Clinical history of intertrigo starts as an insidious onset of burning, itching and stinging sensation on the intertrigionus areas of the body. In temperate regions, intertrigo may be seasonal occurring in seasons with high humid heat like the summers. The physical appearance of the Intertrigo is highly dependent on the stage where it is brought to medical attention.

Early symptoms may only show erythematous skin folds which may progress to erosion and maceration with weeping. Pustules and vesicles may appear connoting secondary bacterial infection.

Fungal infections may cause chaffing, crusting and lichenification of the affected skin. Foot intertrigo may present with crusting or chafing lesions in between toes may be easily confused with Tinea pedis and eczematous dermatitis which are not responsive to anti-fungal therapy [5].

• Candidiasis

  Terbinafine is not effective in treating candidiasis. [dermatologyadvisor.com]

  Differential diagnosis Intertrigo; candidiasis; hyperkeratotic rhagadiform eczema of the foot; psoriasis vulgaris; lichen planus; dys... [altmeyers.org]

  (EIB and toe web candidiasis) Special applicators may be recommended for drying the inter-toe spaces in interdigital candidiasis (EIB and toe web candidiasis).9 Also, triggering factors should be avoided. [dovepress.com]

  […] pustules can help differentiate intertriginous candidiasis from inverse psoriasis. [jabfm.org]

• Asymptomatic

  Cutaneous erythrasma presents as small, red-brown macules that may coalesce into larger patches with sharp borders.1 These lesions often are asymptomatic but may be pruritic in some instances. [aafp.org]

  Small shallow papules and pustules Candida albicans Intertrigo from candida infection Erythrasma Corynebacterium minutissimum Persistent brown spots Minimum scale Asymptomatic (painless and itchy) Erythrasma Axillary erythrasma Tub: Trichophyton rubrum [doctorhoogstra.com]

  Granular parakeratosis Fox-Fordyce disease Dome-shaped follicular papules in armpits Often persistent Asymptomatic or itchy Reduced sweating Excoriations and lichenification eventually occur as a result of scratching. [dermnetnz.org]

• Disability

  Please enable JS and disable any ad blocker [aocd.org]

  Erythematous desquamating infection may be more chronic than the acute form and may present with a painful, exudative, macerating inflammation that causes functional disability of the feet. [aafp.org]

  International disability studies. 1988;10(2):61–3. Article CAS Google Scholar Wade DT, Collin C. The Barthel ADL index: a standard measure of physical disability? International disability studies. 1988;10(2):64–7. [bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com]

• Streptococcal Infection

  Secondary streptococcal infections are treated with topical mupirocin or oral penicillin. Corynebacterium infections are treated with oral erythromycin. Intertrigo is caused by cutaneous inflammation of opposing skin surfaces. [aafp.org]

  Secondary streptococcal infections are treated with topical mupirocin or oral penicillin. Corynebacterium infections are treated with oral erythromycin. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Our child’s study was also interesting because the streptococcal infection greatly exacerbated the atopic dermatitis. REFERENCES 1. Honig PJ, Frieden IJ, Kim HJ, et al. Streptococcal intertrigo: an underrecognized condition in children. [journals.lww.com]

• Fatigue

  Acute genitocrural intertrigo with accompanying fever, fatigue, sore throat, and arthralgia may be a component of an acute febrile illness. [aafp.org]

  Symptoms include increased thirst; increased urination; weight loss in spite of increased appetite; fatigue; nausea; vomiting; frequent infections including bladder, vaginal, and skin; blurred vision; impotence in men; bad breath; cessation of menses; [digitalnaturopath.com]

• Sore Throat

  Acute genitocrural intertrigo with accompanying fever, fatigue, sore throat, and arthralgia may be a component of an acute febrile illness. [aafp.org]

• Fecal Incontinence

  Other predisposing risk factors include urinary and fecal incontinence, hyperhidrosis, poor hygiene, and malnutrition. Toe interweb intertrigo may be associated. [medicaljoyworks.com]

  incontinence Immunosuppression such as HIV A family history of similar complaints can lead one to consider a genetic cause, such as Hailey-Hailey disease. [drrohitbatra.com]

  Other predisposing factors include urinary/fecal incontinence, hyperhidrosis, malnutrition, and poor hygiene. [hcplive.com]

• Pruritus Ani

  Perianal/natal cleft: Consider pruritus ani, candidal infection, contact dermatitis, anal fissures, essential fatty acid deficiency, acrodermatitis enteropathica, extramammary Paget disease, psoriasis, pilonidal cyst, decubitus dermatitis, or baboon syndrome [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Sialorrhea

  […] humidity, maceration Obesity Dentures Tropical environment Nutritional Vitamin deficiencies (B6, B12) Generalized malnutrition Iron deficiency (CMC) High carbohydrate content Physiological Extremes of age (infants, elderly) Pregnancy Menses Low vaginal pH Sialorrhea [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Arthralgia

  Acute genitocrural intertrigo with accompanying fever, fatigue, sore throat, and arthralgia may be a component of an acute febrile illness. [aafp.org]

• Erythema

  Clinical Manifestations Intertrigo is characterized primarily by mild erythema that initially presents as red plaques, almost in a mirror image, on each side of the skinfold.3,11 The erythema may progress to more intense inflammation with erosions, oozing [aafp.org]

  […] ab igne ( L59.0 ) erythema due to external agents in contact with skin ( L23 - L25 ) erythema intertrigo ( L30.4 ) Chafing L30.4 Dermatitis (eczematous) L30.9 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code L30.9 Dermatitis, unspecified 2016 2017 2018 2019 Billable/Specific [icd10data.com]

  Desquamation of skin following febrile illness Desquamation secondary to acute systemic illness Drug-induced desquamation of skin Epidermal collarette Erythema elevatum diutinum Erythema fugax Erythema marginatum in acute rheumatic fever Erythema scarlatiniforme [icd9data.com]

  […] eczema; intertriginous, erythema; intertrigo, intertriginous; eczema, intertrigo; erythema Japanese 間擦疹, ｶﾝｻﾂｼﾝ Swedish Intertrigo Czech opruzení, intertrigo, Intertrigo Finnish Intertrigo Russian INTERTRIGO, OPRELOST', ИНТЕРТРИГО, ОПРЕЛОСТЬ German Intertriginoeses [fpnotebook.com]

• Eczema

  Complication(s) Intertrigo, candidiasis, condylomata acuminata, chronic eczema, anal eczema, allergic eczema, anal eczema by a... Hautwolf Dermatology Hautwolf Go to Intertrigo Hereditary mucoepithelial dysplasia Q82.8 Dermatology ...is present. [altmeyers.org]

  Note In this block the terms dermatitis and eczema are used synonymously and interchangeably. [icd10data.com]

  – itchy, acute eczema may blister and be red, but chronic eczema may be dried, thickened skin Contact irritant dermatitis – irritant-dependent – could be sweat, urine, friction, deodorants, soaps, laundry detergent, washing Contact allergic dermatitis [myvagina.com]

  eczema; intertriginous, erythema; intertrigo, intertriginous; eczema, intertrigo; erythema Japanese 間擦疹, ｶﾝｻﾂｼﾝ Swedish Intertrigo Czech opruzení, intertrigo, Intertrigo Finnish Intertrigo Russian INTERTRIGO, OPRELOST', ИНТЕРТРИГО, ОПРЕЛОСТЬ German Intertriginoeses [fpnotebook.com]

• Skin Rash

  Until recently, the only available treatments for skin-on-skin rashes were messy, inconvenient creams and powders that did little to stop the underlying cause of the rash. But that changed with the launch of InterDry. [interdry.com]

  The skin-on-skin contact that leads to the skin rash is inevitable for those who have excessive fat concentrated in various areas of the body. [medicaldaily.com]

  In general it is useful in the treatment of most types of skin irritation and skin rashes. [google.com]

  Intertrigo is a skin condition that causes reddened, swollen areas of skin (inflammation) and skin rash. It occurs in areas where skin rubs against other skin (skin folds). [drrohitbatra.com]

• Macula

  Multiple small erythematous desquamated pustules and satellite lesions extending along the borders of large maculae represent significant findings for diagnosis.51,88,90 Granuloma gluteale infantum is a reaction developing Candida that causes opaque, [dovepress.com]

• Suggestibility

  There was no relevant family history or clinical evidence to suggest a genetic disorder, such as basal cell nevus syndrome. [ijdvl.com]

  The affected areas were examined with a Wood's lamp and demonstrated no signs of fluorescence that would suggest erythrasma. [jabfm.org]

  Given the current level of inflammation you are experiencing I would suggest that you visit your GP who will most likely prescribe an antifungal cream containing cortisone. [irishhealth.com]

  Therefore, clinical and microbiologic studies are suggested to assist in the selection of appropriate treatment and the prevention of important complications of toe web infections. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Short Neck

  Intertrigo is very common in neonates and infants because of their deep cutaneous folds, short neck, relative chubbiness, and flexed posture.1x1Kalra, M.G., Higgins, K.E., and Kinney, B.S. Intertrigo and secondary skin infections. [jpeds.com]

  Infants are at high risk for intertrigo because they have short necks, relative chubbiness, and flexed posture.3,4 Drooling also can facilitate intertrigo in infants. [aafp.org]

  Less recognized is its uncommon role in cervical intertrigo, typically in the short-neck-length, chubby infant. [journals.lww.com]

  necks, relative chubbiness, and flexed posture. [pcds.org.uk]

The diagnosis of intertrigo is mainly based on clinical history and appearance of lesion as it is presented by the patients.

A Potassium Hydroxide smear may be performed by a dermatologist to demonstrate the fungal mycelia that may be propagating in the lesion.

Culture and sensitivity testing from the lesions may help clinician determine the best anti-bacterial and anti-fungal medications available for the patient.

• Staphylococcus Aureus

  […] impetigo Boils: Staphylococcus aureus Rapid development Very painful follicular papules and nodules Central pustule or abscess Boil Folliculitis: Staphylococcus aureus Acute or chronic Superficial tender red papules Pustules centered on hair follicles [doctorhoogstra.com]

  aureus each in 11.9%; beta-hemolytic streptococcus in 2.4%; and Proteus mirabilis in 1.2%. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Staphylococcus aureus, Group A Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, or Proteus vulgaris are the involved bacteria. Candida, yeasts, molds, and dermatophytes are also involved. [medicaljoyworks.com]

  aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes Rapid development Moist blisters and crusts on red base Contagious, so other family members may also be affected Impetigo Boils : Staphylococcus aureus Rapid development Very painful follicular papules and nodules Central [dermnetnz.org]

• Pseudomonas

  Pseudomonas toe web infections. Cutis. 1992;49(3):185-186. Leyden JJ, Stewart R, Kligman AM. Experimental inoculation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas cepacia on human skin. J Soc Cosmetic Chemists. 1980;31:19-28. [ijtmgh.com]

  A Wood’s light examination may identify a Pseudomonas or erythrasma infection more quickly than would a culture. The Wood’s light characteristically shows a green fluorescence with Pseudomonas infection and a coral-red fluorescence with erythrasma. [aafp.org]

  The use of a Wood lamp can help detect Pseudomonas or erythrasma (Corynebacterium minutissimum) infections. A fasting blood glucose level should be obtained if there is suspicion of diabetes mellitus. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Trichophyton Mentagrophytes

  In the interdigital spaces dermatophytes (e.g., Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum) are more common. Staphylococcus aureus may present alone or with group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS). [timeofcare.com]

  The inflammation may begin as a dermatophyte infection, which can damage the stratum corneum and encourage the proliferation of other, usually antibiotic-resistant bacteria.7 Dermatophytes (e.g., Trichophytonrubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton [aafp.org]

  A bluish-green tint can indicate infection with Pseudomonas.[8] Bacterial intertrigo tends to weep and is an intensely erythematous and a potentially tender lesion.[4] In interdigital intertrigo, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Epidermophyton [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Bluish-green tint will indicate infection with Pseudomonas. [8] Bacterial intertrigo tends to weep and is an intensely erythematous and potentially tender lesion. [4] In interdigital intertrigo, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Epidermophyton [statpearls.com]

Treatment of uncomplicated intertrigo may only need to modify environmental factors like the alteration of heat and humidity with an air conditioning unit. Areas that are involved may be treated with weak steroids like 1% hydrocortisone cream and a thick layer of drying ointments like zinc oxide.

Appropriate anti-fungals may be used for secondary mycoses like Miconazole and Clotrimazole. Patients with pruritic intertrigo in the inguinal folds with secondary Candida infection may respond rapidly with a topical combination of Isoconazole nitrate and Diflucortolone valerate [6].

The use of Honey barrier creams have also proven to be efficacious in relieving pruritus in intertrigo [7].

Infants may benefit from absorbent diapers and barrier pastes (Desitin) in preventing diaper rash in the gluteal folds of the buttocks.

Immunosuppressants like Tacrolimus and Pimecrolimus may be used to control inflammation in intertrigo with fewer long term side-effects [8].

Prognosis in intertrigo is usually good, for primary inflammation does not cause the morbidity and mortality. In lesions harboring the source of secondary bacterial and fungal infections, immunocompromised patients and the elderly may complicate in to full blown sepsis which could have a grim outlook. The change in the patient’s habits and other modifiable risk factors like obesity and proper hygiene can lead to the spontaneous resolution of the disease.

Complications

The most common complications of intertrigo is secondary infections. Fungal infection may result from the propagation of a resident fungal flora in an immunecompromised host like diabetics, rheumatoid arthritis and long term steroid users.

Bacterial infections may either be opportunistic or invading pyogenic bacteria which may cause pruritus, pustules or abscess. In interdigital intertrigo with onychomycoses, can lead to severe bacterial infection and may complicate to erysipelas, cellulitis, fasciitis and osteomyelitis [3].

In severe maceration of the skin surface, bleeding may ensue. Disydrosis or pompholyx is a chronic and recurrent dermatosis of the plantar foot which complicates from interdigital intertrigo with mycosis [4]. Strong topical agents used to treat bacterial infections may complicate to contact dermatitis if used injudiciously. The formation of streak lines in the skin or “Striae” can be a chronic complication of continuous topical steroid use for its treatment.

The dermatitis in intertrigo is caused by simple friction, moisture and heat. Irritation in intertrigo may be initiated by allergic reaction to contact chemical agents, or intake of allergenic food or medicines.

Primary bacterial infection, dermatophytic fungal infection and yeasts may cause the initial irritation of the intertriginous areas.

Internationally, intertrigo is very common in obese patients and diabetics especially in warm and humid climates. The common diaper rash in the groin and the buttocks in infants are in part caused by intertrigo.

Mortality or morbidity may not be directly caused by intertrigo but it is considered one of the primary source of bacterial infections. Older patients are more prone to intriginous inflammation because of prolonged immobilization, reduced immunity and incontinence issues.

The main pathophysiology of intertrigo is the mechanical friction of the two skin causing skin erosion and maceration of the contacting surfaces. The opposing skin surfaces are aggravated by heat and moisture making it sore and painful.

The dent in the integrity of the skin will propagate the growth of secondary bacterial and fungal infection of the intertriginous areas. Secretions of urine, fecal fluid, vaginal fluids and sweat may propagate more inflammation in intertrigo.

Intertrigo is easily preventable in most cases. Intertriginous areas may be greased with lubricating emollients like petroleum jelly and topical barriers like zinc oxide prior to strenuous activities to prevent friction of the skin.

The frequent bathing in warm and humid climate may wash off perspiration in the skin folds. Weight reduction is one of the most effective way to prevent intertrigo by eliminating the unnecessary skin folds and fat folds (panniculus) where the disease may propagate.

Intertrigo is an inflammatory condition of the skin where there is constant friction like the axilla, groins, perineum, breast creases and fat folds in obese people [1]. The word intertrigo originated from the Latin word “inter” meaning in between and “terere” to rub translates to the constant rubbing of skin which causes irritation and maceration [2].

Areas of the body that are in constant skin to skin contact are generally referred to as “intertriginous areas”, thus inflammation of these skin areas are sometimes referred to as Intertrigionus dermatitis. The inflammation is aggravated by friction, heat and high moisture where it may lead to a painful erythema, pruritus, and oozing sore. Intertrigo may easily harbor bacterial and fungal infection of the skin.

Physicians emphasize to patients the importance of weight reduction in the prevention of Intertrigo [9]. Intertrigo should be seen as a common complication of diabetics and obese people [10]. Frequent and consistent personal hygiene is also a good practice which may also groom a healthy well-being.

Extra effort on the daily care of the skin folds and creases may reduce the emergence of Intertrigo and its secondary infections. Patients on prescribed medications should do regular monitoring of the lesion and should openly communicate to their physicians any changes they may notice on the progression of the lesion.

1. Weston WL, Lane AT, Weston JA. Diaper dermatitis: current concepts. Pediatrics. Oct 1980; 66(4):532-6.
2. Wolf R, Oumeish OY, Parish LC. Intertriginous eruption.Clin Dermatol. 2011; 29(2):173-9 (ISSN: 1879-1131)
3. Vanhooteghem O, Szepetiuk G, Paurobally D, Heureux F. Chronic interdigital dermatophytic infection: a common lesion associated with potentially severe consequences. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011; 91(1):23-5 (ISSN: 1872-8227)
4. Pitché P, Boukari M, Tchangai-Walla K. Factors associated with palmoplantar or plantar pompholyx: a case-control study. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2006; 133(2):139-43 (ISSN: 0151-9638)
5. Lin JY, Shih YL, Ho HC. Foot bacterial intertrigo mimicking interdigital tinea pedis.
6. Chang Gung Med J. 2011; 34(1):44-9 (ISSN: 2309-835X), Veraldi S. Rapid relief of intertrigo-associated pruritus due to Candida albicans with isoconazole nitrate and diflucortolone valerate combination therapy. Mycoses. 2013; 56 Suppl 1:41-3 (ISSN: 1439-0507)
7. Nijhuis WA, Houwing RH, Van der Zwet WC, Jansman FG. A randomised trial of honey barrier cream versus zinc oxide ointment. Br J Nurs. 2012; 21(20):9-10, 12-3 (ISSN: 0966-0461)
8. Martin Ezquerra G, Sanchez Regana M, Herrera Acosta E, Umbert Millet P. Topical tacrolimus for the treatment of psoriasis on the face, genitalia, intertriginous areas and corporal plaques. J Drugs Dermatol. Apr 2006;5(4):334-6.
9. American Academy of Family Physicians. Information from your family doctor. Intertrigo: what you should know. Am Fam Physician. Sep 1 2005;72 (5):840.
10. Hahler B. An overview of dermatological conditions commonly associated with the obese patient. Ostomy Wound Manage. Jun 2006;52(6):34-6, 38, 40 passim.