Case reports, literature review, and video presentation. University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany. Two boys from a consanguineous family. Physical and mental development as a function of replacement initiation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Diarrhea

  Entacapone (Stalevo ) 12.5/50/200 mg 18.75/75/200 mg 25/100/200 mg 31.25/125/200 mg 37.5/150/200 mg 50/200/200 mg 12.5/50/200 mg Nausea, vomiting, falling blood pressure upon standing, worsening of glaucoma, dyskinesia, hallucination, psychosis, dyskinesia, diarrhea [parkinson.org]

  Sinemet Side Effects Common Side Effects of Sinemet Tell your doctor if any of the following side effects become severe or don't go away: Nausea Dizziness Vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation Loss of appetite Dry mouth Change in taste Confusion or forgetfulness [everydayhealth.com]

  Call your doctor at once if you have: uncontrolled muscle movements in your face (chewing, lip smacking, frowning, tongue movement, blinking or eye movement); worsening of tremors (uncontrolled shaking); severe or ongoing vomiting or diarrhea; confusion [uwhealth.org]

  […] with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them: More common Abdominal pain dryness of mouth loss of appetite nightmares passing gas Less common Constipation diarrhea [drugs.com]

• Tachycardia

  - Tachycardia and arrhythmias. - Discoloration of urine. - Psychiatric symptoms. - Headaches. - Increased sweating. - Change in sense of taste. - Gastrointestinal bleeding. [nursingtimes.net]

  hypotension, tachycardia) and more severe psychiatric problems at higher doses. [rytaryhcp.com]

  […] and ventricular extrasystoles, atrial flutter and fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardia have been reported. [inchem.org]

  The HR variability in the Valsalva tests was expressed as the ratio of the maximum tachycardia to the maximum bradycardia induced by the maneuver during the 30 seconds following the release of the strain (Valsalva ratio) ( 13 ). [academic.oup.com]

• Alopecia

  Thus, levodopa decrease the secretion of prolactin while dopaminergic antagonists have an opposite effect (Goodman & Gilman, 1986). 9.4.8 Dermatological Some patients developed diffuse alopecia (Martindale, 1989). 9.4.9 Eye, ear, nose throat: local effects [inchem.org]

  Skin: flushing, increased sweating, malignant melanoma (see CONTRAINDICATIONS ), rash, alopecia, dark sweat. Special Senses: oculogyric crises, diplopia, blurred vision, dilated pupils. [drugs.com]

• Confusion

  low blood pressure, confusion, dyskinesia, dry mouth, dizziness Treatment of motor symptoms in early and advanced PD Dopamine receptor antagonists — certain psychiatric medications and anti-nausea drugs, nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitors. [parkinson.org]

  Hallucinations may be accompanied by confusion, insomnia, and excessive dreaming. [rytaryhcp.com]

  Chances of falling asleep during normal activities increases if patients take medicines that cause sleepiness. withdrawal-emergent hyperpyrexia and confusion (symptoms including fever, confusion, stiff muscles, and changes in breathing and heartbeat) [ir.acorda.com]

  Chances of falling asleep during normal activities increases if you take medicine that cause sleepiness. withdrawal-emergent hyperpyrexia and confusion (fever, stiff muscles, or changes in breathing and heartbeat) if you suddenly stop using INBRIJA or [acorda.com]

  There is an increased risk for hallucinations, psychosis, and confusion in patients taking DUOPA. Hallucinations associated with levodopa may present shortly after the initiation of therapy and may be responsive to dose reduction of levodopa. [duopapro.com]

• Abnormal Involuntary Movement

  The effect of rTMS on abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) was assessed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Tell your healthcare provider if abnormal involuntary movements appear or get worse during treatment with RYTARY. [rytary.com]

  ‘Although levodopa remains the optimal treatment for Parkinson's disease, ropinirole provides similar improvements in functional abilities while minimising abnormal involuntary movements.’ [en.oxforddictionaries.com]

  Myocardial contractility may be increased for several hours after a large dose of levodopa. 9.4.2 Respiratory Abnormal involuntary movements appear in approximately 50% of patients within 2 to 4 months after the initiation of treatment. [inchem.org]

  Report promptly abnormal involuntary movement such as facial grimacing, exaggerated chewing, protrusion of tongue, rhythmic opening and closing of mouth, bobbing of head, jerky arm and leg movements, and exaggerated respiration. [robholland.com]

• Myoclonus

  Several movement disorders can occur as adverse effects of levodopa therapy, eg, choreoathetosis, dystonia, akathisia, myoclonus, tremor, and dyskinesias. [medlink.com]

  They are characterized for being abnormal, and mainly for affecting the extremities (among them, the jaw) showing motor adjustments of the choreiform type, dystonia, athetosis, tics and myoclonus 32. [scielo.br]

• Choreoathetoid Movements

  Abnormal limb movements often develop after several months and severe choreoathetoid movements may also occur after prolonged high doses. Oculogyric movements may rarely be exacerbated and muscle twitching and blepharospasm occur occasionally. [inchem.org]

Workup, including brain, cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging and paraspinal muscle electromyography, was unremarkable. Serum ceruloplasmin level was normal. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Fourteen patients (36.8%) maintained the LCAS treatment after 12months, and were categorized as the treatment-retention group. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Treatment Parkinson's Disease (PD) 1 2 Recruiting Treatment ASD 1 2 Recruiting Treatment Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) 1 2 Recruiting Treatment Albinism / Albinism, Oculocutaneous 1 2 Recruiting Treatment Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease 1 2 [drugbank.ca]

The PLMSI showed markedly larger improvement with levodopa treatment whereas treatment effects of total sleep time did not differ from placebo treatment. [doi.org]

Prognosis Disease progression rate and severity is highly variable. The main predictor of prognosis is the rate of decline in pulmonary function with sporadic LAM generally more severe than TSC-LAM. [orpha.net]

Article in Polish MEDLINE ID: mdl-21678282 Similar Index: MEDLINE Main subject: Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Tuberous Sclerosis / Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Type of study: Case report Clinical aspect: Diagnosis / Prognosis Limits: Adult / Female / Humans Language [pesquisa.bvsalud.org]

9.1.1 Ingestion 9.1.2 Inhalation 9.1.3 Skin exposure 9.1.4 Eye contact 9.1.5 Parenteral exposure 9.1.6 Other 9.2 Chronic poisoning 9.2.1 Ingestion 9.2.2 Inhalation 9.2.3 Skin exposure 9.2.4 Eye contact 9.2.5 Parenteral exposure 9.2.6 Other 9.3 Course, prognosis [inchem.org]

This is because the evaluation, prognosis, conduct and therapeutic evolution will possess basement and deeper study. [scielo.br]

Diagnosis Aims are to communicate information about the disease, help the patient accept the diagnosis, reduce distress and minimise symptoms and, ultimately, improve prognosis. [patient.info]

Despite extensive investigations, the etiology of her basal ganglia lesions remained nebulous. The patient's dystonia responded to Trihexyphenidyl and to tetrabenazine, but these medications needed to be stopped because of side effects. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Parkinson's disease: etiology, pathogenesis and future gene therapy. Neurosci Res 2001;41:5-12. Parkinson's Disease Foundation. Understanding Parkinson's. Accessed on May 19, 2009 at: Pahwa R, Factor SA, Lyons KE et al. [ebmconsult.com]

Author information 1 Neurosciences, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 2 Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 3 Clinical Haematology [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Goitre epidemiology: Thyroid volume, iodine excretion, thyroglobulin and thyrotropin in Germany and Sweden. Acta Endocrinol 1 12:494501. ‎ [books.google.ro]

Summary Epidemiology Sporadic LAM affects around 1/500,000-1/125,000 adult women in Europe. TSC is present in 1 in 6,000 births. Pulmonary LAM is present in up to 30-40% of adult TSC cases. LAM affects almost exclusively females. [orpha.net]

Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 1997;3(4):175–86. CrossRef PubMed Google Scholar 8. Zhang ZX, Roman GC, Hong Z, Wu CB, Qu QM, Huang JB, Zhou B, Geng ZP, Wu JX, Wen HB, Zhao H, Zahner GE. [link.springer.com]

Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Bioinformatics (M.G.W.D.), and the Clinical Research Unit (R.J.H.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, AMC, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute [nejm.org]

Gait analysis proves to be an effective tool to understand the pathophysiology of this patient, the therapeutic effects and mild residual gait defects in order to plan further rehabilitation strategy for this DRD patient. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The pathophysiology of levodopa-induced motor complications is likely due to a combination of disease-related factors, as well as the pharmacokinetics of levodopa itself. [brain.oxfordjournals.org]

Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: frequency and pathophysiology. [scielo.br]

Postprandial hypotension: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical management. Ann Intern Med. 122 : 286 -295. 3 Meco G, Pratesi L, Bonifati V, 1991. Cardiovascular reflexes and autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. [academic.oup.com]

Author information 1 Neurosciences, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 2 Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 3 Clinical Haematology [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Alendronate slows bone loss while increasing bone mass, which may prevent bone fractures. Alendronate is used to treat or prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis and steroid-induced osteoporosis. [emedicinehealth.com]