The majority of KTWS cases manifest in infancy or childhood [1]. This rare disorder is characterized by the clinical triad of port-wine stain, varicose veins, and hypertrophy of bone and soft tissue, although not all may be present [2]. It typically involves a unilateral extremity, in which the leg is the most frequently affected site [3]. The arms and trunk may be affected as well. Occasionally, multiple limbs are involved.

The port-wine stain, or capillary hemangioma, is the initial sign. It appears as a sharp border on the lateral portion of the limb(s). The hemangioma may be confined to the skin or advanced to the bone and muscle [4], and organs such as the liver, spleen, bladder, large bowel, and others. Hence, vascular malformations that arise in the gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) tracts can cause hematuria, hematochezia, and genital bleeding [5] [6].

Varicosities, which may be apparent at birth, involve a superficial or deep vein of the foot or leg and distribute into the thigh or gluteal region. These may gradually grow in size. Varicose veins produce pain and lymphedema [4], which become worse during pregnancy [7].

The hemihypertrophy stems from the increased bone length and/or the enlarged soft tissue [4]. This is seen at birth and continues to progress during childhood.

Complications

KTWS is associated with severe consequences such as pulmonary embolism [8], thrombophlebitis, coagulopathy, GI and/or GU bleeding [5], and other life-threatening sequelae.

Patients are at risk for developing seizures and various brain pathologies, of which hemimegalencephaly is the most common [9]. Other complications include but are not limited to stroke, arteriovenous malformation, venous malformation, aneurysm, and hydrocephalus.

Physical exam

Remarkable findings include skin lesions described as nevus flammeus, which are pink to purplish in color. Limb asymmetry is typically apparent [9].

• Respiratory Distress

  A newborn female with respiratory distress from birth, and having vascular malformation involving left thigh. The neonate also had hydronephrosis and developed complication of Kasabach Merritt syndrome. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Pelvic Mass

  Three patients had an association of pelvic and genital malformations, including 2 patients with hematuria due to vesical lesions and 1 patient with left ureterohydronephrosis due to a pelvic mass. Two patients had urethral lesions. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  A laparoscopy was performed simultaneously to evaluate the pelvic mass, which was shown to extensively involve the bladder and rectum-sigmoid colon, and was considered irresectable. [scielo.br]

• Cardiomegaly

  The sonographic appearance of this disorder was characterized by the presence of multiple distorted cystic areas involving the right leg and abdomen and cardiomegaly with early fetal heart failure. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  However, ascites increased gradually and clinical signs of fetal cardiac failure as evidenced by cardiomegaly (cardiothoracic dimension ratio of 45%) and increased skin edema that had once decreased after thoracoamniotic shunting necessitated a cesarean [degruyter.com]

  The patient's medications consisted of lisinopril for mild hypertension and cardiomegaly. He had no known drug allergies. Socially, the patient denied alcohol or tobacco abuse. [omicsonline.org]

• Gingival Hypertrophy

  The most striking oral feature was generalized severe gingival hypertrophy confirmed histologically, ultrastructurally, and by collagen analysis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Upper Back Pain

  A 23-year-old woman was admitted to our institution with acute onset of leg weakness accompanied by upper back pain. Thoracic magnetic resonance imaging of the spinal cord showed a heterogeneous mass with a slit component at the T1-2 level. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Angiokeratoma

  Skin examination showed numerous angiokeratoma, which had developed only on the right part of the body, with a sharp delineation in the midline of the trunk. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Aggressive Behavior

  Angiosarcomas are neoplasms of blood or lymphatic vessels with aggressive behavior. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Cryptorchidism

  The clinical presentation included genital deformities in 3 cases, hematuria in 2 and urethrorragia in 2, one of which associated with cryptorchidism and phimosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Urethral Discharge

  At a 4-month follow-up, the patient only had slightly bloodstained urethral discharge, and is doing well. This is the first case reporting endoscopic sclerotherapy for a KTS-associated urethral hemangioma. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Unable to Walk

  His symptoms had progressed to the point that he was unable to walk. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The clinical assessment consists of the patient history, a physical exam, and possibly imaging studies.

Imaging

Ultrasonography with color doppler is effective in diagnosing the condition [10]. Additionally, duplex scanning contrast venography and contrast arteriography are among the imaging modalities that assess the circulatory system while magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) identifies vascular malformations. Also, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluates the soft tissue hypertrophy.

Preoperative planning can be conducted with multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and 3-dimensional MRI venography, which provide details about soft tissue, bone, and both superficial and deep venous circulation [11]. More recently, experts have advocated for the use of MDCT arteriography to assist with planning [12].

Skeletal radiographs, scanograms, and CT scans are used to determine the limb-length discrepancy. Tracking the progress of bone growth offers information that helps with optimizing the timing of surgical intervention.

CT imaging of the abdomen and pelvis [13], ultrasonography, and colonoscopy [14] are performed to evaluate GI and GU bleeding.

Prenatal tests

Routine and widespread use of prenatal ultrasonography can detect limb hypertrophy and asymmetry, venous malformation, subcutaneous cystic masses, and other abnormalities in the developing fetus [15]. These findings warrant further testing with chromosomal analysis.

We will review the clinical features, etiology, assessment, and treatment of patients with Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

We evaluate the risk of pulmonary embolism in patients with KTWS, being aware of the risk of deep venous thrombosis in progress of the disease and the importance of early diagnosis in prognosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The appearance of the limb is usually pinker and warmer due to the fistulas (AV malformations) These fistulas are abnormal connections between the arteries and veins and are lesions that can affect the prognosis of the patient and can lead to cardiac [web.archive.org]

While KTWS is often progressive with possibility of life-threatening complications, overall prognosis is good. [neurology.org]

Support Groups The following organizations provide further information on KTS: The Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome Support Group -- k-t.org Vascular Birthmarks Foundation -- www.birthmark.org Outlook (Prognosis) Most people with KTS do well, although the condition [mountsinai.org]

Klippel-Trénaunay-Weber Syndrome and depression What is Klippel-Trénaunay-Weber Syndrome Klippel-Trénaunay-Weber Syndrome synonyms Klippel-Trénaunay-Weber Syndrome prognosis Which advice would you give to someone who has just been diagnosed with Klippel-Trénaunay-Weber [diseasemaps.org]

We will review the clinical features, etiology, assessment, and treatment of patients with Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Unclear and controversial etiology. [accesssurgery.mhmedical.com]

Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber ICD-9 759.89 Congenital malformation syndromes affecting multiple systems Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Natural History, Etiology venous malformations in association with focal overgrowth’s syndrome Autosomal Dominant short-trunked, [eorif.com]

Etiology is currently unknown. Median age at diagnosis is 11.9 years, without gender predilection. While KTWS is often progressive with possibility of life-threatening complications, overall prognosis is good. [neurology.org]

Here we present an epidemiological analysis of a consecutive series of cases with KTWS identified in the Spanish Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECEMC). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Summary Epidemiology Prevalence is unknown but around 1,000 cases have been reported in the literature so far. [orpha.net]

S. : Parental age and seasonal variation in the births of children with sporadic retinoblastoma: a mutation-epidemiologic study. Hum. Genet. 84: 155-158, 1990. PubMed ID : 2298450 19. [lymphedemapeople.com]

Existing studies have used different definitions of KTS when describing the epidemiology and prognosis. [cancertherapyadvisor.com]

[…] pattern, but may have multifactorial inheritance pattern Occurs in all ethnic groups equally1 Affects males and females equally Lack of large studies, but incidence postulated at 1 in 100,000 live births2 Most commonly diagnosed in childhood ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY [accesssurgery.mhmedical.com]

References Aminoff MJ, Barnard RO, Logue V (1974) The pathophysiology of spinal vascular malformations. [link.springer.com]

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Exact cause of development of KTWS syndrome is unknown but different scientists reveal different theories for the cause of this syndrome. Most probably KTWS syndrome is an inherited syndrome. [drthindhomeopathy.com]

Pathophysiology The exact cause of Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome (KTWS) remains to be elucidated, although several theories exist. [emedicine.com]

There were no case reports describing the prevention of SVT in KTWS. [bloodjournal.org]

Although there is no cure for KTS, the goal is to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Symptoms People who have Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome may have the following features, which can range from mild to more extensive: Port-wine stain. [mayoclinic.org]

Ligation and Stripping Ligation means the surgical tying of veins through a small incision in the skin to prevent pooling of blood. Ligation may be used in conjunction with vein stripping, or removal of the vein. [my.clevelandclinic.org]

How can this disease be prevented? There is currently no known way to prevent KTS/KTW. What is the evidence? Oduber, CE, van der Horst, CM, Hennekam, RC. “Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: diagnostic criteria and hypothesis on etiology”. [cancertherapyadvisor.com]

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