Presentation
Reviews of systolic congestive HF, valvular heart disease, right HF and high output HF are presented elsewhere. [healio.com]
When a double aortic arch is present, two tubes develop which circle and compress the windpipe and/or food pipe. [nicklauschildrens.org]
Most patients will continue to present with residual cardiac anomalies, such as aortic or mitral valve regurgitation, arrhythmias or hypertension. The documents contained in this web site are presented for information purposes only. [orpha.net]
Tricuspid atresia: complete absence of the tricuspid valve; an ASD must be present to maintain blood flow. [patient.info]
Entire Body System
- Swelling
There are two swellings along the truncus arteriosus- truncal swellings more distally and conal swellings proximally. [utmb.edu]
As blood flow from the heart slows down, blood gets trapped in the veins on its way back to the heart, causing edema (swelling). The swelling usually occurs in the legs and ankles. [sjm.com]
Fluid Buildup and Swelling Because blood flow to the kidneys is restricted, the kidneys produce hormones that lead to salt and water retention. This causes swelling, also called edema, that occurs most often in the feet, ankles and legs. [ucsfhealth.org]
As a result, blood flows backwards into organs, causing fluid buildup in the lungs and/or swelling in other parts of the body. [baptisthealth.com]
If there is severe swelling in the lungs, oxygen will be given through a face mask. Diuretics can be injected, and drugs (such as nitroglycerin) can be given to improve comfort. [cedars-sinai.edu]
- Pallor
Subsequently, the clinical picture of cardiogenic shock (eg, tachypnea, dyspnea, weak pulse, pallor, cyanosis, hypothermia, metabolic acidosis, lethargy, oliguria or anuria) rapidly develops. [msdmanuals.com]
[…] valve of the heart is not formed properly) Pulmonary valve stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonary valve) Symptoms of DILV may include: Bluish color to the skin and lips (cyanosis) due to low oxygen in the blood Failure to gain weight and grow Pale skin (pallor [medlineplus.gov]
Instead, the left ventricle begins to fail, producing the following symptoms: Fast breathing Sweating Pallor Very fast heartbeats Decreased feeding Poor weight gain When a ventricular septal defect is not detected early in life, it can cause more severe [emedicinehealth.com]
Respiratoric
- Pleural Effusion
Pericardial effusion. Pericardial effusion. PA chest radiograph Pleural effusion. Pleural effusion. PA chest radiograph. Pneumothorax. Pneumothorax. PA chest film (Image and Description) Image Review: Pneumothorax. Pneumopericardium. [bcm.edu]
Complications include: Blockage of the artificial shunt Blood clots that can lead to stroke or pulmonary embolism Long-term (chronic) diarrhea (from a disease called protein-losing enteropathy) Fluid in the abdomen (ascites) and in the lungs (pleural [medlineplus.gov]
Congestive symptoms may also result in enlargement of the liver and spleen and loss of fluid into the abdominal cavity (ascites) or the pleural cavity (pleural effusion), profoundly affecting organ function and respiratory function. pleural effusionPleural [britannica.com]
effusions, pericardial effusions, ascites post Fontan procedure Long considered the most agonizing early postoperative complication after Fontan completion, thoracic and abdominal effusions often persisted for weeks and frequently impaired cardiac output [emedicine.medscape.com]
Pulmonary findings include early inspiratory basilar crackles that do not clear with coughing and, if pleural effusion is present, dullness to percussion and diminished breath sounds at the lung base(s). [merckmanuals.com]
- Tachypnea
Clinical description DOLV usually manifests during the neonatal period with cyanosis, tachypnea, exertional dyspnea, failure to thrive, sweating (especially during feeding), unresponsiveness and/or fatigue. [orpha.net]
Subsequently, the clinical picture of cardiogenic shock (eg, tachypnea, dyspnea, weak pulse, pallor, cyanosis, hypothermia, metabolic acidosis, lethargy, oliguria or anuria) rapidly develops. [msdmanuals.com]
(iii) Signs of congestion may include hepatomegaly, ascites, increased jugular venous distention or pressure, rales, peripheral edema, rapid shallow breathing (tachypnea), or rapid weight gain. [ssa.gov]
Other signs or symptoms of left heart failure include tachycardia, cyanosis, peripheral edema, altered mental status, tachypnea and reduced urine output. Table 1 lists assessment pearls that can be used when heart failure is suspected. [emsworld.com]
In LV failure, tachycardia and tachypnea may occur. Patients with severe LV failure may appear visibly dyspneic or cyanotic, hypotensive, and confused or agitated because of hypoxia and poor cerebral perfusion. [merckmanuals.com]
- Exertional Dyspnea
Clinical description DOLV usually manifests during the neonatal period with cyanosis, tachypnea, exertional dyspnea, failure to thrive, sweating (especially during feeding), unresponsiveness and/or fatigue. [orpha.net]
[…] heart failure via the following mechanisms: Right-sided heart failure : decreased rRV output → systemic circulation congestion → clinical features of right-sided heart failure (backward failure with predominant systemic congestion) Clinical features Exertional [amboss.com]
In LV failure, the most common symptoms are dyspnea and fatigue due to increased pulmonary venous pressures, and low CO (at rest or inability to augment CO during exertion). Dyspnea usually occurs during exertion and is relieved by rest. [merckmanuals.com]
Typical symptoms include exertional dyspnea and fatigue. [revespcardiol.org]
Cardiovascular
- Heart Disease
Risk factors The relative risk of recurrence of congenital heart disease increases if a first-degree relative has a congenital heart disease. [patient.info]
Heart disease is a term covering any disorder of the heart. [medicalnewstoday.com]
Some examples of cardiovascular diseases include ischemic heart disease, heart valve disease, cardiomyopathies, peripheral artery disease, congenital heart disease, and vascular disease of the kidneys. This study is located in Bethesda, Maryland. [nhlbi.nih.gov]
2012 ICD-9-CM Diagnosis Code 429.9 Heart disease, unspecified Short description: Heart disease NOS. [icd9data.com]
Valvular heart disease such as mitral stenosis technically causes heart failure due to diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle. [healio.com]
- Tachycardia
That is the simple and quick way of saying “ventricular tachycardia .” The word “ventricular” refers to your heart ’s lower chambers. Tachycardia is the medical term for a fast heart rate. [webmd.com]
How is ventricular tachycardia connected to VFib? Ventricular fibrillation usually begins with ventricular tachycardia. Ventricular tachycardia is an abnormally rapid heart rhythm that originates from a ventricle. [medicalnewstoday.com]
Sinus Tachycardia A harmless faster rhythm, sinus tachycardia is a normal increase in heart rate that happens with fever, excitement, and exercise. [hrsonline.org]
Tachycardia Tachycardia is the medical term for a rapid heartbeat. Learn more about Tachycardia. [nicklauschildrens.org]
- Hypotension
A nitroglycerin infusion in a hypotensive heart failure patient may be accomplished through concurrent administration of a positive inotrope. [emsworld.com]
However, during the initial presentation profound hypotension and shock may be present. [escardio.org]
All these drugs could alone or in combination predispose patients to episodes of haemodynamic compromise due to bradycardia and/or hypotension in different clinical situations. [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]
Intravenous prostacyclin analogues effectively reduce RV afterload, but may aggravate systemic hypotension. [cfrjournal.com]
Hypotension was significant in the nesiritide group. Nesiritide is not recommended for routine use during decompensated HF. [healio.com]
- Cardiomegaly
A patient with severe, untreated panhypoadrenocorticism and associated heart disease due to rheumatic fever and coronary atherosclerosis has recently been observed in whom the dominant clinical features were cardiomegaly and pulmonary edema. [annals.org]
Chest x-ray shows cardiomegaly and pulmonary venous congestion or pulmonary edema. ECG shows right ventricular hypertrophy and diminished left ventricular forces, though it may be within normal limits for a neonate. [msdmanuals.com]
[…] the mean for the child’s body surface area; or (C) Chest x-ray (6 foot PA film) is indicative of cardiomegaly if the cardiothoracic ratio is over 60 percent at 1 year of age or less, or 55 percent or greater at more than 1 year of age. [ssa.gov]
[…] it has a limited role in establishing etiology Atrial and/or ventricular dilation ↓ Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) Wall motion abnormalities (e.g., inferolateral hypokinesis is seen in muscular dystrophy and acute myocarditis) Chest x-ray Cardiomegaly [amboss.com]
Nowadays, however, it is generally agreed that surgery should be offered before severe cardiomegaly develops, as this is associated with severe RV dilatation and systolic dysfunction. [revespcardiol.org]
- S3 Gallop
gallop Frequently asymptomatic Signs of left heart failure (dyspnea, syncope, dizziness) Arrhythmias S4 gallop Sudden death Signs of left heart failure and right heart failure Echocardiography LV cavity size Significantly increased Decreased Decreased [amboss.com]
Skin
- Sweating
The goal of therapy is to reduce the symptoms of congestive heart failure, such as poor growth and development, weight loss and/or poor weight gain, excessive sweating, and fast breathing. [emedicinehealth.com]
Clinical description DOLV usually manifests during the neonatal period with cyanosis, tachypnea, exertional dyspnea, failure to thrive, sweating (especially during feeding), unresponsiveness and/or fatigue. [orpha.net]
Rapid breathing Rapid heartbeat Symptoms of DORV may include: Poor feeding from becoming tired easily Bluish color of the skin and lips Clubbing (thickening of the nail beds) of toes and fingers (late sign) Failure to gain weight and grow Pale coloring Sweating [medlineplus.gov]
Other symptoms of a heart attack include: pain that travels through the body, for example from the chest to the arms, neck, back, abdomen, or jaw lightheadedness and dizzy sensations profuse sweating nausea and vomiting Heart failure is also an outcome [medicalnewstoday.com]
[…] such as: a bluish tinge or color (cyanosis) to the lips, tongue, and/or nailbeds an increased rate of breathing or difficulty breathing poor appetite or difficulty feeding failure to thrive (weight loss or failure to gain weight) abnormal heart murmur sweating [kidshealth.org]
Urogenital
- Kidney Failure
Impaired kidney function: Decreased kidney function is common in patients with left-sided heart failure. If the kidneys receive less blood, kidney failure can occur, requiring dialysis treatment. [baptisthealth.com]
- Renal Insufficiency
Garg AX, Clark WF, Haynes RB, House AA: Moderate renal insufficiency and the risk of cardiovascular mortality: results from the NHANES I. Kidney Int 2002;61:1486-1494. [karger.com]
Workup
T Wave
- T Wave Inversion
wave inversion, abnormal Q waves Laboratory: slightly ↑ troponin T;, ↑ BNP Echocardiography: apical left ventricular ballooning, ↓ LVEF Coronary angiography: usually no pathological findings (e.g., no obstruction of coronaries by plaque rupture); a minority [amboss.com]
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is a relatively rare disorder with ECG characteristics of T wave inversion in the anteroseptal leads and epsilon waves. [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]
Pleura
- Pleural Effusion
Pericardial effusion. Pericardial effusion. PA chest radiograph Pleural effusion. Pleural effusion. PA chest radiograph. Pneumothorax. Pneumothorax. PA chest film (Image and Description) Image Review: Pneumothorax. Pneumopericardium. [bcm.edu]
Complications include: Blockage of the artificial shunt Blood clots that can lead to stroke or pulmonary embolism Long-term (chronic) diarrhea (from a disease called protein-losing enteropathy) Fluid in the abdomen (ascites) and in the lungs (pleural [medlineplus.gov]
Congestive symptoms may also result in enlargement of the liver and spleen and loss of fluid into the abdominal cavity (ascites) or the pleural cavity (pleural effusion), profoundly affecting organ function and respiratory function. pleural effusionPleural [britannica.com]
effusions, pericardial effusions, ascites post Fontan procedure Long considered the most agonizing early postoperative complication after Fontan completion, thoracic and abdominal effusions often persisted for weeks and frequently impaired cardiac output [emedicine.medscape.com]
Pulmonary findings include early inspiratory basilar crackles that do not clear with coughing and, if pleural effusion is present, dullness to percussion and diminished breath sounds at the lung base(s). [merckmanuals.com]
Treatment
Treatment Treatment for transposition of the great vessels involves a procedure called balloon septostomy. [betterhealth.vic.gov.au]
Heart transplantation is another option for treatment of children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, and remains an option even after staged surgical treatment. [mottchildren.org]
Treatment of the underlying disease Treatment of heart failure Sodium restriction ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, diuretics, digoxin See “Treatment” in CHF. [amboss.com]
Treatment for other types of cardiomyopathy - if someone has LVNC alongside another type of cardiomyopathy, they may need additional treatment. If someone does not have any symptoms, they will not usually require any treatment. [cardiomyopathy.org]
Prognosis
However, severity of disease and prognosis varies widely according to the genetic features involved. Certain genes are associated with a worse prognosis. [healthengine.com.au]
As patients with left heart disease and PH have a worse prognosis than those without, it has been assumed that improving the PA pressure should translate into an improved prognosis and survival. [phaonlineuniv.org]
Prognosis: Cardiac failure is never seen in fetal life as well as postnatally. [sonoworld.com]
Treatment and prognosis Hypoplastic left heart syndrome can be well-tolerated in utero due to the fetal right ventricle being the dominant chamber and the ductus arteriosus being patent. [radiopaedia.org]
Prognosis is poor and survival rates are low. [err.ersjournals.com]
Etiology
Pathophysiology Clinical features Diagnostics Pathology Treatment Complications Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical features Diagnostics Pathology Treatment Restrictive cardiomyopathy Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology [amboss.com]
Pathophysiology | Etiology | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment Introduction Congestive heart failure occurs when the cardiac output is not adequate enough to meet the demands of the body. [healio.com]
Etiology The etiopathology is not clearly understood. [orpha.net]
Surgical therapy appears to be superior to medical therapy. [30] Current hypotheses for the etiology of the sinus node dysfunction center on surgical trauma to portions of the sinus node region or its blood supply. [emedicine.medscape.com]
Epidemiology
Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical features Diagnostics Pathology Treatment Complications Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical features Diagnostics Pathology Treatment Restrictive cardiomyopathy Epidemiology Etiology [amboss.com]
Summary Epidemiology Prevalence is unknown. The birth prevalence is estimated at less than 1/ 200,000 live births. [orpha.net]
Access is intended to spur hypothesis generation and testing, cross-cohort analysis of risk factors and outcomes, development of new signal processing tools, and to enhance training in clinical analysis, signal processing, epidemiological analysis, and [incosact.org]
Effect of Type 2 diabetes mellitus on left ventricular geometry and systolic function in hypertensive subjects: Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology. Network (HyperGEN) Study. Circulation; 2001; 103:102-107. [scielo.org.pe]
However, there is still a lack of understanding about its pathophysiology, epidemiology and treatment [ 1 – 14 ]; as such, there are numerous unmet needs for this condition ( table 2 ). [err.ersjournals.com]
Pathophysiology
Clinical features Diagnostics Pathology Treatment Complications Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical features Diagnostics Pathology Treatment Restrictive cardiomyopathy Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical [amboss.com]
This article aims to provide an overview of the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of RV failure. [cfrjournal.com]
Based on the pathophysiology’s mentioned above, the treatment will vary. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Pathophysiology | Etiology | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment Introduction Congestive heart failure occurs when the cardiac output is not adequate enough to meet the demands of the body. [healio.com]
Pathophysiology of Right Heart Failure A common cause of right ventricular failure is left ventricular failure. [emsworld.com]
Prevention
Giving up smoking improves your overall health and prevents heart attacks. [mayoclinic.org]
Endocarditis Prevention Antibiotics to prevent endocarditis are needed before certain dental procedures. See the section on Endocarditis for more information. [heart.org]
Medication Early stages of heart failure may be treated with medications to help relieve your symptoms and prevent your condition from getting worse. [healthline.com]
The best way to prevent left ventricular hypertrophy caused by high blood pressure is to maintain healthy blood pressure. [drugs.com]
Prevention While you cannot prevent all risks factors associated with left-sided heart failure, you can take steps to lower, or in some cases even reverse, your risks of diseases or conditions that can cause or complicate left-sided heart failure. [baptisthealth.com]