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To identify infectious etiologies of encephalitis in Thailand, we conducted surveillance in 7 hospitals during July 2003–August 2005 and selected patients with acute onset of brain dysfunction with fever or hypothermia and with abnormalities seen on neuroimages [wwwnc.cdc.gov]

RESULTS: Fourteen of the 25 antibodies tested showed binding to Western blots of human nervous tissue, suggesting the presence of shared epitopes. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Louis encephalitis virus infection, suggesting that neurologic illness from flaviviruses may also be seen in the post-infectious period following mild clinical illness. Received April 9, 2004. Accepted June 24, 2004. [neurology.org]

[…] within the 72 h before or after presentation - Generalized or partial seizures not fully attributable to a pre-existing seizure disorder - New onset of focal neurologic findings - CSF WBC count 5/cubic mm - Abnormality of brain parenchyma on neuroimaging suggestive [clinmedjournals.org]

The two patients with NMDAR-Abs presented neurological and psychiatric symptoms typical of NMDAR-Abs encephalitis. CONCLUSIONS: Autoimmune etiology seems to be rare (less than 2%) in patients with acute febrile encephalitis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Movement disorders, psychiatric symptoms, agitation, speech dysfunction, cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands, MRI limbic encephalitis, and clinical relapse were more common in patients with autoantibodies. [pediatrics.aappublications.org]

Bacteria can also be incriminated: Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Listeria monocytogenes are the most frequent, after HSV and VZV, in a French prospective study. The epidemiology of encephalitis is constantly evolving. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Causative agents were identified in 52% of cases in the study, and 38% in PMSI ( P Listeria monocytogenes and Mycobacterium tuberculosis were less frequent in PMSI than in the study ( Listeria : 2% vs. 5%, P 0·001; Mycobacterium : 2% vs. 8%, P Listeria [cambridge.org]

Nonviral causes can include bacteria (including Borrelia burgdorferi, Coxiella burnetii, Rickettsia rickettsii, Erlichia chaffeensis, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis) as well as parasites (Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma brucei, Plasmodium [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]

METHODS: Binding of 25 antibodies against 17 neurotropic pathogens comprising Borrelia burgdorferi, Toxoplasma gondii, and various DNA and RNA viruses to Western blots of human cortex and myelin from central and peripheral nervous system was investigated [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Nonviral causes can include bacteria (including Borrelia burgdorferi, Coxiella burnetii, Rickettsia rickettsii, Erlichia chaffeensis, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis) as well as parasites (Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma brucei, Plasmodium [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]

Because of animal exposure and insect contact, Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., Bartonella, Coxiella burnetii, Anaplasma/Ehrlichia, Brucella, and Toxoplasma (serum and CFS) tests were performed and were negative. [virologyj.biomedcentral.com]

Nonviral causes can include bacteria (including Borrelia burgdorferi, Coxiella burnetii, Rickettsia rickettsii, Erlichia chaffeensis, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis) as well as parasites (Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma brucei, Plasmodium [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]

Brain MRI is more sensitive than CT for identifying parenchymal gray or white matter lesions, and should be performed to exclude tumor, abscess, hemorrhage or other intracranial disease that can mimic encephalitis. [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]

HPeV3 causes necrotic white matter lesions indistinguishable from periventricular leukomalacia. [neuropathology-web.org]

Radiological investigations Computed tomography (CT) of the brain in ADEM can be normal but often shows non-specific, low attenuation subcortical white matter lesions that may or may not enhance. [jnnp.bmj.com]