Of the 20 presentations of gastrointestinal anthrax, 3 presented with symptoms of upper tract disease characterized by dysphagia and oropharyngeal findings, and the remaining presented with lower tract disease characterized by abdominal pain and vomiting [jamanetwork.com]

The intestinal form presents with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain. The injection form presents with fever and an abscess at the site of drug injection. [dbpedia.org]

A patient with intestinal anthrax, the first documented surviving patient to be described in detail, presented with an acute condition within the abdomen. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Case Presentation. We report an isolation of Bacillus anthracis from blood culture of patient with intestinal anthrax. [hindawi.com]

• Cervical Lymphadenopathy

  Most patients presented with fever and neck swelling secondary to cervical lymphadenopathy. Initial ulcers were associated with congestion, followed by central necrosis, whitish discoloration, and eventually a pseudomembranous covering. [atsjournals.org]

• Fever

  Deaths are rare with appropriate antimicrobial therapy. (6) Inhalation anthrax: Initial symptoms may resemble a common cold – sore throat, mild fever, muscle aches and malaise. [austincc.edu]

  Conclusion: Gastrointestinal anthrax is characterized by rapid onset, fever, ascitis and septicemia. The symptoms can mimic those seen in an acute surgical abdomen. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Pain

  Table 1 Demographic characteristics, presentation and outcome Age Sex Symptom WBC Surgery Survival Patient 1 26 F Abdominal pain 32000 Right hemicolectomy alive Patient 2 25 M Abdominal pain 21000 Right hemicolectomy alive Patient 3 17 M Abdominal pain [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The inhalation form presents with fever, chest pain, and shortness of breath. The intestinal form presents with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain. The injection form presents with fever and an abscess at the site of drug injection. [dbpedia.org]

• Fatigue

  If the Bacillus anthracis spores are inhaled, the initial signs of disease are usually flu-like symptoms including fever, sore throat, feeling unwell, body aches, fatigue, cough and chest discomfort. [ccohs.ca]

  If inhaled, a person shows flu-like symptoms: fever, aches, fatigue, nonproductive cough, chest discomfort, breathing difficulties, sweating, and blue lips and extremities. [sharecare.com]

  Inhalation anthrax begins with flulike symptoms, namely fever, fatigue, headache, muscle aches, and shortness of breath. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  You could have: Flulike symptoms including fever, fatigue, body aches, and sore throat. These can last a few hours or days. [webmd.com]

  Symptoms include productive cough, myalgia, fatigue and fever, sweating. This if followed by rapid deterioration with high fever, dyspnea, cyanosis and shock. [healthknowledge.org.uk]

• Sore Throat

  Oropharyngeal symptoms include sore throat, ulcerated lesions on the pharynx, difficulty swallowing, noticeably swollen neck, and regional lymphadenopathy. If untreated, the disease may progress to hemorrhagic meningitis, septicemia, and death. [visualdx.com]

  The chances that your sore throat and aching muscles are due to anthrax are extremely small. [mayoclinic.org]

  Sore throat, lymph nodes in the neck and in abdomen increased in size and hemorrhagic. Feces with blood. Nasal hemorrhage. Incoordination. [pig333.com]

  If the Bacillus anthracis spores are inhaled, the initial signs of disease are usually flu-like symptoms including fever, sore throat, feeling unwell, body aches, fatigue, cough and chest discomfort. [ccohs.ca]

  Deaths are rare with appropriate antimicrobial therapy. (6) Inhalation anthrax: Initial symptoms may resemble a common cold – sore throat, mild fever, muscle aches and malaise. [austincc.edu]

• Hoarseness

  Symptoms of esophageal cancer include difficulty swallowing, severe weight loss, pain in the throat, back, or behind the breastbone, vomiting, or hoarseness. Esophageal cancer can spread (metastasize) to other organs in the body. [msdmanuals.com]

  […] percent among victims of the 2001 bioterrorist attack despite appropriate antibiotics and supportive care.7 Symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax may include fever and chills, swelling of the neck and glands in the neck, sore throat, painful swallowing, hoarseness [osha.gov]

  The other common symptoms were sore throat, dysphagia, and hoarseness. The neck swelling was usually marked and was caused by enlargement of cervical lymph nodes and soft tissue edema ( Figure 1 ). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Vomiting

  Initial nausea, loss of appetite, fever and vomiting is followed by abdominal pain, vomiting of blood and acute diarrhoea. Effects Without treatment it results in death for 24% to 60% of cases. Treatment Anthrax can be treated with antibiotics. [news.bbc.co.uk]

  GI symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity. The patient may vomit blood, and severe prostration accompanies bloody diarrhea. [visualdx.com]

  All patients were admitted with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Examination revealed abdominal distention on the right lower quadrant or diffuse tenderness. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Nausea

  CASE STUDY SOLUTION By Jerrod Anderson Alexa, a 30 year old woman, was admitted into the hospital after a prolonged fever, which included chills and night sweats, chest discomfort, nausea, headache and a swore throat. [austincc.edu]

  Initial nausea, loss of appetite, fever and vomiting is followed by abdominal pain, vomiting of blood and acute diarrhoea. Effects Without treatment it results in death for 24% to 60% of cases. Treatment Anthrax can be treated with antibiotics. [news.bbc.co.uk]

  Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Anthrax Gastrointestinal anthrax symptoms can include: Stomach pain Loss of appetite Bloody diarrhea Nausea Fever Vomiting blood. [anthrax.emedtv.com]

  The intestinal form presents with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain. The injection form presents with fever and an abscess at the site of drug injection. [dbpedia.org]

  Bacillus anthracis was isolated from a blood culture of a 34-year-old man who had a history of severe abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever, sweating, and lethargy within 4 to 5 days after eating the meat of domestic goat. [hindawi.com]

• Abdominal Pain

  Table 1 Demographic characteristics, presentation and outcome Age Sex Symptom WBC Surgery Survival Patient 1 26 F Abdominal pain 32000 Right hemicolectomy alive Patient 2 25 M Abdominal pain 21000 Right hemicolectomy alive Patient 3 17 M Abdominal pain [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Initial nausea, loss of appetite, fever and vomiting is followed by abdominal pain, vomiting of blood and acute diarrhoea. Effects Without treatment it results in death for 24% to 60% of cases. Treatment Anthrax can be treated with antibiotics. [news.bbc.co.uk]

• Loss of Appetite

  Initial nausea, loss of appetite, fever and vomiting is followed by abdominal pain, vomiting of blood and acute diarrhoea. Effects Without treatment it results in death for 24% to 60% of cases. Treatment Anthrax can be treated with antibiotics. [news.bbc.co.uk]

  Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Anthrax Gastrointestinal anthrax symptoms can include: Stomach pain Loss of appetite Bloody diarrhea Nausea Fever Vomiting blood. [anthrax.emedtv.com]

  When the infection localises in the intestine (intestinal form), fever, digestive disturbance, loss of appetite and the passage of bloody faeces may be seen. Death is uncommon in this form. [pigprogress.net]

  The symptoms include fever, chills, swelling of neck or neck glands, abdominal pain, fever, nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting and diarrhea. [ccohs.ca]

• Severe Abdominal Pain

  Bacillus anthracis was isolated from a blood culture of a 34-year-old man who had a history of severe abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever, sweating, and lethargy within 4 to 5 days after eating the meat of domestic goat. [hindawi.com]

  Intestinal anthrax symptoms include severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, severe diarrhea, and bleeding from the digestive tract. Pulmonary, or inhaled, anthrax is the rarest form of anthrax — but it's also the most dangerous. [kidshealth.org]

  The abdominal form is characterised by fever, fatigue and indisposition, later with severe abdominal pain, bloody diarrhoea, peritonitis and sepsis, in some cases leading to cardiovascular failure. [bfr.bund.de]

  Intestinal anthrax symptoms include severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, severe diarrhea, fever, and bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestines). It is important to remember that anthrax is not passed from person to person. [costcopharmacy.ca]

• Back Pain

  On December 5, the woman began experiencing minor sweating and myalgias that progressed to back pain. Within a week, symptoms of nausea and vomiting had developed, and by December 15, she was admitted to a local NH hospital. [academic.oup.com]

  The most commonly observed side effects were headache, back pain, nausea and infusion site pain and swelling. [aetna.com]

• Neck Pain

  Symptoms include: fever and chills, swelling of neck, painful swallowing, hoarseness, nausea and vomiting (especially bloody vomiting), diarrhea, flushing and red eyes, and swelling of abdomen. [19] Injection, symptoms are similar to those of cutaneous [en.wikipedia.org]

• Suggestibility

  Descriptive Epidemiology 587 Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission 7 Pathogenesis and Immunity 590 Patterns of Host Response 591 Control and Prevention 592 References 593 Suggested Reading 595 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Theodore E Woodward and J Stephen [books.google.com]

  In addition, experimental evidence suggests that immediate treatment with antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin can provide an effective response to anthrax exposure – and help ward off a modern outbreak of biblical proportions. [giantmicrobes.com]

  This is in response to claims that suggest substances such as oregano oil or zinc mineral water can control the disease. *All medications have both common (generic) and brand names. [costcopharmacy.ca]

  As the name suggests, gastrointestinal anthrax, would be anthrax affecting the gastrointestinal tract. It is imperative that we understand what anthrax is, to begin with. It is an acute disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus Anthracis. [digestion.ygoy.com]

• Neck Swelling

  Releated symptoms of GIS anthrax are sore throat, neck swelling, diffuculty swallowing, stomach pain, anoreksia, bloody diarrhea, nause, bloody vomiting and fever. Supportive and antibiotic treatments are required. [m.scirp.org]

  Marked and painful swelling of the right side of the neck was present. A 27-year-old man, 5 days after the onset of symptoms of oropharyngeal anthrax. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  In oropharyngeal anthrax, fever, neck swelling due to lymphadenopathy, throat pain, oral ulcers and dysphagia may be followed by severe local ulcers and swelling, septicaemia and death. [health.vic.gov.au]

• Meningism

  If you might have meningitis caused by anthrax, you may need to get a spinal tap, in which your doctor takes a bit of your spinal fluid to test. [webmd.com]

  Anthrax meningitis Anthrax meningitis may complicate any form of anthrax, with bacteremia and hematogenous spread to the CNS. It also has occurred without a primary focus. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Diagnostics A lumbar puncture to rule out meningitis is indicated among all patients with clinical features of systemic involvement! [amboss.com]

  Meningeal (brain) can occur if anthrax bacteria enter the bloodstream following cutaneous, inhalation, gastrointestinal or injectional anthrax infection. It then spreads to the brain. [www1.nyc.gov]

  Significant changes include more details on critical care and clinical procedures and other new antimicrobial alternatives, including favored antimicrobial drug treatment for suspected anthrax meningitis. [osha.gov]

• Headache

  CASE STUDY SOLUTION By Jerrod Anderson Alexa, a 30 year old woman, was admitted into the hospital after a prolonged fever, which included chills and night sweats, chest discomfort, nausea, headache and a swore throat. [austincc.edu]

  Signs and symptoms include: Nausea Vomiting Abdominal pain Headache Loss of appetite Fever Severe, bloody diarrhea in the later stages of the disease Sore throat and difficulty swallowing Swollen neck Inhalation anthrax Inhalation anthrax develops when [mayoclinic.org]

  There may be fever, headache, muscle ache, vomiting and regional lymphadenopathy. The disease can be readily cured with appropriate treatment. Inhalation anthrax: It is the most severe form of anthrax. [chp.gov.hk]

  Inhalation anthrax begins with flulike symptoms, namely fever, fatigue, headache, muscle aches, and shortness of breath. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Less than one percent of appropriately treated cutaneous anthrax cases result in death.6 Initially, inhalation anthrax may resemble a common cold with fever, chills, headache, body ache, and cough. [osha.gov]

[…] edema, peribronchial thickening, and pleural effusions Lumbar puncture (for patients with meningeal symptoms) – CSF is grossly hemorrhagic, with grossly hemorrhagic with few polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and numerous gram-positive bacilli See Workup [emedicine.medscape.com]

Cases were highly heterogeneous with respect to age, year of disease onset, nationality, diagnostic workup, and treatment regimen. Most of the included cases were adolescents. [jamanetwork.com]

• Gram-Positive Rods

  She underwent an exploratory laparotomy with bowel resection, but the diagnosis was not made until her initial blood cultures yielded gram-positive rods that were identified as B. anthracis. [visualdx.com]

  Etiology Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis, a large, aerobic, Gram-positive rod. The organism is easy to culture and nonhemolytic colonies appear on blood agar in 12-18 hours. [vetmed.iastate.edu]

  Bacillus anthracis MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET - INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCES SECTION I - INFECTIOUS AGENT NAME: Bacillus anthracis SYNONYM OR CROSS REFERENCE: Anthrax, woolsorters' disease CHARACTERISTICS: Aerobic, large Gram positive rods occurring in chains [msdsonline.com]

  Anthrax is differentiated from other gram-positive rods on culture by lack of motility in broth and lack of hemolysis on blood agar. Table 1. [emedicine.medscape.com]

[…] received and year of treatment). [jamanetwork.com]

Without treatment, more than half of patients with gastrointestinal anthrax die. However, with proper treatment, 60% of patients survive. [cdc.gov]

Effects Without treatment it results in death for 24% to 60% of cases. Treatment Anthrax can be treated with antibiotics. [news.bbc.co.uk]

Treatment and Prevention Anthrax is prevented with immunization and antibiotic treatment for those people who have been exposed to anthrax. Pre-exposure immunization is not recommended for the general population. [costcopharmacy.ca]

Prognosis of cutaneous anthrax is usually better than that of inhalation and gastrointestinal anthrax. Epidemiology Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. [amboss.com]

This is a rarer disease as compared to cutaneous anthrax and has a poor prognosis. © Publisher Full text loading... Article metrics loading... [journals.co.za]

What is the prognosis for anthrax infections? The prognosis for anthrax infections depends on the type of infection and how rapidly antibiotic treatment is initiated. [medicinenet.com]

In general, the sooner treatment is started, the better the prognosis (outcome). [osha.gov]

List three disease along with the etiological agent that Alexa could have based on her symptoms. [austincc.edu]

Etiology Pathogen : Bacillus anthracis Transmission Human infection occurs following exposure to B. anthracis or its spores, usually as a result of contact with infected animals or infected animal products (e.g., wool, hide, meat) Weaponized anthrax: [amboss.com]

Etiology Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis, a large, aerobic, Gram-positive rod. The organism is easy to culture and nonhemolytic colonies appear on blood agar in 12-18 hours. [vetmed.iastate.edu]

Bacillus anthracis is the etiologic agent of anthrax —a common disease of livestock and, occasionally, of humans—and the only obligate pathogen within the genus Bacillus. [1] B. anthracis is a Gram-positive, endospore -forming, rod-shaped bacterium, with [en.wikipedia.org]

He also created pure cultures of the bacilli and showed that this also caused disease. [12] These experiments served as the prototype for Koch's postulates. [13] Etiology/Bacteriology Taxonomy Anthrax spores in the lung [3] Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes [microbewiki.kenyon.edu]

Descriptive Epidemiology 587 Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission 7 Pathogenesis and Immunity 590 Patterns of Host Response 591 Control and Prevention 592 References 593 Suggested Reading 595 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Theodore E Woodward and J Stephen [books.google.com]

Key words: anthrax, anthrax classification, anthrax epidemiology, anthrax diagnosis, bioterrorism The epidemiology of human anthrax has been described as agricultural and industrial (1). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Pathophysiology Virulence factors Antiphagocytic capsule (containing poly-D-glutamate ) Anthrax toxin : responsible for the local and systemic manifestations of anthrax Infection Local germination of B. anthracis spores and multiplication of bacteria [amboss.com]

Sepsis and pathophysiology of anthrax in a nonhuman primate model.. Am J Pathol 169 :, 433– – 444. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] http://sgm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jmmcr/10.1099/jmmcr.0.000013 Supplementary Data Data loading.... [jmmcr.microbiologyresearch.org]

Pathophysiological characteristics. Cutaneous anthrax results from skin exposure to B. anthracis, presumably from surface contamination. [cid.oxfordjournals.org]

Additional studies of such proteases have implicated them in other pathophysiologic effects ( 61 ). Secondary changes with anthrax infection that may contribute to shock. [atsjournals.org]

Pathophysiology Anthrax is primarily a disease of herbivores (eg, cattle, sheep, goats, horses). Pigs are not immune, but they are more resistant, as are dogs and cats. Birds are usually naturally resistant to anthrax. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Descriptive Epidemiology 587 Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission 7 Pathogenesis and Immunity 590 Patterns of Host Response 591 Control and Prevention 592 References 593 Suggested Reading 595 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Theodore E Woodward and J Stephen [books.google.com]

Rest what can be done is prevention. In the case of this infection, the statement ai???Prevention is better than cureai??? is absolutely applicable. [digestion.ygoy.com]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention expert panel meetings on prevention and treatment of anthrax in adults. Emerg Infect Dis 2014. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2002.130687. Raxibacumab [package insert]. [medscape.com]

In some situations preventative antibiotics may also be given to people who are suspected to have been exposed to anthrax spores. Prevention Control of anthrax in livestock herds is essential for prevention of its spread to humans. [sahealth.sa.gov.au]

Centers for disease control and prevention expert panel meetings on prevention and treatment of anthrax in adults. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(2). [aetna.com]