Table 1: Diagnostic Criteria for Encephalitis and Encephalopathy of Presumed Infectious or Autoimmune Aetiology (extracted from Venkatesan et al. [2] ) Major Criterion (required): Patients presenting to medical attention with altered mental status (defined [clinmedjournals.org]

In this manuscript, the authors report their experience with 2 patients who presented with herpes simplex virus requiring surgical decompression resulting in excellent neurocognitive outcomes. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Encephalitis and meningitis may exist together; one clinical presentation may predominate, or findings of both may be present (meningoencephalitis). Altered mental status is the key physical finding. [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]

• Hypothermia

  To identify infectious etiologies of encephalitis in Thailand, we conducted surveillance in 7 hospitals during July 2003–August 2005 and selected patients with acute onset of brain dysfunction with fever or hypothermia and with abnormalities seen on neuroimages [wwwnc.cdc.gov]

Should there be a standardised approach to the diagnostic workup of suspected adult encephalitis? A case series from Australia. BMC Infect Dis. 2010 Dec 15;10:353. PMC3018438. Irani SR, Vincent A. [lifeinthefastlane.com]

Finding the causative agent in infectious encephalitis is a daunting task; despite extensive diagnostic workup 1/3 to 2/3 of the cases have an unknown etiology by the time of admission to rehabilitation. 1 Etiological agents differ between immunocompetent [now.aapmr.org]

The interest of a diagnosis of encephalitis for which there is no specific treatment is also to discontinue any empirical treatments initially prescribed. Physicians must consider and search for autoimmune encephalitis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Anti-infective agents Choice of treatment varies widely based on suspected or confirmed etiologic agent. Please see Table II for treatment options. Table II. Treatment options and adjunctive therapies for specific organisms. [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]

Treatments for encephalitis Encephalitis needs to be treated in a hospital. The earlier treatment is started, the more successful it's likely to be. [nhsdirect.wales.nhs.uk]

Treatments for Encephalitis The type of treatment a child receives for Encephalitis depends on the individual case. [edendoratrust.org]

Prognosis Encephalitis causes high rates of illness and death. [ 1 ] The prognosis depends on the age of the patient and the underlying aetiology. [patient.info]

In addition, even experienced physicians often are uncertain about the cause, appropriate therapy, and prognosis. [pedsinreview.aappublications.org]

What should you tell the family about the patient's prognosis? The most predictive factor for prognosis in patients with encephalitis is the severity of disease. [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]

Worse prognosis if: extremes of age ( 55y) comorbidities immunodeficiency virulent organism References and links LITFL Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis (CCC) HSV encephalitis (CCC) Journal articles Armangue T, Leypoldt F, Dalmau J. [lifeinthefastlane.com]

[…] autoimmune, certain medication, unknown [2] Diagnostic method Based on symptoms, supported by blood tests, medical imaging, analysis of cerebrospinal fluid [2] Treatment Antiviral medication, anticonvulsants, corticosteroids, artificial respiration [1] Prognosis [en.wikipedia.org]

etiology in 56 (34%) patients. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Among patients for whom etiology was confirmed/probable, the etiologic pathogen was potentially treatable for 48%. [wwwnc.cdc.gov]

The epidemiology of encephalitis is constantly evolving. Epidemiological data may indicate the emergence and/or dissemination of new causative agents. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Epidemiology and Infection, Vol. 143, Issue. 15, p. 3300. CrossRef Google Scholar Venkatesan, Arun 2015. Epidemiology and outcomes of acute encephalitis. Current Opinion in Neurology, Vol. 28, Issue. 3, p. 277. [cambridge.org]

(Epidemiology of encephalitis cases from California 1998-2005.) Clinical guidelines Tunkel, AR, Glaser, CA, Bloch, KC, Sejvar, JJ, Marra, CM, Roos, KL, Hartman, BJ, Kaplan, SL, Scheld, WM, Whitley, RJ. [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]

Sources http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Encephalitis/Pages/Introduction.aspx https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/factsheets/pdf/Encephalitis.pdf http://www.idsociety.org/uploadedFiles/IDSA/Guidelines-Patient_Care/PDF_Library/Encephalitis.pdf http:/ [news-medical.net]

Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Encephalitis in Adults: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Neurotherapeutics. 2016; 13(3): 493-508. PubMed George BP, Schneider EB, Venkatesan A. [arupconsult.com]

Autoimmune Encephalitis Classification Autoimmune encephalitis Autoimmune encephalitis Diagnosis Autoimmune Encephalitis Pathophysiology [news-medical.net]

Its incidence in children was 0.2/100,000 – 0.4/100,000 in the published studies. 6 Patho-anatomy/physiology Pathophysiology of the disease depends on the infecting agent. [now.aapmr.org]

[…] soon as the diagnosis is suspected Always consider epidemiological factors that may indicate an unusual cause of encephalitis (e.g. arboviruses and zoonoses), especially in Australia Encephalitis is commonly fatal or results in significant morbidity PATHOPHYSIOLOGY [lifeinthefastlane.com]

Clinical symptoms: Fever and headaches may persist for 7-10 days, Pathophysiology Invasion of the CNS via 5 steps: Colonization of the nasopharynx by adhesion to the mucosa. [clinicaladvisor.com]

What can travelers do to prevent Japanese encephalitis? Travelers can protect themselves from JE by getting JE vaccine and preventing mosquito bites. [dartmouth-hitchcock.org]

The dissemination and emergence of causative agents are fostered by environmental, social, and economical changes, but prevention programs (vaccination, vector controls) help reduce the incidence of other infectious diseases and associated encephalitis [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

How can encephalitis be prevented? The way to prevent encephalitis is to prevent the viral illness that can lead to a complication like encephalitis. [vdh.virginia.gov]

How can encephalitis be prevented? Varicella, measles, mumps, and influenza can be prevented with vaccine. HIV encephalitis is decreased in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]

Can Encephalitis Be Prevented? Encephalitis can't be prevented, but you can avoid the illnesses that may lead to it. Immunizations protect kids from many common childhood illnesses. So follow the immunization schedule recommended by your doctor. [kidshealth.org]