We present two cases of ulcerative lesions of the larynx in immunocompetent children, one with PCR positive HSV, which presented as severe croup requiring intensive care unit admission. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] and inability to tolerate oral fluids). – If stridor is only present with agitation (moderate croup): • Hospitalize for treatment and observation (risk of worsening). • Assure adequate hydration. • dexamethasone PO (use IV preparation flavoured with [medicalguidelines.msf.org]

Judging by the mean respiratory rates presented, many patients with very mild disease (with normal or borderline-normal respiratory rates) were admitted to the study. Mild croup is usually a self-limited condition. [jamanetwork.com]

• Cyanosis

  Severity of the illness was assessed by a clinical croup score based on retractions, stridor, air entry, cyanosis, and level of consciousness. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Grade 4: severe dyspnea with increasing respiratory insufficiency, cyanosis, risk of asphyxia, bradycardia and somnolence. [karger.com]

The efficacy and adverse effects of nebulized racemic and L-epinephrine in the treatment of laryngotracheitis were compared. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Glucocorticoids are the treatment of choice because of their anti-inflammatory effect for treatment of croup [ 3 ]. [karger.com]

Diagnosis and treatment The diagnosis is made on the basis of complaints and obvious symptoms of laryngotracheitis. Treatment in adults as well as children, dependent, primarily, from the causes of the disease. [medicalj-center.info]

culling Note: Zoonotic (conjunctivitis in humans) 考察: etiology が原因論と訳されている、感染はエアロゾル若しくは便の汚染。臨床症状の green diarrhea につながる。主な呼吸器疾患で緑色下痢（便）を併発するのはニューカッスル病。鳥インフルと区別する際のキーワードになる。治療と予防の culling は殺処分だが、別の言い方に depopulation / destroyed がある。 [juuigakueigo.com]

Rising antibody titres to influenza viruses were observed in all three patients examined, suggesting strongly an etiological association between these viruses and acute laryngotracheobronchitis. [jstage.jst.go.jp]

In patients who worsen or do not improve after 3-5 days of empiric therapy, guidelines recommend exploration for resistant pathogens, structural abnormality, or noninfectious etiology. [emedicine.medscape.com]

The objectives of this study were to identify the viral strains involved in the recent outbreaks and to determine possible epidemiological links between these outbreaks. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

View Article PubMed Google Scholar Blacker H, Kirkpatrick N, Rubite A, O'Rourke D, Noormohammadi A: Epidemiology of recent outbreaks of infectious laryngotracheitis in poultry in Australia. [bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com]

Prevention Methods of prevention include strict biosecurity, quarantine or all-in/all-out operation. In the event of an outbreak vaccination of poultry over 4 weeks of age on affected sites would be considered on a case by case basis. [daera-ni.gov.uk]

To prevent the spread of pertussis, patients should be isolated for 5 days. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Protecting against ILT As there are no current treatments for ILT, preventing an outbreak of the disease is essential. [innovax-vaccines.com]

It is terrible, and the worst is that it could have been prevented by vaccination. [backyardchickens.com]

Prevention Quarantine, vaccination, if enzootic or epizootic in an area, after 4 weeks of age. All-in/all-out operation. Keep susceptible stock separate from vaccinated or recovered birds. [thepoultrysite.com]