Presentation
[…] with a unilateral, painless testicular mass (Med Clin North Am 2018;102:251) Dull aching sensation in lower abdomen or scrotal area can also be present Acute pain is less common Initial presentation may be due to metastatic symptoms, including lower [pathologyoutlines.com]
Treatment
Initial management is radical inguinal orchiectomy No further treatment necessary in 75% of clinical stage I nonseminomatous GCT (Ann Oncol 2010;21:1296) If pT2 or higher, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection or chemotherapy If pN2 - 3, chemotherapy [pathologyoutlines.com]
Prognosis
British Journal of Cancer 83(6): 729–36 CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar Heidenreich A et al. (2000) Molecular genetic parameters in pathogenesis and prognosis of testicular germ cell tumors. [link.springer.com]
Etiology
12 formation (Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2020;20:75) Pluripotency may also be due to transcription factor OCT 3/4 and SOX2 overexpression (Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2020;20:75) Low to intermediate amount of DNA methylation (Front Oncol 2018;8:571) Etiology [pathologyoutlines.com]
Epidemiology
Predominance in a mixed GCT is associated with a higher risk of metastases and relapse (BJU Int 2020;125:355, BMC Cancer 2020;20:728) Positive: OCT 3/4, CD30; negative / weak: D2-40, CD117, glypican 3 ICD coding ICD-O: 9070/3 - embryonal carcinoma, NOS Epidemiology [pathologyoutlines.com]
Pathophysiology
(Am J Surg Pathol 2014;38:689) Second most common type of testicular pure GCT Average age of presentation 25 - 35 years old, ~10 years younger than seminoma Rare in children and after 50 years of age Sites Testis Anterior mediastinum Retroperitoneum Pathophysiology [pathologyoutlines.com]