Isosporiasis in immunocompromised patients presents as watery, foul diarrhea, with possible traces of mucus, but no blood observed in the fecal matter. It may be accompanied by flatulence and abdominal pain described as cramps and rarely nausea and vomiting [1]. Onset may be acute or insidious [2]. General symptoms, such as low-grade fever, malaise, weight loss, anorexia, myalgia, and headache may also be noticed. In more severe cases, the prolonged disease leads to dehydration. In immunocompetent people, signs are less severe and consist of self-limited diarrhea with minimal abdominal pain. The typical features appear 3 to 14 days after oocyst ingestion and usually last between 1 week to 2-3 weeks, progressively improving in otherwise healthy people, but the chronic form may be seen in few [3]. Symptoms may continue for an indefinite period of time in those suffering from immunodeficiencies. In acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases, biliary tract disease such as cholecystitis or cholangiopathy induced by Isospora has been reported [4] [5]. Development of a reactive arthritis is also a possibility [6].

• Weight Loss

  From Wikidata Jump to navigation Jump to search coccidiosis that involves infection of the epithelial cells of the small intestine with Cystoisospora belli, which results in nonbloody diarrhea with crampy abdominal pain, malabsorption and weight loss [wikidata.org]

  Considering taking medication to treat short-term infection with diarrhea, discomfort weight loss? Below is a list of common medications used to treat or reduce the symptoms of short-term infection with diarrhea, discomfort weight loss. [webmd.com]

  The patient presented with profuse diarrhoea associated with lethargy, anorexia and weight loss. Routine stool examination showed Isospora belli oocysts. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  It was also found that the presence of eosinophilia was more common in I. belli -infected patients without weight loss ( P < 0.001). Twenty-six (81.25%) subjects with I. belli infection had CD4 + cell counts < 200 cells/mm 3 ( P = 0.03). [ajtmh.org]

• Fever

  An acute, but not blood-stained, and profoundly smelly diarrhoea, accompanied by cramping abdominal pains and a low fever. There can be malaise, loss of appetite and weight, malabsorption, and a low fever. [health24.com]

  Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus; Diacetoxyscirpenol; Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus; Ebola virus; Francisella tularensis (tularemia); Hendra virus; Lassa fever virus; Lujo virus; Marburg virus; Monkeypox virus; Newcastle disease virus; Nipah [secure.sos.state.or.us]

  Towards the end of her cruise, Anne started to feel very sick with watery diarrhea that forced her to stay in her cabin, as well as severe stomach cramps, nausea, and a fever. [study.com]

  Fever was uncommon (7%). All patients were treated for isosporiasis, 27 of them with cotrimoxazole. Relapse of isosporiasis occurred in six of 16 patients (38%) despite maintenance cotrimoxazole therapy and HAART. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Malaise

  There can be malaise, loss of appetite and weight, malabsorption, and a low fever. The stools may be fatty/greasy, but nausea and vomiting are uncommon. [health24.com]

  Cyclospora Examination, Isospora Examination, Concentration Methodology Microscopic Exam of Modified Acid-Fast Stain Reference Range(s) Not detected Clinical Significance Cyclospora cayetanensis and Isospora belli are coccidian parasites which cause malaise [questdiagnostics.com]

  General symptoms, such as low-grade fever, malaise, weight loss, anorexia, myalgia, and headache may also be noticed. In more severe cases, the prolonged disease leads to dehydration. [symptoma.com]

  Symptoms and Signs of Cystoisosporiasis The primary symptom of cystoisosporiasis is sudden, nonbloody, watery diarrhea, with fever, abdominal cramps, nausea, anorexia, and malaise. [msdmanuals.com]

• Weakness

  Symptoms can include: stomach cramps watery diarrhea weight loss (which may be significant) weakness loss of appetite fever Rehydration and nutritional support are key components of treatment. [hiv.va.gov]

  If untreated, people with weak immune systems, such as people with AIDS, may be at higher risk for severe or prolonged illness. How is Cystoisospora infection diagnosed? Cystoisospora is too small to be seen without a microscope. [cdc.gov]

  People with weak immune systems are especially vulnerable and there have been outbreaks within American institutions. The symptoms of Isosporiasis include cramping, diarrhea, and abdominal pain that can go on for several weeks. [medic8.com]

  Dehydration is most common in babies, young children, the elderly and people with weak immune systems. [icdlist.com]

  Antiretroviral therapy (ART) administered to children with HIV infection to reverse or prevent severe immunodeficiency may be effective in preventing recurrence of isosporiasis ( weak, very low ). [aidsinfo.nih.gov]

• Diarrhea

  Results: Enteric parasites were detected in 39% of the HIV patients with diarrhea compared to 30% without diarrhea. I. belli was detected in 22% of the patients with diarrhea and in 4% without diarrhea ( P = 0.0019). [advbiores.net]

  Among patients with AIDS who are from South America, 10% with chronic diarrhea have isosporiasis. In patients with AIDS who are from Haiti and Africa, 7-20% with chronic diarrhea have cystoisosporiasis. [emedicine.com]

• Abdominal Pain

  From Wikidata Jump to navigation Jump to search coccidiosis that involves infection of the epithelial cells of the small intestine with Cystoisospora belli, which results in nonbloody diarrhea with crampy abdominal pain, malabsorption and weight loss [wikidata.org]

  In immunocompetent people, signs are less severe and consist of self-limited diarrhea with minimal abdominal pain. [symptoma.com]

  Clinical signs/symptoms for individuals consulting a private physician were mainly diarrhea and abdominal pain while individuals from marginal urban areas mainly showed meteorism, abdominal plain, occasional diarrhea and general symptoms such as fatigue [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Two species, I. hominis and I. belli, affect humans, causing diarrhea with abdominal pain and cramping. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Symptoms like abdominal pain, dyspepsia and nausea are caused by localized and or generalized toxic and allergic reactions triggered by this migration. [explainmedicine.com]

• Vomiting

  Symptoms of gastroenteritis include diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, headache, fever and chills. Most people recover with no treatment. The most common problem with gastroenteritis is dehydration. [icdlist.com]

  Symptoms Symptoms of isosporiasis include: Water diarrhea (most common symptom) Stomach cramps Nausea and vomiting Decreased appetite Fever Common symptoms of isosporiasis include diarrhea, cramps, and nausea and vomiting. [study.com]

  Pagina B-144 - Give the fluid by mouth if the patient can swallow, or by stomach tube if he cannot swallow and is not vomiting. ‎ [books.google.it]

  Symptoms include watery diarrhoea (sometimes explosive), stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, low-grade fever, and fatigue. Symptoms typically appear about 1 week after ingestion of C. cayetanensis oocysts. [parasites.ftz.czu.cz]

• Nausea

  Symptoms Symptoms of isosporiasis include: Water diarrhea (most common symptom) Stomach cramps Nausea and vomiting Decreased appetite Fever Common symptoms of isosporiasis include diarrhea, cramps, and nausea and vomiting. [study.com]

  Symptoms include watery diarrhoea (sometimes explosive), stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, low-grade fever, and fatigue. Symptoms typically appear about 1 week after ingestion of C. cayetanensis oocysts. [parasites.ftz.czu.cz]

  The most common symptom is watery diarrhea, but patients may also experience symptoms such as loss of appetite, weight loss, cramps, nausea and fatigue. [fonow.com]

  Other symptoms can (but don't always) include loss of appetite, weight loss, bloating and gas, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, low-grade fever, and fatigue. [cas.miamioh.edu]

• Intestinal Disease

  Freebase (0.00 / 0 votes) Rate this definition: Isosporiasis Isosporiasis is a human intestinal disease caused by the parasite Isospora belli. It is found worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical areas. [definitions.net]

  Similar Codes ICD-10 Code ICD-10 Description A07 Other protozoal intestinal diseases A07.0 Balantidiasis A07.1 Giardiasis [lambliasis] A07.2 Cryptosporidiosis A07.4 Cyclosporiasis A07.8 Other specified protozoal intestinal diseases A07.9 Protozoal intestinal [healthprovidersdata.com]

  of A07.3: A07.0 - Balantidiasis A07.1 - Giardiasis [lambliasis] A07.2 - Cryptosporidiosis A07.4 - Cyclosporiasis A07.8 - Other specified protozoal intestinal diseases A07.9 - Protozoal intestinal disease, unspecified [emedcodes.com]

  diseases A07.1 Giardiasis [lambliasis] A07.2 Cryptosporidiosis A07.3 Isosporiasis A07.8 Other specified protozoal intestinal diseases A07.9 Protozoal intestinal disease, unspecified A08 Viral and other specified intestinal infections A08.0 Rotaviral [icd10data.com]

A complete cell blood count reveals eosinophilia in half of isosporiasis patients. Human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) is an important risk factor because of the immune deficiency status it induces. Therefore, whenever isosporiasis is identified, a thorough clinical and serological HIV panel should be performed. Isospora is more likely to affect individuals with a CD4 count of less than 200/μl [7]. However, if HIV infection is absent, the physician should not stop trying to identify an immune disorder, because cases of isosporiasis have been documented in association with common variable immunodeficiency [8].

This parasitic disorder is confirmed by stool examination. Ideally, multiple feces specimens should be evaluated or specimen concentration methods like sugar flotation or zinc sulfate should be used. The fecal matter is to be analyzed after Giemsa, hematoxylin/eosin, auramine-rhodamine fluorescent, carbol fuchsin or safranin staining [9] because oocysts are translucent. Fluorescent microscopy is a reliable and inexpensive method to diagnose Isospora infestation [10]. Typical eggs dimensions are 30 × 12 µm. The stool also contains fat and Charcot-Leyden crystals, but no polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Alternative diagnostic methods are represented by real-time polymerase chain reaction [11] and imaging tests. Double-contrast barium upper gastrointestinal series occasionally shows prominent mucosa folds, a non-specific finding that correlates with the duration of the illness and extent of villous atrophy. The entero-test provides a duodenal sample, that may prove the presence of the medical entity. Duodenal aspirates should be examined, as they may be positive, both for parasites and eggs. In cases where the diagnosis cannot be established otherwise, a small bowel biopsy may be performed. Histologic evaluation of the mucosa will confirm its atrophy, further describing short villi, hypertrophic crypts and eosinophil infiltration of lamina propria. The more extensive these changes are, the more severe symptoms are likely to be. Upper jejunal endoscopy and biopsy may show various parasite life cycle stages, like macrogamonts, microgamonts, trophozoites, schizonts or merozoites [12].

• Colitis

  (acute) (catarrhal) (chronic) (noninfective) (hemorrhagic) K52.9 - see also Enteritis ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code K52.9 Noninfective gastroenteritis and colitis, unspecified 2016 2017 2018 2019 Billable/Specific Code Applicable To Colitis NOS Enteritis [icd10data.com]

  […] diseases (A07) A07.3 Isosporiasis Code Version: 2019 ICD-10-CM Synonyms Blastocystis hominis infection Chronic intestinal isosporiasis Coccidiosis Coccidiosis associated with AIDS Coccidiosis co-occurrent with human immunodeficiency virus infection Colitis [healthprovidersdata.com]

  NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Bacterial gastroenteritis (Medical Encyclopedia) Bland diet (Medical Encyclopedia) CMV - gastroenteritis/colitis (Medical Encyclopedia) Stool Gram stain (Medical Encyclopedia) Viral [icdlist.com]

  Colitis in patients with AIDS has been rarely reported. Reactive arthritis is rare but has been reported in immunocompromised patients. Woodcock HM. Notes on Protozoan parasites in the excreta. BMJ. 1915;2:709. Goodgame R. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Severe malabsorption was regarded as responsible for the subtherapeutic levels of nitazoxanide in plasma and bile, resulting in treatment failure. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Treatment Recommendations Treating Disease TMP-SMX is the recommended treatment for isosporiasis. [aidsinfo.nih.gov]

Are there any experimental treatments in development for isosporiasis? If you would like to find out if you are eligible for any clinical trials involving new treatments for isosporiasis, visit ClinicalTrials.gov, a site run by the U.S. [poz.com]

Isospora belli Isosporiasis Microchapters Home Patient Information Overview Historical Perspective Pathophysiology Causes Differentiating Isosporiasis from other Diseases Epidemiology and Demographics Risk Factors Natural History, Complications and Prognosis [wikidoc.org]

Prognosis Prognosis is excellent with therapy (and prophylaxis, if appropriate). In immunocompetent patients, isosporiasis is usually a transient, self-limited illness but can sometimes result in a protracted diarrheal illness. [thehealthscience.com]

What is the prognosis? It is usually a minor and self-limited illness in immunologically healthy people, though it can cause chronic and debilitating diarrhoea. [health24.com]

Prognosis - Cyclosporosis Not supplied. Treatment - Cyclosporosis Infection with Cyclospora is treatable with a combination of two antibiotics (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). [checkorphan.org]

Prognosis Prognosis is excellent with therapy (and prophylaxis, if appropriate). In immunocompetent patients, cystoisosporiasis is usually a transient, self-limited illness but can sometimes result in a protracted diarrheal illness. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Each part surveys individual infections caused not only by well-known etiologic agents, but also by new and emerging species often taxonomically closely related to a major disea- producing microorganism and until recently not considered to be human pathogens [books.google.com]

Well-organized Major Infectious Diseases chapters break down content by etiologic agent and epidemiology, clinical signs and their pathophysiology, physical examination findings, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis, immunity, prevention, and public health [books.google.ro]

Etiology The causative pathogen of cystoisosporiasis is C belli, a protozoan that belongs to the subclass Coccidia in the phylum Apicomplexa. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Etiology The causative pathogen of isosporiasis is I belli, a protozoan that belongs to the subclass Coccidia in the phylum Apicomplexa. The mode of transmission of isosporiasis is fecal-oral, ie, through food or water contaminated with human feces. [thehealthscience.com]

Addressing the biology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of more than 60 microorganisms, Molecular Detection of Foodborne Pathogens demonstrates how to implement a surveillance system that uses state-of-the-art molecular techniques to quickly detect and [books.google.com]

Epidemiology United States statistics The exact incidence of cystoisosporiasis in humans is unknown. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Oocyst of Isospora belli Isosporiasis Microchapters Home Patient Information Overview Historical Perspective Pathophysiology Causes Differentiating Isosporiasis from other Diseases Epidemiology and Demographics Risk Factors Natural History, Complications [wikidoc.org]

Therefore all required epidemiological actions shall be taken to prevent this problem from reaching higher dimensions. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Epidemiology United States statistics The exact incidence of isosporiasis in humans is unknown. [thehealthscience.com]

Oocyst of Isospora belli Isosporiasis Microchapters Home Patient Information Overview Historical Perspective Pathophysiology Causes Differentiating Isosporiasis from other Diseases Epidemiology and Demographics Risk Factors Natural History, Complications [wikidoc.org]

In addition, background information on epidemiology, pathogenesis and pathophysiology encourages a fuller understanding of conditions, and over 250 full colour images help with diagnosis when treating patients. [books.google.com]

Well-organized Major Infectious Diseases chapters break down content by etiologic agent and epidemiology, clinical signs and their pathophysiology, physical examination findings, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis, immunity, prevention, and public health [books.google.ro]

Pathophysiology Gastrointestinal infection IV. Differential Diagnosis VI. [fpnotebook.com]

Pathophysiology C belli is ingested in contaminated food or water, and its life cycle requires a stage outside the host. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Polymerase chain reaction is a promising diagnostic tool but is not yet commercially available in the United States. 13 Prevention Recommendations Preventing Exposure Avoiding food or water that might be contaminated with stool may help prevent infection [aidsinfo.nih.gov]

Prompt diagnosis and treatment of these parasites in the immunocompromised host are necessary to prevent severe wasting and dehydration. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

How can Cystoisospora infection be prevented? Avoiding food or water that might be contaminated with stool may help prevent infection. As always, good handwashing and personal-hygiene practices should be followed. [cdc.gov]

Washing your hands often can help prevent transmission. Drugs can also be used to prevent isosporiasis, usually for people whose CD4 counts are below 200. Once CD4 counts are above 200 for six or more months, preventive meds can stopped. [poz.com]

1. Ortega YR, Nagle R, Gilman RH, et al. Pathological and clinical findings in patients with cyclosporiasis and a description of intracellular parasite life-cycle stages. J Infect Dis 1997;176:1584-89.
2. Lindsay DS, Dubey JP, Blagburn BL. Biology of Isospora spp. from humans, nonhuman primates, and domestic animals. Clin Microbiol Rev. Jan 1997;10(1):19-34.
3. Berlin OG, Novak SM, Porschen RK, et al. Recovery of Cyclospora organisms from patients with prolonged diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;18:606-9.
4. Sifuentes-Osornio J, Porras-Cortes G, Bendall RP, et al. Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in patients with and without AIDS: Biliary disease as another clinical manifestation. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;21:1092-1097.
5. Bialek R, Overkamp D, Rettig I, et al. Case report: Nitazoxanide treatment failure in chronic isosporiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001;65(2):94-5.
6. Gonzalez-Dominguez J, Roldan R, Villanueva JL, et al. Isospora belli reactive arthritis in a patient with AIDS [Letter]. Ann Rheum Di. 1994;53:618-9.
7. Mohanty I, Panda P, Sahu S, et al. Prevalence of isosporiasis in relation to CD4 cell counts among HIV-infected patients with diarrhea in Odisha, India. Adv Biomed Res. 2013; 2:6
8. Silva GB, Fernandes KP, Segundo GR. Common variable immunodeficiency and isosporiasis: first report case. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2012; 45(6):768-9
9. Visvesvara GS, Moura H, Kovacs-Nace E, et al. Uniform staining of Cyclospora oocysts in fecal smears by a modified safranin technique with microwave heating. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:730-733.
10. Eberhard ML, Pieniazek NJ, Arrowood MJ. Laboratory diagnosis of Cyclospora infections. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1997;121:792-797.
11. Sasaki M, Tanaka A, Nishimura T, et al. A case of malabsorption syndrome caused by isosporiasis in an immunocompetent patient. J Gastroenterol. 2004; 39(1):88-9.
12. Kim MJ, Kim WH, Jung HC, et al. Isospora belli Infection with Chronic Diarrhea in an Alcoholic Patient. Korean J Parasitol. 2013; 51(2):207-12.