Sometimes, a narrowed esophagus can be widened with a surgical procedure. This procedure may need to be repeated more than one time in the child's lifetime. [chw.org]

We conclude that, despite an apparently less severe esophageal malformation, patients with isolated TEF present with impaired esophageal motility before any surgical procedure. [journals.lww.com]

Several different surgical procedures have been created to treat long-gap esophageal atresia. [rarediseases.org]

The median age at surgery was 8 days for the TEF group vs. 1 day for the EA group (p CONCLUSION: Developmental delay and a high rate of morbidity were found in both groups. More complex surgery increased perioperative morbidity in cases of EA. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Children with neurologic impairment (OR 4.65), developmental delays (OR 4.62), aspiration lung disease (OR 3.22), and enteral feeding (OR 2.03) were more likely to have silent aspiration. [frontiersin.org]

Thoracic and abdominal imaging showed aspiration pneumonia, atelectasis, and gas within the colon. Gastrointestinal opacification demonstrated the fistula in 2 cases. Tracheoscopy visualized the tracheoesophageal fistula in the other 2 cases. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Department of Pediatric Surgery, CHU Caen, Avenue Cote de Nacre, 14033 Caen cedex 9, France; aurore.haffreingue{at}gmail.com Statistics from Altmetric.com Tracheoesophageal Fistula Diagnosis Children A 4-year-old boy was referred with recurrent pneumonia and aspiration [adc.bmj.com]

Feeding exacerbates these symptoms, causes regurgitation, and may precipitate aspiration. Aspiration of gastric contents via a distal fistula causes more damaging pneumonitis than aspiration of pharyngeal secretions from the blind upper pouch. [easypediatrics.com]

Diagnosing Aspiration during Swallowing Oropharyngeal dysphagia with resultant aspiration can be diagnosed by several different diagnostic tests. [frontiersin.org]

Diagnosis of an H-type fistula can be significantly delayed because the only symptoms may be frequent episodes of pneumonia due to recurrent aspiration. [pedclerk.uchicago.edu]

RESULTS: The clinical picture consisted in a coughing bout and cyanosis after each feeding. Thoracic and abdominal imaging showed aspiration pneumonia, atelectasis, and gas within the colon. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

They often present later with milder coughing or choking with feeds or reflux. Normal upper GI’s may miss isolated TEF. Diagnosis is therefore made with either a “pullback” esophagram using a feeding tube, or rigid bronchoscopy. [surgery4children.com]

Tracheomalacia can lead to a 'TOF cough' (a harsh barking cough). Recurrent chest infections can lead to bronchiectasis and irreversible lung damage. Respiratory morbidity tends to improve as the child ages. [patient.info]

The neonate with EA typically has frothing and bubbling at the mouth and nose after birth as well as episodes of coughing, cyanosis, and respiratory distress. Feeding exacerbates these symptoms, causes regurgitation, and may precipitate aspiration. [easypediatrics.com]

When fed, these infants swallow normally but begin to cough and struggle as the fluid returns through the nose and mouth. [en.wikipedia.org]

293 746 310 References 341 747 342 Diffuse Esophageal Spasm By G WANTRAPPEN and J HELLEMANs With 3 Figures 355 Related Conditions 361 Gastroesophageal Sphincter 375 750 377 Related Syndromes 390 Myasthenia Gravis 398 Extrapyramidal Disturbances 404 Eructation [books.google.com]

However, the high GGTP levels, even if much lower than in a bilious vomiting pattern, were not be comprehensible. We also excluded the presence of an AMP inhibitor in the EA-AF. [nature.com]

RESULTS: The clinical picture consisted in a coughing bout and cyanosis after each feeding. Thoracic and abdominal imaging showed aspiration pneumonia, atelectasis, and gas within the colon. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Wachter Caroline Ernst Anne Malfroot Original Paper First Online: 21 November 2006 Abstract Isolated tracheoesophageal fistula (H-TOF) is a rare type of tracheoesophageal anomaly and is in most cases diagnosed in the neonatal period because of choking and cyanosis [link.springer.com]

The neonate with EA typically has frothing and bubbling at the mouth and nose after birth as well as episodes of coughing, cyanosis, and respiratory distress. Feeding exacerbates these symptoms, causes regurgitation, and may precipitate aspiration. [easypediatrics.com]

Saliva, fluids feeding the newborn, or digestive fluids may enter the trachea through tracheoesophageal fistula, causing coughing, cyanosis and respiratory distress. [ivami.com]

The cyanosis is a result of laryngospasm (a protective mechanism that the body has to prevent aspiration into the trachea). Over time respiratory distress will develop. [en.wikipedia.org]

Clinical examination, complete blood count and sweat test were normal. A tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TEF) was suspected as a differential diagnosis. Barium swallow was unremarkable. [adc.bmj.com]

Sweat test was normal. Viral studies continued to be negative. At 14 weeks of age, following a two week period of respiratory stability, the infant had thorascopic repair of his esophageal atresia. He was extubated at 48 hours post-operatively. [springerplus.springeropen.com]

Despite replacement and flushing of his Repogle suction tube, he remained tachypneic for several days but gradually returned to baseline. [springerplus.springeropen.com]

CONCLUSION: Although a rare malformation, tracheoesophageal fistula should be suggested as a diagnosis when respiratory symptoms occur during feeding starting during the neonatal period. Copyright 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The presence of a dilated blind-ending esophageal pouch on a sonogram is suggestive of EA. [thehealthscience.com]

However, further investigation has suggested that this process does not occur in humans. 1, 3 Kluth and Fiegel 3 suggest that the formation of the esophagus and trachea is the result of “a system of folds” in the cranial and caudal ends of the tracheoesophageal [radiologykey.com]

This finding suggests that the esophageal dysmotility known to affect patients with EA and TEF is probably primary in origin rather than secondary to mechanical surgical trauma. [journals.lww.com]

In the setting of early-onset respiratory distress, the inability to pass a nasogastric or orogastric tube in the newborn is suggestive of esophageal atresia. Maternal polyhydramnios may alert the physician to EA. [easypediatrics.com]

It is exciting to think what the future may hold with regard to treatment of complex cases or comorbidities, and the development of minimally invasive therapies. [neoreviews.aappublications.org]

Thoracic and abdominal imaging showed aspiration pneumonia, atelectasis, and gas within the colon. Gastrointestinal opacification demonstrated the fistula in 2 cases. Tracheoscopy visualized the tracheoesophageal fistula in the other 2 cases. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Chest radiographs were performed during this time: two were interpreted as being normal, one showed minor right upper lobe opacities or atelectasis, and one showed minor right lower lobe atelectasis which resolved on subsequent radiograph. [springerplus.springeropen.com]

Pneumonitis (inflammation of the lungs) and atelectasis (collapse of part of one or both lungs) can develop quickly in these babies. [chw.org]

Aspiration pneumonia (especially in the right upper lobe) and patchy atelectasis are frequently present. [thehealthscience.com]

Gastrostomy for gastric decompression is reserved for use in patients with significant pneumonia or atelectasis, to prevent reflux of gastric contents through the fistula and into the trachea. [aafp.org]