Oligoarticular or polyarticular arthritis of a duration of six weeks or longer must be present to diagnose juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Patients may present with an acute onset of symptoms or a more gradual onset. [radiopaedia.org]

Temporomandibular arthritis is present in the majority of patients, resulting in secondary microretrognathia (3,6,29). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This is a gene that is present in about 70-90% of patients with a subtype of arthritis that affects the spine. [cincinnatichildrens.org]

Anti-CCP antibodies: the past, the present and the future. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2011 Jun 7. 7(7):391-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Mjaavatten MD, van der Heijde DM, Uhlig T, et al. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Undifferentiated: Symptoms don’t match up perfectly with any of the subtypes, but inflammation is present in one or more joints. JIA symptoms may also come and go. Periods of lots inflammation and worsening symptoms are called flares. [arthritis.org]

• Fatigue

  Getting enough sleep will help to reduce inflammation and pain as well as fatigue. Apply heat or cold Ice packs or cold compresses can help to reduce inflammation and pain. They may also be effective against muscle spasms. [healthline.com]

  Rest helps reduce inflammation and fatigue that can come with a flare. Taking breaks throughout the day protects joints and preserves energy. [arthritis.org]

  Frequent depression, sleep disturbance, anxiety and fatigue are reported more commonly among JIA patients than in healthy controls (42). Therefore, psychosocial monitoring could improve the success of treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Physical Activity to Reduce Fatigue in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2017 Apr 5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Lemmey AB, Marcora SM, Chester K, Wilson S, Casanova F, Maddison PJ. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Anemia

  The complete blood count (CBC) helps to look for anemia (low red blood cell count). Patients with JIA or chronic inflammation can frequently have anemia. [cincinnatichildrens.org]

  It causes three blood diseases: anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. The severity of anemia is correlated with the severity of RA. Lymphoma. [healthline.com]

  Other laboratory markers of a poor prognosis include early radiologic evidence of bony injury, persistent anemia of chronic disease, elevated levels of the C1q component of complement, and the presence of ACPA (see Workup). [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Lymphadenopathy

  Hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy are seen in about one-third of patients. Serositis, including pericarditis and pleuritis, may be seen, presenting with marked chest pain. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Intermittent Fever

  The intermittent fever is generally accompanied by a typical, salmon pink-coloured rash, which commonly occurs on the trunk and proximal extremities and vanishes with the decline of the fever (Figure 1). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Arthralgia

  Signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis In most patients with RA, onset is insidious, often beginning with fever, malaise, arthralgias, and weakness before progressing to joint inflammation and swelling. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Prolonged arthralgia of the lower extremities could be seen at disease onset. This phase of the disease is not characterized by axial skeleton involvement. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Osteoporosis

  Bones may get thinner and break more easily (osteoporosis). Mouth/Jaw. Difficulty chewing, brushing or flossing. More than half of children with JIA have jaw involvement. Neck. Inflammation of the cervical spine can cause neck pain or stiffness. [arthritis.org]

  Disease complications can vary from growth retardation and osteoporosis secondary to treatment and disease activity, to life-threatening macrophage activation syndrome with multi-organ insufficiency. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Thrombocytosis

  Leukocytosis, hypochromic microcytic anaemia, thrombocytosis, acute-phase reactant elevation and an increased level of transaminases may be noticed. Elevation of the ferritin level is a relevant issue for sJIA. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• HLA-B27

  The common link is a gene called HLA-B27. Patients with a spondyloarthropathy commonly have HLA-B27. About 60-80% of the young boys with oligoarticular JIA have the HLA-B27 gene. [cincinnatichildrens.org]

  HLA-B27 typing (a genetic marker): The HLA-B27 gene is associated with enthesitis-related types of arthritis, such ankylosing spondylitis. [arthritis.org]

  Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) B27 and the other HLA tissue types are the most commonly mentioned genetic factors (3,12,13,14,15). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The main treatment options include: medicine that is taken long term to relieve symptoms and slow the progress of the condition supportive treatments, such as physiotherapy and occupational therapy, to help keep you mobile and manage any problems you [nhs.uk]

The recommended treatment dose is 10-15 mg/m2/week or 0.5-1 mg/kg/week. Most patients show a response in the first 2-3 weeks of treatment. Occasionally, it can take some time to achieve treatment response. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Treatments work best when RA is diagnosed early, so it’s important to learn the signs. Read on to learn everything you want to know about RA, from types and symptoms to home remedies, diets, and other treatments. [healthline.com]

Treatment for the eyes is separate from the treatment for the joints. [cincinnatichildrens.org]

(See Treatment and Medication.) Early therapy with DMARDs has become the standard of care; it not only can more efficiently retard disease progression than later treatment but also may induce more remissions. (See Treatment.) [emedicine.medscape.com]

Prognosis Novel biological therapeutics, early aggressive treatment and effective intra-articular administration of steroids have led to marked improvement in the prognosis of JIA. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This theory is supported by the much worse prognosis of RA among patients with positive RF results. [emedicine.medscape.com]

It is not possible to project a prognosis regarding the joints until some time has gone by and the course of your child's disease becomes apparent. [cincinnatichildrens.org]

Unraveling the Phenotypic Variability of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis across Races or Geographic Areas--Key to Understanding Etiology and Genetic Factors?. J Rheumatol. 2016;43(4):683-5. doi: 10.3899/jrheum.160173. [ Links ] 15. [scielo.cl]

Because the worldwide frequency of RA is relatively constant, a ubiquitous infectious agent has been postulated to play an etiologic role. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Table 1 International League of Associations for Rheumatology classification of subtypes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (4) Epidemiology The epidemiological characteristics of the disease are important in order to establish the influence of genetic [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Epidemiology Worldwide, the annual incidence of RA is approximately 3 cases per 10,000 population, and the prevalence rate is approximately 1%, increasing with age and peaking between the ages of 35 and 50 years. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Pathophysiology The pathogenesis of RA is not completely understood. [emedicine.medscape.com]

A flare can be difficult to predict, but with treatment it's possible to decrease the number of flares and minimise or prevent long-term damage to the joints. [nhs.uk]

Decreasing the inflammation can also help to prevent further joint and organ damage. [healthline.com]

Controlling inflammation and managing disease can prevent damage and complications from these health effects. [arthritis.org]

It is best to take NSAIDs with food or milk to help prevent stomach upset. [cincinnatichildrens.org]

However, the usage is limited due to numerous side effects and low efficacy in the prevention of joint destruction. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]