Presentation
Histology of the non-neoplastic kidney showed mild parenchymal scarring with some glomerulitis and transplant glomerulopathy present. Moderate transplant arteriopathy and hyaline arteriosclerosis were also present. [jkcvhl.com]
Case presentation: A 31-year-old female presented to the hospital complaining of gross hematuria. Computed tomography (CT) revealed an intraparenchymal mass in the left kidney forming a tumour thrombus in the inferior vena cava (IVC). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
The TNM staging classification in its most recently revised form is described, with discussion of the challenges this presents to cross-sectional imaging. [birpublications.org]
Entire specimen Weight (g) Size in three dimensions (mm) Kidney, in three dimensions Ureter (posterior), length Renal artery (middle), length Renal vein (anterior), length Adrenal (if present), in three dimensions Gerota’s fascia Absent Present Other, [rcpa.edu.au]
These lesions usually correspond to the actual size of residual foreign body and have characteristic presentation according to the anatomy involved. [link.springer.com]
Entire Body System
- Pathologist
Hes (pathologist, Pilzen, Czech Republic) for two sections of this document: Histological diagnosis and Other renal tumours. 1.4. [uroweb.org]
Pathologists have identified as many as 20 different types of kidney cancer cells. A pathologist is a doctor who specializes in interpreting laboratory tests and evaluating cells, tissues, and organs to diagnose disease. [cancer.net]
When pathologists examine kidneys that have been removed to treat a cancerous tumour, they sometimes also find these types of non-cancerous tumours. Unfortunately, diagnostic tests can’t tell us if a non-cancerous tumour could become cancerous. [cancer.ca]
In the end, communication between the urologist and pathologist is key to arriving at the correct diagnosis.” [renalandurologynews.com]
Your care team might include a radiologist, urologist, neurologist, a pathologist and a medical oncologist. Counseling would include explanations of the risks and benefits of the treatment plan and possible clinical outcomes. [urologyhealth.org]
- Fatigue
Fatigue Having a tumor in your kidney may cause you to feel fatigued. One reason may be anemia caused by the cancer. Your fatigue could also be a result of the cancer cells competing with your healthy cells for nutrients. [healthline.com]
Malignant kidney neoplasia also do not usually have noticeable symptoms, but occasionally may cause weight loss, blood in the urine, a nagging pain in the back or side, fatigue or a fever. [wisegeek.com]
Side effects can include fatigue, hair loss, appetite loss, nausea, mouth sores and infection. Radiation —uses high-energy light particles, such as X-rays or gamma rays, to destroy the cancer. [stjude.org]
Physical therapy can also be used to combat fatigue, which is not only a common symptom of renal cancer but it can be a side effect of treatment (e.g. chemotherapy) [13]. [physio-pedia.com]
Respiratoric
- Cough
48 Complication/Komplikasyon.............................................. 109,167 Connective tissue/Bağ dokusu............................................ 177 Continent/Kontinan............................................................. 140 Cough [jurolsurgery.org]
[…] known reason Fever that lasts for weeks and isn't caused by a cold or other infection Extreme fatigue Anemia Swelling in your ankles or legs Kidney cancer that spreads to other parts of your body may cause other symptoms, such as: Shortness of breath Coughing [webmd.com]
For example, cancer that spreads to the lungs may cause coughing and shortness of breath. Cancer that spreads to the bones may cause bone pain. Exams and Tests To see if you may have kidney cancer, your doctor will do a physical exam. [northshore.org]
Renal cancer most often spreads to the lungs (75%), regional lymph nodes (65%), bones (40%), and liver (40%). [3] The patient may complain of a cough or bone pain secondary to metastasis to the lungs or bone, respectively. [physio-pedia.com]
Encourage the patient to turn, cough, and breathe deeply at least every 2 hours. Show the patient how to use diaphragmatic breathing techniques and how to splint the incision. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
Gastrointestinal
- Abdominal Mass
Presentation [ edit ] Kidney tumours may be discovered on medical imaging incidentally (i.e. an incidentaloma ), or may be present in patients as an abdominal mass or kidney cyst, hematuria, abdominal pain, or manifest first in a paraneoplastic syndrome [en.wikipedia.org]
Some of the common symptoms include: Abdominal mass Blood in urine Persistent pain in the back or loin Recurrent fever and malaise Persistent fever, anorexia or weight loss Smoking is strong risk factor for most transitional cell carcinomas and at least [news-medical.net]
A mass or lump in the abdomen, side, or back can also be a sign of kidney cancer. It can feel like a hard, thickening, or bulging bump under the skin. About 45 percent of people with RCC have an abdominal mass. [healthline.com]
Other signs may include flank pain and an abdominal mass that can be felt by the examining doctor. Other symptoms of renal cell carcinoma may include high blood pressure (hypertension), anemia, abnormal liver function and fever. [rarediseases.org]
See separate articles Abdominal Masses, Loin Pain and Haematuria which discuss the various causes. Investigations Urinalysis, cytology, culture and sensitivity should be performed to exclude urinary tract infection. [patient.info]
Musculoskeletal
- Back Pain
Back pain is common in people over 40 years old. This is usually due to musculoskeletal injury or disk degeneration. Back pain is also less commonly a symptom of kidney cancer. About 41 percent of people with RCC report back pain. [healthline.com]
Management for tumors smaller than 3 cm with persistent symptoms, such as back pain or hematuria, remains controversial, but nephrectomy may be recommended since many of these tumors turn out to be unequivocal renal cell carcinoma. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Occasionally, however, benign neoplasms of the kidney will cause kidney stones, frequent urinary tract infections, back pain, blood in the urine, or elevated blood pressure. [wisegeek.com]
But as a tumor grows, you may notice blood in your urine or lose weight without trying or feel back pain that doesn't go away. [davita.com]
- Low Back Pain
As the disease gets more serious, you might have warning signs like: A lump on your side, belly, or lower back Blood in your pee Low back pain on one side Losing weight for no clear reason Not feeling hungry Fever Feeling tired Not enough red blood cells [webmd.com]
They also may reduce chronic low back pain, joint pain, headaches, and pain from treatments. Before you try a complementary treatment, talk to your doctor about the possible value and potential side effects. [northshore.org]
Skin
- Skin Lesion
Skin lesions may not require treatment and many dermatologists do not recommended surgical excision because it can lead to scarring and damage to the skin. Surgical excision is most often used for a solitary, painful lesion. [rarediseases.org]
A biopsy specimen of the patient's skin lesions revealed nonspecific dermatitis. [jamanetwork.com]
Benign leiomyomas skin/ uterus. Uterine leiomyosarcoma. Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome : [26] FLCN (folliculin) gene mutation. [28] Skin lesions (fibrofolliculoma, trichodiscoma, acrochordon ). ChRCC most common, other types seen (e.g. oncocytoma ). [librepathology.org]
Siblings of patients require physical examinations and biopsies of suspicious skin lesions as early as the second decade of life. [mdedge.com]
These patients have small papular skin lesions called fibrofolliculomas, lung cysts with spontaneous pneumothorax and a high incidence of different kinds of renal cell carcinoma: most frequently chromphobe RCC, less commonly oncocytoma, and rarely clear [radiologyassistant.nl]
- Ulcer
Chemotherapy may cause bone marrow suppression, infection, nausea, vomiting, mouth ulcers, and hair loss. During radiation or chemotherapy, oral intake is encouraged to remove toxic metabolites. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
Urogenital
- Kidney Failure
Being on long-term dialysis, a treatment for kidney failure that involves removing harmful substances from the blood, can also raise the risk. [nyulangone.org]
The exact cause of kidney cancer is unknown, however, the following situations may increase your risk of developing kidney cancer: older age being male dialysis treatments (or other treatments for kidney failure) family history of kidney cancer high blood [sharecare.com]
People who receive long-term dialysis to treat chronic kidney failure have a greater risk of developing kidney cancer. Certain inherited syndromes. [mayoclinic.org]
What is kidney disease? Your kidneys main job is to clean waste and extra water from your blood. Having kidney disease means your kidneys are damaged and cannot do this job well. Over time, kidney disease can get worse and lead to kidney failure. [kidney.org]
Complications from this cancer may include: Kidney failure Local spread of the tumor with increasing pain Spread of the cancer to lung, liver, and bone Contact your provider if you have any of the symptoms listed above. [medlineplus.gov]
- Renal Insufficiency
Solitary kidney Masses in both kidneys Renal insufficiency Presence of hereditary disorder related to RCC. Laparoscopic nephrectomy is growing in popularity due to the reduction in hospital stay, postoperative pain, and recovery time. [physio-pedia.com]
Occupational exposure to petroleum products, heavy metals, solvents, coke-oven emissions, or asbestos Cystic kidney disease associated with chronic (long-term) renal insufficiency Cystic changes in the kidney and renal dialysis Tuberous sclerosis Von [emedicinehealth.com]
insufficiency, chronic haemodialysis (filtering an individual’s blood with a machine outside of the body) and analgesic abuse nephropathy. [myvmc.com]
Choi YS, Park YH, Kim YJ et al: Predictive factors for the development of chronic renal insufficiency after renal surgery: a multicenter study. Int Urol Nephrol 2014; 46 : 681. [auanet.org]
- Renal Function Impairment
MRI is also often used in patient in whom contrast CT is contraindicated because of impaired renal function [ 52 ]. [content.iospress.com]
Workup
[…] incidentaloma ), or may be present in patients as an abdominal mass or kidney cyst, hematuria, abdominal pain, or manifest first in a paraneoplastic syndrome that seems unrelated to the kidney. [1] Diagnosis [ edit ] A CT scan is the first choice modality for workup [en.wikipedia.org]
Laboratory studies in the evaluation of renal cell carcinoma should include a workup for paraneoplastic syndromes. [slideshare.net]
Clinical Testing and Workup A skin biopsy, which is the surgical removal and microscopic study of a small sample of skin tissue, is necessary in order to confirm the presence of leiomyomas. [rarediseases.org]
Much of the testing performed in the workup of RCC is in an effort to determine the stage of disease which impacts treatment decisions and determines prognosis. [renalandurologynews.com]
[…] aminotransferase [AST] and alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) Serum calcium Imaging studies used to evaluate and stage renal masses may include the following: Excretory urography CT scanning PET scanning Ultrasonography Arteriography Venography MRI See Workup [emedicine.medscape.com]
Serum
- Erythrocytosis
Palliative nephrectomyIn patients with Metastatic disease for alleviation of symptomssuch as pain, hemorrhage, malaise, hypocalcaemia, erythrocytosis,or hypertension.Several randomized studies are now showing improved overallsurvival in patients presenting [slideshare.net]
CBC: evaluate for anemia, erythrocytosis, or thrombocytosis which may be paraneoplastic findings and are associated with worse outcomes; also necessary to make treatment decisions BUN and creatinine: an assessment of renal function is necessary to make [renalandurologynews.com]
Either a low red blood cell count (anemia) or a high red blood cell count (erythrocytosis) may accompany kidney cancer. Occasionally, patients will have high calcium levels. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
Treatment
Treatments Surgery is the main treatment for non-cancerous kidney tumours. Other treatment options include: active surveillance arterial embolization (for angiomyolipomas) Find out more about treatments for kidney cancer. [cancer.ca]
INTRODUCTION Kidney transplant is the treatment of choice for end-stage chronic kidney disease as well as the only alternative to renal replacement treatment with dialysis. [revistanefrologia.com]
Counseling would include explanations of the risks and benefits of the treatment plan and possible clinical outcomes. The best treatment plan includes your own preferences, physical condition, other illnesses, outlook and lifestyle. [urologyhealth.org]
Complementary treatment People sometimes use complementary treatment along with medical treatment to help relieve symptoms and side effects of cancer treatments. Some treatments that may be helpful include: Acupuncture to relieve pain. [northshore.org]
Circumstances unique to each patient’s situation influence which treatment or treatments are utilized. [texasoncology.com]
Prognosis
1 or 2 factors are considered intermediate prognosis, and 3 or more of these factors are considered to have a poor prognosis and may be less likely to benefit from certain treatments. [cancer.org]
Metastatic renal cell carcinoma has a poor prognosis with a median overall survival rate of approximately 2 years. [infona.pl]
Prognosis for kidney cancer It is not possible for a doctor to predict the exact course of a disease, as it will depend on each person's individual circumstances. [cancer.org.au]
The recommendations are based on prognosis and prior treatment. [renalandurologynews.com]
Etiology
Subheadings: analysis anatomy and histology blood blood supply chemically induced chemistry classification complications congenital cytology diagnosis diagnostic imaging diet therapy drug therapy economics embryology enzymology epidemiology ethnology etiology [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
“It is conceivable that the two malignancies share some etiologic factors,” the authors of the Italian study wrote. “Asbestos is the most likely candidate. [asbestos.com]
Most common benign renal parenchymal tumor.Discovered occasionaly at postmortem or incidentally during radiological imaging .Asymptomatic .Despite the classification of adenoma as a benign tumor, difficult to differentiate from renal carcinoma.Unknown etiology [slideshare.net]
Etiology A specific factor in the etiology of RCC is not known at the moment, although a number of dietary, environmental factors, hormonal, celllular and genetic factors associated with increased risk. [atlasgeneticsoncology.org]
The large geographic variation in renal cell cancer rates suggests that westernization may contribute to its etiology. [care.diabetesjournals.org]
Epidemiology
These updated ESMO guidelines cover incidence and epidemiology, diagnosis and pathology/molecular biology, staging and risk assessment, management of local and metastatic disease, response evaluation and follow-up, long-term implications and survivorship [esmo.org]
[…] search builder options Subheadings: analysis anatomy and histology blood blood supply chemically induced chemistry classification complications congenital cytology diagnosis diagnostic imaging diet therapy drug therapy economics embryology enzymology epidemiology [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
The epidemiology, presentation and relevance of the various surgical options will be reviewed. The imaging modalities applied to staging will be discussed, with an emphasis on multidetector CT. [birpublications.org]
[…] malignant potential from cystic renal cell carcinomas which have some overlapping morphologic features Use of "multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma" is considered obsolete (WHO 2016); some literature references in this topic use the older terminology Epidemiology [pathologyoutlines.com]
Epidemiology Renal tumors make up about 3–4 % of all malignant tumors of the adults, and approximately 80–90 % of all malignant tumors of the kidney are renal cell carcinomas. [infona.pl]
Pathophysiology
[…] are being investigated. [6] Some studies have linked regular use of NSAIDs such as ibuprofen and naproxen to increases of kidney cancer risk by up to 51%, [7] but other research shows no such connection at least with regards to renal cell cancers. [8] Pathophysiology [en.wikipedia.org]
All these conditions are the components of metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance is underlying pathophysiology ( 20 ). [care.diabetesjournals.org]
Pathophysiology The tissue of origin for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the proximal renal tubular epithelium. [emedicine.medscape.com]
Jacobson HR: Chronic renal failure: pathophysiology. Lancet 1991; 338 : 419. Nagata M, Kriz W: Glomerular damage after uninephrectomy in young rats. II. Mechanical stress on podocytes as a pathway to sclerosis. Kidney Int 1992; 42 : 148. [auanet.org]
Prevention
[…] and early detection of cervical cancer: American Cancer Society, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, and American Society for Clinical Pathology screening guidelines for the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer. [nccn.org]
Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention Learn about the causes, risk factors, and prevention of kidney cancer and what you might be able to do to help lower your risk from the American Cancer Society. [cancer.org]
Return to top How can I prevent kidney cancer? It is not always possible to prevent kidney cancer, but you can take these steps to lower your chances of getting it: Do not smoke or use tobacco. If you smoke, quit now. Keep a healthy weight. [kidneyfund.org]
[…] imaging diet therapy drug therapy economics embryology enzymology epidemiology ethnology etiology genetics history immunology metabolism microbiology mortality nursing organization and administration parasitology pathology physiology physiopathology prevention [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Prevention Taking steps to improve your health may help reduce your risk of kidney cancer. To reduce your risk, try to: Quit smoking. If you smoke, quit. [mayoclinic.org]