The authors present a case of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) in a 78-year-old man. It was initially presented as leukoplakia on the tongue but a microscopic investigation in 1991 revealed it to be a mild epithelial dysplasia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Board review style question #1 A 57 year old male smoker presents with a leukoplakia on the left ventral tongue. [pathologyoutlines.com]

The presented case highlights the typical slow-growing, progressive, and persistent clinical course of this rare entity. [escholarship.org]

• Infectious Mononucleosis

  mononucleosis, can lead to developing hairy leukoplakia. [healthpedian.org]

6 Diagnosis of Oral Leukoplakia The differential diagnosis should include oral candidiasis, oral lichen planus, oral erythroplakia, oral hairy leukoplakia, or nicotine stomatitis in smokers.2,6,11 Scraping the lesion is important during the initial workup [clinicaladvisor.com]

The present study aimed to evaluate the treatment results of CO2 lasers for the treatment of patients with oral leukoplakias. [scielo.br]

CO2 laser treatment of oral leukoplakia:recurrence. Table 1. CO2 laser treatment of oral leukoplakia:recurrence. [mdpi.com]

There are a number of evidence-informed treatment options, including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and immunotherapy. [cancercenter.com]

Treatment There are different treatments for leukoplakia, which have shown different results. However, the risk of malignant transformation is not completely eliminated by any of the current therapies. [eaom.eu]

Prognosis is poor for this seemingly harmless-appearing white lesion of the oral mucosa. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Floor of the mouth is the are with worst prognosis followed by the tongue and then Lips. About 50% of the lesions in floor of the mouth show features of epithelial dysplasia, carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma. [juniordentist.com]

INTRODUCTION: Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia is a multifocal and progressive lesion of the oral mucosa, with unknown etiology, and commonly resistant to all therapy attempts with frequent recurrences. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Evil of seven “S” namely Smoking Spirits Spices Sepsis Sharp tooth edges Syphilis Susceptibility ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS Tobacco Chronic irritation Alcohol Dietary components & deficiency states Tertiary syphilis Actinic radiations Viral agents Candidal [intelligentdental.com]

Definitive Clinical Diagnosis: clinical evidence obtained by lack of changes after eliminating suspected etiologic factors during a follow-up period of 2-4 weeks (In some cases the time may be longer). [eaom.eu]

Our results regarding the epidemiology of OL showed a similar trend to those reported in western populations and provided preliminary epidemiological information on the Chinese population. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

System(s) affected: gastrointestinal Hyperplasia of squamous epithelium Epidemiology Develops in middle age, increases with age Most common in India, where more people smoke and chew tobacco and areca nuts Prevalence 0.1–0.5% of the adult population is [unboundmedicine.com]

Epidemiology Frequency International OL occurs in fewer than 1% of individuals. Mortality/Morbidity OL is considered to be potentially malignant, with a transformation rate in various studies and locations that range from 0.6 to 20%. [emedicine.medscape.com]

45:317) Characteristically a disease of older males (M:F = 3:1) Sites May present on any mucosal surface Associated with highest incidences of malignant transformation when occurring on ventrolateral tongue or floor of mouth (Oral Oncol 2009;45:317) Pathophysiology [pathologyoutlines.com]

Etiology and Pathophysiology Hyperkeratosis or dyskeratosis of the oral squamous epithelium Tobacco use in any form Alcohol consumption/alcoholism Periodontitis Candida albicans infection may induce dysplasia and increase malignant transformation. [unboundmedicine.com]

Edit Stepwise progression from normal tissue to precancerous lesion to invasive cancer The pathophysiology of precancerous lesions is thought to be similar to that of cancer, and varies depending on the disease site and type of lesion. [11] It is thought [en.m.wikipedia.org]

Thus, idiopathic leukoplakia is considered a premalignant lesion. [1, 2] Pathophysiology The etiology of most cases of OL is unknown (idiopathic). [emedicine.medscape.com]

Therefore, the early diagnosis of this pathology plays a crucial role when trying to prevent a malignant transformation in PVL or at least when trying to prevent de development of extensive carcinomas. [wjso.biomedcentral.com]

Prevention You may be able to prevent leukoplakia if you avoid all tobacco products or alcohol use. Talk to your doctor about methods to help you quit. If you continue to smoke or chew tobacco or drink alcohol, have frequent dental checkups. [mayoclinic.org]

Regular dental care can help prevent recurrences. Learn more about spots on the tongue. Leukoplakia occurs on parts of the body that have mucosal tissue, such as the mouth. The condition is marked by unusual-looking patches inside your mouth. [healthline.com]

Prevention There is no known therapy to prevent development of oral leukoplakia and there is no known therapy to prevent oral squamous cell carcinoma developing from oral leukoplakia;. [eaom.eu]

Leukoplakia Prevention The best way to prevent leukoplakia is to avoid the things that may cause it. Try these lifestyle changes: Stop smoking or using tobacco in other ways. Limit your alcohol. Eat a healthy diet with lots of fruits and vegetables. [webmd.com]