The patient’s age at symptom onset, as well as complaints related to the presence of kyphoscoliosis (KS), depend on the severity of the condition [1]. If not diagnosed prenatally, severe symptoms of congenital KS may be seen at birth. However, mild deformities of the spine may not clinically manifest until years later [2]. In this context, it has been estimated that about 70% of congenital vertebral anomalies result in progressive deformities [3]. Besides the asymmetry of the thoracic wall and the deviation of the vertebral column – which may increase several degrees per year [4] – KS patients typically claim backaches and the inability to sit or stand for a prolonged period of time. Moreover, they may eventually present with the following comorbidities and sequelae:

• Respiratory insufficiency due to restrictive lung disease: Reduced tolerance to exercise may affect life quality, respiratory failure may be life-threatening. Lung function tests may reveal a diminished inspiratory capacity, vital capacity, and total lung capacity, and blood gas analyses may confirm decreased arterial oxygen saturation [5] [6]. Respiratory muscle strength may be severely reduced [7], and affected individuals may suffer from pulmonary hypertension. Patients may also suffer from recurrent infections of the respiratory tract.
• Neurological deficits due to spinal cord compression: This condition is more likely to occur in patients suffering from severe kyphosis than in those presenting with sole scoliosis. Thus, the severity of anteroposterior spine deformity correlates with the likelihood of paraplegia or paralysis in KS patients. Those individuals presenting with sharp-angle kyphosis are at high risks of spinal cord compression [8]. Furthermore, thoracic defects are more likely to lead to neurological deficits than lumbar anomalies [4].

Of note, a considerable share of children diagnosed with congenital spine anomalies suffers from additional developmental defects that may affect the cardiovascular or genitourinary system [3]. Thus, pediatric KS patients may present with symptoms unrelated to deviations of the vertebral spine.

Acquired KS may be related to degenerative disease, infectious disease or trauma, or may occur sporadically. While functional impairment of thoracic organs may cause complications as described above, the course of the disease may differ in the progression of the underlying disease.

• Hypoxemia

  Hypoxemia is common. Therapy Milwaukee brace controls moderate deformities. Surgical correction is attempted in some to fix spine and arrest progression of the deformity. Oxygen on long term may be necessary in patients with significant hypoxemia. [meddean.luc.edu]

  Dyspnoea Hypoxemia due to hypoventilation in kyphoscoliosis leads to pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary hypertension which give rise to difficulty in breathing Dyspnoea Hypoxemia due to hypoventilation in kyphoscoliosis leads to pulmonary vasoconstriction [medicaljoyworks.com]

  (acute respiratory alkalosis) ABG in Severe Kyphoscoliosis chronic ventilatory failure with hypoxemia (compensated respiratory acidosis) acute on chronic situations seen a lot in patients Hemodynamic Findings in Kyphoscoliosis CVP, PA, PVR are all increased [quizlet.com]

  Dyspnoea [1] Hypoxemia due to hypoventilation in kyphoscoliosis leads to pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary hypertension which give rise to difficulty in breathing [1] Spinal defects [1] Connective tissues disorders [1] Kyphosis is excessive curvature [explainmedicine.com]

• Vietnamese

  Русский (Russian) ಕನ್ನಡ (Kannada) 한국어 (Korean) עברית (Hebrew) Український (Ukrainian) اردو (Urdu) Magyar (Hungarian) मानक हिन्दी (Hindi) Indonesia (Indonesian) Italiano (Italian) தமிழ் (Tamil) Türkçe (Turkish) తెలుగు (Telugu) ภาษาไทย (Thai) Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese [definitions.net]

Developmental defects due to disturbed somitogenesis and impaired formation of the axial skeleton may be detected during prenatal ultrasound examinations [9]. At a later age, vertebral anomalies causing KS may be visualized by means of plain radiography and computed tomography. The single most important advantage of computed tomography scans is the possibility of three-dimensional reconstructions of the vertebral spine [10]. In any case, the presence of single or multiple hemivertebrae and wedge vertebrae, unilateral unsegmented bars, block vertebrae and butterfly vertebrae may be visualized [11]. Magnetic resonance imaging may be indicated to assess the condition of the spinal cord and to identify comorbidities such as diastematomyelia [3] [12]. Diagnostic imaging may also be employed to depict acquired pathologies of the skeleton, e.g., rickets, osteopenia, and osteoporosis.

• Hypercapnia

  (see Chronic Hypoventilation, [[Chronic Hypoventilation]]) Hypercapnia occurs when VC is <30% of predicted (hypercapnia may also be related to patient age and inspiratory muscle weakness) Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT’s) (see Pulmonary Function Tests [mdnxs.com]

  Firstly, we agree with the contributing factors of hypercapnia [ 7, 8 ]. [link.springer.com]

  Start of NIV in patients with kyphoscoliosis is indicated in combination of daytime hypercapnia and symptoms reflecting hypoventilation or the development of its associated complications. [portal.lf.upjs.sk]

  Lilius also described associated malformations in 21.8% of cleft lip/palate children. [6] Hypoxia, hypercapnia, acidosis and any increase in pulmonary vascular resistance should be avoided. [joacp.org]

  Care should be taken to avoid hypoxia, hypercapnia, acidosis, and anesthetic gases such as nitrous oxide as they increase the pulmonary vascular resistance.[5] Neuraxial blockade in our patient has complications such as unpredictable block, risk of high [mjdrdypu.org]

• Decreased Vital Capacity

  Sue displayed a restrictive lung pattern, evidenced by a decreased vital capacity and tidal volume with severe nocturnal dyspnoea, resulting in raised carbon dioxide levels in arterial blood and decreased oxygenation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Patients with scoliosis suffer from restrictive lung disease which decreases vital capacity, functional residual capacity, tidal volume, and increased respiratory rate. [4] The severity of the deformity is best determined by measuring Cobb's angle. [joacp.org]

  An angle more than 60° results in a restrictive type of pulmonary impairment with a decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 s, forced vital capacity, and chest wall compliance.[1],[6] General anesthesia is indicated in scoliosis because of maternal [mjdrdypu.org]

PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 14 patients who had VEPTR(®) treatment of early-onset kyphoscoliosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Scoliosis too has similar forms of treatments available as Kyphosis including bracing, physical therapy and various types of surgeries. [en.wikipedia.org]

Treatment of Kyphoscoliosis Treatment of Kyphoscoliosis comprises of the following: Physical Therapy Treatment for Kyphoscoliosis: Physical therapy can be done where the spinal curvature of kyphoscoliosis is mild, i.e. if it is less than 50 to 55 degrees [epainassist.com]

The prognosis depends more on why the scoliosis occurred. If the Scoliosis as occured as a result of an infection by another disease, then the prognosis would be based upon this infection, not the scoliosis. [myvmc.com]

Causes - Ehlers-Danlos syndrome - type VIa - kyphoscoliosis Prevention - Ehlers-Danlos syndrome - type VIa - kyphoscoliosis Diagnosis - Ehlers-Danlos syndrome - type VIa - kyphoscoliosis Prognosis - Ehlers-Danlos syndrome - type VIa - kyphoscoliosis EDS [checkorphan.org]

Treatment and prognosis largely depend on the etiology and severity of the disease. The patient’s age at symptom onset, as well as complaints related to the presence of kyphoscoliosis (KS), depend on the severity of the condition. [symptoma.com]

The etiology of congenital scoliosis and its development remains unclear and has not yet been fully identified, even there are theories that congenital scoliosis could be derived from the failure of formation or failure of segmentation, which are etiologically [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Clinical Picture In majority it is of idiopathic etiology. Deformity results in shortening of height. Patients can be asymptomatic. Mobility of chest wall is impaired, the chest wall is stiff and lung volumes are restricted. [meddean.luc.edu]

Chapter Outline Etiology and Epidemiology Kyphoscoliosis affects approximately 2% of the people in the United States—mostly young children who are going through a growing spurt. [clinicalgate.com]

Chapter Outline Etiology and Epidemiology Kyphoscoliosis affects approximately 2% of the people in the United States—mostly young children who are going through a growing spurt. [clinicalgate.com]

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: epidemiology and prevention. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Jul 1. 53(1):60-7. [Medline]. van Duin D, Bonomo RA. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Smith, a professor of epidemiology at Kent State University in Ohio who studies infectious diseases, said that despite warnings from medical experts and the availability of vaccines, the practice of deliberately exposing children to disease continues. [nytimes.com]

Epidemiology Disease Associations Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (see Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, [[Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease]]) Bronchiectasis (see Bronchiectasis, [[Bronchiectasis]]): 33% of cases Etiology Connective [mdnxs.com]

The aim was to conduct a systematic review of available data concerning the pathophysiology and treatment of kyphoscoliosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The incidence of kyphoscoliosis reaching an angle of 35 0 is 1 in 1000 and that more than 70 0 is 1 in 10,000. [5] Severe scoliosis is rare in parturients, which varies from 1 in 1500 to 1 in 12,000 pregnancies. [3],[6] The major pathophysiological effects [joacc.com]

Following a brief examination of the force these muscles are required to exert in normal conditions, we review the pathophysiology of some characteristic alterations brought about by a) chest wall diseases such as kyphoscoliosis; b) other diseases involving [archbronconeumol.org]

Pathophysiology The pathophysiology of kyphosis depends on the etiologic factor. The exact cause of Scheuermann disease is still imprecisely defined. Scheuermann postulated that the condition resulted from avascular necrosis of the apophyseal ring. [emedicine.medscape.com]

This in turn had led to mechanical obstruction and prevented egress of blood arising from a bleeding arteriole in the base of a chronic gastric ulcer. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] of the spine and prevent further curvature. [quizlet.com]

It can help prevent any future damage, though. Braces are typically worn throughout the day. They become more effective as they’re worn more frequently. 3. [healthline.com]

Preventing Klebsiella from spreading To prevent spreading Klebsiella infections between patients, healthcare personnel must follow specific infection control precautions (see: Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious [cdc.gov]

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