were there, but you were ignoring them. you have to deal in facts. because you assumed "taking medications with empty stomach causes irritation in her gastric lining that make her feel nauseated and was like to vomit" you missed a valuable clue--nausea [allnurses.com]

  The symptoms that usually appear with the infantile gastroenteritis are similar to which occurs in adults with the same virus, that is, that our son can suffer nausea, vomiting, fever, dizziness, abdominal pain and episodes of diarrhea. [parenthotline.net]

• Constipation

  View Video Clinical Pediatric Practice Guidelines - About.com Health Such as constipation, jaundice, seizures, gastroenteritis, Pediatric practice guidelines for health professionals concerning treating common conditions, such as constipation, jaundice [nursingdiagnosiszabude.blogspot.com]

  Therefore, it’s essential to proactively address issues like nausea, vomiting, constipation, and diarrhea as clinically appropriate. [nursing.com]

  nursing care plan for pain, nursing care plan for hypertension, nursing care plan for pneumonia, nursing care plan for anxiety, nursing care plan for diabetes, nursing care plan for constipation, nursing care plan for anemia, nursing care plan for copd [nandanursingdiagnosis88.blogspot.com]

  "Proposition d'un diagnostic infirmier: constipation colique chronique chez la personne âgée" [Proposition for nursing diagnosis. Chronic colonic constipation in the elderly]. Soins (in French) (584): 30–4. PMID 8029726. [en.wikipedia.org]

  Subsequent articles will deal with: diagnosis and management of type 1 diabetes in children; the asthma emergency; treatment of UTIs; paediatric arthritis; palliative care of the dying child; epilepsy in children; severe constipation in infants and young [inmo.ie]

• Cyanosis

  […] seizures Isolated brief Normal No Normal psychomotor development 12 M 26 m 75 m − Fixed gaze, oculocephalic deviation Cluster (four brief seizures) Normal Yes (posterior rhythmic slow waves) Normal psychomotor development 13 M 9 m 23 m + Fixed gaze, cyanosis [seizure-journal.com]

• Ulcer

  However, a narrow SMA angle alone is not enough to make a diagnosis, because patients with a low BMI, Gastroenteritis; Peptic (gastric) ulcer. [nursingdiagnosiszabude.blogspot.com]

  Alcohol, pernicious anemia, bacterial and viral infections, high consumption of spicy foods, and peptic ulcer disease are the main factors that cause gastritis. [nandadiagnosis.blogspot.com]

  If the diarrhea is considered to be part of an ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, a colonoscopy may be indicated. This procedure sometimes visualizes pseudomembranes in Clostridium difficile infection. [symptoma.com]

  The most common causes of acute abdomen are: Gastrointestinal tract abnormalities: non-specific pain, appendicitis, infection of the small intestine and colon, strangulated hernias, peptic ulcer perforation, perforation of the bowel, Meckel diverticulitis [nurses-nanda.blogspot.com]

  Epithelial-derived IL-33 and its receptor ST2 are dysregulated in ulcerative colitis and in experimental Th1/Th2 driven enteritis. [jacionline.org]

• Back Pain

  […] nursing diagnosis borderline personality disorder, nanda nursing diagnosis burns, nanda nursing diagnosis bronchiolitis, nanda nursing diagnosis bronchitis, nanda nursing diagnosis body image disturbed, nanda nursing diagnosis bph, nanda nursing diagnosis back [bipboppingdays.blogspot.com]

  CASE REPORT A 53-year-old man presented in May 2007 with a history of nonspecific back pain for at least half a year. The pain became so sharp during the month prior to admission that the patient had to lie in bed and could not turn over. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Seizure

  […] clonic seizures Cluster (two brief seizures) Normal No Repeated gastroenteritis without seizures 16 M 11 m 59 m + Cephalic deviation follow by generalized clonic seizures Isolated brief Normal No Normal psychomotor development 17 F 21 m 60 m − Fixed [seizure-journal.com]

  In 26 patients with CwG due to rotavirus, duration of seizures was not correlated with the type of anticonvulsant used. [ 1 ] COMMENT. [pediatricneurologybriefs.com]

  Homepage Rare diseases Search Search for a rare disease Benign infantile seizures associated with mild gastroenteritis Disease definition Benign infantile seizures associated with mild gastroenteritis is a rare infantile epilepsy syndrome characterized [orpha.net]

  抄録 Purpose: This study sought to determine the appropriate choice of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) for seizures during the acute phase in patients with benign infantile seizures with mild gastroenteritis (BISMG). [jstage.jst.go.jp]

• Convulsions

  In patients with convulsion with mild gastroenteritis. [seizure-journal.com]

  […] of toxic encephalopathy, and 2 cases of hypocalcemia convulsion. [cjcnn.org]

  Borderland of childhood epilepsy-special reference to febrile convulsions and so-called infantile convulsions. Seishin Igaku. 1963; 5 (): 211-223 Aurelius E. Johansson B. Skoldenberg B. Staland A. Forsgren M. [brainanddevelopment.com]

  We believe that individualized approach is needed in the management of rotavirus gastroenteritis with afebrile convulsion. Keywords: Afebrile convulsion | Rotavirus gastroenteritis [kjp.or.kr]

  Benign infantile convulsions with gastroenteritis, first described in Japan in 1982, occur in infants 6 months to 3 years of age. [pediatricneurologybriefs.com]

• Headache

  Diarrhea usually lasts for 1 to 3 days and is accompanied by headache, dizziness, lymphadenopathy, rash and myalgia. [symptoma.com]

  Other symptoms of gastroenteritis include: vomiting nausea stomach cramps headaches a high temperature (fever) of 38–39C (100.4–102.2F) Symptoms of dehydration include: tiredness apathy (a lack of emotion or enthusiasm) dizziness nausea headaches muscle [care-plan.blogspot.com]

  Some viral causes may also be associated with fever, fatigue, headache, and muscle pain. If the stool is bloody, the cause is less likely to be viral and more likely to be bacterial. [nanda-list.blogspot.com]

  You might also have stomach pain, cramping, fever, nausea, and a headache. Because of diarrhea and vomiting, you also can become dehydrated. [webmd.com]

  Symptoms associated with astrovirus include: diarrhea headache mild dehydration stomach pain The virus usually affects people in late winter and early spring. [healthline.com]

• Insomnia

  Insomnia 4 2,2 Physical exercise 1. Impaired physical mobility 6 3,3 Physical Integrity 1. Impaired skin integrity 2. Neonatal jaundice 28 1 15,2 0,5 Thermal Regulation 1. Ineffective thermoregulation 2. [objnursing.uff.br]

• Burning Sensation

  Symptoms of Gastritis : Upper abdominal pain or dyspepsia, Nausea, Vomiting, Belching, Acid reflux, Bloating, Indigestion, Loss of appetite, Bad breath, Feeling of fullness in upper abdomen, Concentrated burning sensation in upper abdomen, Passing of [nandadiagnosis.blogspot.com]

In cases where physical examination suggests a bacterial, protozoal or parasitic infection, laboratory tests are required in order to elucidate the etiology. In all situations where dehydration signs are observed, the physician should evaluate the gravity of the condition by ordering complete blood cell count, serum electrolytes, urea, and creatinine.

Clinical judgment indicates what tests may be necessary for a specific patient. Giardia lamblia is identified by enzyme immunoassay. Rapid antigen stool testing may highlight the presence of rotavirus, while polymerase chain reaction is used in calicivirus infection. Human astrovirus genotyping is possible in selected cases [15]. The stool should be examined for parasite ova and larvae [16], as well as leukocytes, that signify enteroinvasive infection. Bacterial cultures are extremely valuable [17] and should always be performed if the patient is febrile. Cultures for Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Shigella should be obtained if white or red blood cells are identified in the stool. Escherichia coli is identified if the stool is cultured on a specific environment such as a chromogenic media [18]. This is method valuable in Yersinia [19], Salmonella [20] and Vibrio [21] species, as well. A blood agar plate is useful for the detection of Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp. and Plesiomonas spp. Campylobacter should be cultured on blood-free charcoal-cefoperazone-deoxycholate agar or Skirrow medium [22] or it can be identified using its characteristic Gram stain morphology. Antibiotic susceptibility testing is indicated in infants younger than 6 months or immunocompromised children, as well as those with prolonged evolution.

If the diarrhea is considered to be part of an ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, a colonoscopy may be indicated. This procedure sometimes visualizes pseudomembranes in Clostridium difficile infection. If this microorganism is identified, the physician should keep in mind and monitor the risk of developing toxic megacolon [23], intestinal perforation [24], renal failure or septic shock.

After 8 hours on parenteral treatment, the child was given oral solution, either glucose-electrolyte solution or milk formula in ¼ dilution. [paediatricaindonesiana.org]

We recommend 1 day of treatment with low-dose carbamazepine as the first-line treatment for BISMG. The unnecessary use of AEDs for BISMG should be avoided after the acute phase because seizures in BISMG rarely recur. [jstage.jst.go.jp]

In 8 patients with CwG due to norovirus, treatment with the anticonvulsant carbamazepine (serum level 5.4 +/- 1.1 mg/dl) significantly shortened duration of seizures as compared to treatment with phenobarbital. [pediatricneurologybriefs.com]

Abstract BACKGROUND: Standard treatment of infants who are dehydrated as a result of acute gastroenteritis is to administer oral rehydration therapy (ORT). [bjgp.org]

The prognosis is good. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2014.03.019 Keywords Gastroenteritis; Seizures, febrile; Encephalitis, viral; Child [cjcnn.org]

The interictal EEG is normal, response to anticonvulsants is variable, often poor, but the prognosis is favorable. The entity is reported mainly in Asia, and outbreaks are rare in the US and Europe. [pediatricneurologybriefs.com]

They are characterized by brief generalized seizure or seizures in cluster, normal laboratory findings and good prognosis. We believe that individualized approach is needed in the management of rotavirus gastroenteritis with afebrile convulsion. [kjp.or.kr]

Prognosis of the neurological complications of acute hypernatraemia. Lancet. 1967 Dec 30;2(7531):1385–1389. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Ramsay AM. Acute infective diarrhoea. Br Med J. 1968 May 11;2(5601):347–350. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prognosis is very poor in secondary PCL. [cancernetwork.com]

Severe abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea point to a bacterial etiology. The existence of dehydration should be thoroughly assessed. [symptoma.com]

No wardwide etiologic pattern was evident, but minirotavirus or calicivirus or both were associated with diarrhea in 20 patients, accompanied by vomiting in 15 of these infants. [jpeds.com]

This finding should provide additional evidence for the etiologic role of calicivirus in acute infantile gastroenteritis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The difficulties in assessing the value of chemotherapeutic agents in such a disease as infantile gastroenteritis, of varied and as yet not thoroughly understood etiology, are not unexpected. [jamanetwork.com]

The concussed data on various etiological agents of gastroenteritis was limited in the journals. This article is an attempt to put forth the varied etiology of gastroenteritis as a disease. [atmph.org]

Serological studies of a diagnostic but not epidemiological nature may also be performed with equal facility by this same test scheme using highly purified IGV antigen derived from stool. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

European Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 21, Issue. 2, p. 161. CrossRef Google Scholar Desselberger, Ulrich Wolleswinkel-van den Bosch, Judith Mrukowicz, Jacek Rodrigo, Carlos Giaquinto, Carlo and Vesikari, Timo 2006. [cambridge.org]

Epidemiology and clinical features of rotavirus and norovirus infection among children in Ji'nan, China. Virol J, 2013; 10(1): 302. Chen CJ, Lartey B,A gbemabiese C, Armah G et al. The Epidemiology of Noroviruses in Ghana. [ejmm.edu.eg]

Lesson Print Pathophysiology Abdominal pain can be a very minor issue that is easily resolved, or a medical emergency. There are many different things that can cause abdominal pain, whose pathophysiology can differ widely. [nursing.com]

[…] nursing process when care planning. step 1 assessment - collect data from medical record, do a physical assessment of the patient, assess adl's, look up information about your patient's medical diseases/conditions to learn about the signs and symptoms and pathophysiology [allnurses.com]

Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 16. Updated by: Michael M. [medlineplus.gov]

[citation needed] Pathophysiology Receptors on the floor of the fourth ventricle of the brain represent a chemoreceptor trigger zone, known as the area postrema, stimulation of which can lead to vomiting. [en.wikipedia.org]

Pathophysiology The 2 primary mechanisms responsible for acute gastroenteritis are: There is damage to the villous brush border of the intestine, causing malabsorption of intestinal contents and leading to an osmotic diarrhea. [nurseslabs.com]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Advisory Committee Recommends New Vaccine to Prevent Rotavirus. [Full Text]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [medscape.com]

Special attention is given to the prevention and treatment of these diseases found in developing countries as well as the latest findings about new antimicrobial agents, gram-negative infections and their management, and recommendations for immunization [books.google.de]

To prevent dehydration & maintain hydration status. Provide frequent oral care To prevent from dryness Administer Intravenous fluids as prescribed To deliver fluids accurately and at desired rates. Determine effects of age. [rnpedia.com]

Prevent infection Abdominal pain may have been caused by a pathogen (gastroenteritis, for example). It is essential to promote adequate hand hygiene and infection prevention to prevent the spread to others or preventing the issue from resolving. [nursing.com]

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