Case presentation A 48-year-old Chinese woman presented with polydipsia and polyuria in January 2011. [bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com]

Case Presentation Herein, a 10-year old girl with abnormal face and dentition is presented. She has suffered from diabetes mellitus type I since she was 6 years old. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Diabetes tends to develop in the second decade (although some children have presented with diabetes within their first year). [diapedia.org]

Someone with double diabetes will always have type 1 diabetes present but the effects of insulin resistance can be reduced somewhat. [diabetes.co.uk]

The oral intake of probiotics and synbiotics as co-adjuvants for the prevention and treatment of obesity, IRS, T2D and NAFLD is partially supported by the data shown in the present review. [mdpi.com]

• Malaise

  […] ketosisケトーシス、ケトン症 Kussmaul's breathingク［ー］スマウル［大］呼吸〈糖尿病性大呼吸〉 l ligation 結紮 lipolysis脂肪分解 lipoproteinリポ蛋白［質］、リポプロテイン low-density lipoprotein (LDL)低比重リポ蛋白 luteinizing hormone-releasinghormone (LH-RH)LH放出ホルモン m macular edema (ME)黄斑浮腫 malabsorption吸収不良 malaise [tokyo-med.ac.jp]

• Pneumonia

  The patient was diagnosed with pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. When the patient's plasma glucose level was 22.5 mmol/l, her plasma C-peptide level was 0.9 nmol/l and her serum insulin level was 294 pmol/l. [nature.com]

  Diabetes increases a person's risk of blindness, kidney disease, heart disease and stroke, disorders of the nervous system, complications during pregnancy, and dental problems; it also worsens the prognosis for such infectious diseases as influenza or pneumonia [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Blurred Vision

  And if your blood sugar is high, you might notice the signs and symptoms of diabetes — such as increased thirst and urination, fatigue, and blurred vision. [mayoclinic.org]

  High Fasting Blood Sugar If you have very high blood sugar, then you might experience the signs and symptoms of diabetes like increased thirst, increased urination, fatigue and blurred vision. [draxe.com]

  Symptoms may include increased thirst and urination, constant hunger, weight loss, blurred vision, and extreme fatigue. [omicsonline.org]

• Arthritis

  This inflammation promotes arthritis, pain, heart disease, diabetes, and other conditions. [greenmountainhealth.com]

  Arthritis Rheum 48 : 1067–1070 16. Fareau GG et al. (2007) Regression of acanthosis nigricans correlates with disappearance of anti-insulin receptor autoantibodies and achievement of euglycemia in type B insulin resistance syndrome. [nature.com]

  Arthritis Rheum 57: 109-115,2007 ［YM 追加］ 13） Vazquez-Mellado J, Garcia CG, Vazquez SG, et al: Metabolic syndrome and ischemic heart disease in gout. [minds.jcqhc.or.jp]

  Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:1067–1070. PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar 18. Coll AP, Thomas S, Mufti GJ. Rituximab therapy for the type B syndrome of severe insulin resistance. N Engl J Med 2004;350:310–311. PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar 19. [link.springer.com]

  Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:2737–47. View Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Storr M. Helicobacter pylori - Update 2013. Med Monatsschr Pharm. 2013;36:172–6. quiz 7–8. PubMed Google Scholar Polyzos SA, Kountouras J, Zavos C, Deretzi G. [bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com]

• Hirsutism

  They develop cysts on the ovaries and excessive body hair growth (hirsutism). Most affected females also develop a skin condition called acanthosis nigricans, in which the skin in body folds and creases becomes thick, dark, and velvety. [medlineplus.gov]

  Skin manifestations can include: Acanthosis nigricans Acrochordons (skin tags) Acne Hirsutism Androgenetic alopecia (male pattern hair loss). [dermnetnz.org]

  HIRSUTISM AND VIRILIZATION Hirsutism, the development of excessive androgen-stimulated terminal hair in a female, may occur with severe insulin resistance. [oncohemakey.com]

  Successful treatment of hirsutism in HAIR-AN syndrome using flutamide, spironolactone, and birth control therapy. Arch Dermatol 1997;33:431–433. CrossRef Google Scholar 40. Moore DC. [link.springer.com]

• Alopecia

  Women who suffer from insulin resistance are prone to alopecia, or female pattern baldness. [rd.com]

  Skin manifestations can include: Acanthosis nigricans Acrochordons (skin tags) Acne Hirsutism Androgenetic alopecia (male pattern hair loss). [dermnetnz.org]

  […] presentation and, in addition to the common features of severe insulin resistance ( i.e. abnormal glucose homeostasis, acanthosis nigricans, and ovarian hyperandrogenism), often demonstrate features associated with autoimmunity, including vitiligo, alopecia [academic.oup.com]

• Renal Injury

  Obesity-related renal injury in childhood. Horm Res Paediatr. 2010. 73(5):303-11. [Medline]. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Position Statement on Metabolic and Cardiovascular Consequences of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Irritability

  Findings may include thickening, unusual roughness and dryness, and/or potentially severe itching (pruritus) and irritation of affected skin regions. [rarediseases.org]

  The patient had a history of low birth weight (2200 g); developed irritability at 22 days of age; the work-up performed at that time, showed hyperammonemia. Sodium benzoate was started, but no specific metabolic disease was diagnosed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Fatigue Fibromyalgia Food Allergies Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Gluten Intolerance Gout Headaches Heart Disease High Blood Pressure Hormone Replacement Therapy Hypoglycemia Hypothyroidism Immune Function Inflammation Insulin Resistance Syndrome Irritable [greenmountainhealth.com]

• Hypoglycemia

  Typically, refractory transient hyperglycemia and extreme insulin resistance are the cardinal features, but hypoglycemia may also occur. Traditionally, the high reported mortality rate was typically attributed to the hypoglycemia. [journals.lww.com]

  The presence of hypoglycemia in the setting of multiple autoimmune disorders should prompt consideration of autoimmune-mediated hypoglycemia. [pediatrics.aappublications.org]

  Many of these people also suffer from hypoglycemia, a condition that can cause fatigue, anxiety, and shakiness if they don't eat frequently enough. [docbron.com]

  This is especially true if they experience carbohydrate cravings or the symptoms of hypoglycemia. [greenmountainhealth.com]

  Leperchunism Donohue syndrome leprechaun; (in Irish folklore) a small, mischievous sprite. an insulin receptor with greatly impaired functionality. intrauterine growth retardation, fasting hypoglycemia, and death within the first 1 to 2 years of life [slideshare.net]

• Pseudomonas

  The patient was diagnosed with pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. When the patient's plasma glucose level was 22.5 mmol/l, her plasma C-peptide level was 0.9 nmol/l and her serum insulin level was 294 pmol/l. [nature.com]

Liraglutide was also effective as a treatment when the patient's postprandial hyperglycemia worsened again, in parallel with increasing inhibited insulin receptor rates. [kyushu-u.pure.elsevier.com]

INZUCCHI, New Haven, CT, Boston, MA 2282-PO Clinical Therapeutics/New Technology - Treatment of Insulin Resistance Congress: 67th Scientific Sessions (2007) Category: Clinical Therapeutics/New Technology - Treatment of Insulin Resistance [professional.diabetes.org]

Standard Therapies  Treatment  There is no specific treatment  The treatment of the disorder is directed toward the specific symptoms  Affected individuals may receive high doses of insulin or insulin sensitizers, but in most cases this therapy ultimately [slideshare.net]

Has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States or a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions. [drugs.com]

The oral intake of probiotics and synbiotics as co-adjuvants for the prevention and treatment of obesity, IRS, T2D and NAFLD is partially supported by the data shown in the present review. [mdpi.com]

Prognosis of double diabetes Double diabetes can be problematic in that it is taking a condition, type 1 diabetes, with a relatively high risk of complications, such as heart disease, stroke and kidney disease, and then increasing the risks by adding [diabetes.co.uk]

While its recognition is of clinical importance, its prognosis is excellent. (Braunwald, Heart Disease, 4th ed, p1346; Jablonski Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed). [fpnotebook.com]

Why diagnose monogenic diabetes  To elucidate the pathophysiology  Changes the treatment  diagnosis has implications for other family members often correcting their diagnosis, prognosis and treatment as well as allowing appropriate genetic counselling [slideshare.net]

Prognosis Prognosis depends on the type of insulin resistance syndrome. The prognosis is guarded in regard to many of the disorders related to insulin resistance syndrome early in life. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Prognosis Since insulin resistance is a condition that precedes the appearance of symptoms of a number of different disorders, its prognosis depends in part on the patient's age, ethnicity, family history, and severity of any current health problems. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

Applicable To Dysmetabolic syndrome X Use Additional Use Additional Help Certain conditions have both an underlying etiology and multiple body system manifestations due to the underlying etiology. [icd10data.com]

Etiologic diagnosis and behaviour when confronted with abnormal hair growth in a child. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2002;129:817-20. Longo N, Wang Y et al. Genotype-phenotype correlation in inherited severe insulin resistance. [malattierare.regione.veneto.it]

Scleroderma: nomenclature, etiology, pathogenesis, prognosis, and treatments: facts and controversies. Clin Dermatol. 2013;31:432–7. [bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com]

Histological evidence of panniculitis has suggested an inflammatory etiology for this syndrome, although this remains to be demonstrated ( 3 ). [academic.oup.com]

Insulin Resistance Genetic defects in insulin receptor Type A syndrome Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome Leprechaunism Immunologic, autoimmune Antibodies to the insulin receptor Type B syndrome Ataxia-telangiectasia Antibodies to insulin Disorders of unknown etiology [oncohemakey.com]

Gottlieb Abstract Author Information Authors Article Metrics Metrics To review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, and management of type B insulin resistance syndrome. [journals.lww.com]

Informative filtered SNPs will be then used in epidemiology and novel DNA samples to reveal G x E interactions and specificities of the pathogenesis of MetS. [cordis.europa.eu]

Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J; IDF Epidemiology Task Force Consensus Group. The metabolic syndrome – a new worldwide definition. Lancet 2005;366:1059-62. 2. [passeportsante.net]

Community child health, public health, and epidemiology Prevalence of the insulin resistance syndrome in obesity R M Viner, T Y Segal, E Lichtarowicz-Krynska, P Hindmarsh London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Royal Free and University [adc.bmj.com]

Effect of dietary fiber and protein intake on blood pressure: a review of epidemiologic evidence. Clin Exp Hypertens. 1999;21:785-96. [77] Heaney RP, Layman DK. Amount and type of protein influences bone health. [deutsche-apotheker-zeitung.de]

Gottlieb Abstract Author Information Authors Article Metrics Metrics To review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, and management of type B insulin resistance syndrome. [journals.lww.com]

Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion remain the core defects in T2DM, but at least six other pathophysiological abnormalities contribute to the dysregulation of glucose metabolism. [natureasia.com]

Insulin Resistance Pathophysiology Causes of Insulin Resistance Insulin Resistance Treatment Last Updated: Feb 26, 2019 Written by Dr. Ananya Mandal Dr. Ananya Mandal is a doctor by profession, lecturer by vocation and a medical writer by passion. [news-medical.net]

AN exceedingly large number of studies have convincingly demonstrated that insulin resistance occurs in association with a variety of physiological and pathophysiological states, including obesity, noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), polycystic [academic.oup.com]

Skeletal muscle and insulin sensitivity: pathophysiological alterations. Frontiers in Bioscience 2001; 6:D154-63. 6. Steinberger J, Moran A, Hong CP, Jacobs DR Jr, Sinaiko AR. [podiatrytoday.com]

The Sweet Stalker, Prevention Magazine, June 2004. 7. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, et al. Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. [passeportsante.net]

The oral intake of probiotics and synbiotics as co-adjuvants for the prevention and treatment of obesity, IRS, T2D and NAFLD is partially supported by the data shown in the present review. [mdpi.com]

Some of the same strategies are key to preventing heart disease and stroke. [medicalnewstoday.com]

Prevention A lifelong commitment to a healthy lifestyle may prevent the conditions that cause metabolic syndrome. [mayoclinic.org]