Microfilaremia was present in 90% and Calabar swellings in only 16% of the endemic patients. Conversely, only 10% of the expatriates were microfilaremic while 95% complained of Calabar swellings. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Fever

  Treatment with microfilariacides may cause massive death of microfilariae and provoke fever, meningoencephalitis, nephritis, coma and death. [histopathology-india.net]

  Symptoms described were fever, pruritus, headache, arthralgia. Most symptoms appeared 24 to 36 hours after treatment. Temperature increased significantly in group 3. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  There may also be fever, muscle or joint pain, weight loss and lymphadenitis. Rash sometimes lasts for several months after treatment. [patient.info]

  […] and elephantiasis of the legs, arms, scrotum, vulva, and breasts The following acute syndromes have been described in lymphatic filariasis: Acute adenolymphangitis (ADL) - Sudden fever with lymphadenopathy Filarial fever - Fever without associated adenitis [emedicine.com]

  R R Hospital, Tirupati with history of pain and foreign body sensation in the left eye, fever, urticarial rash, painless swellings on the ankles, feet and fingers, painless creeping sensation of a worm from the left shoulder, of 1 week duration He had [ijo.in]

• Fatigue

  Generalized itching, hives, muscle pains, arthralgias, fatigue, and adult worms visibly migrating under the surface of the skin may be observed. [orpha.net]

  Less common are symptoms of itching over the entire body, muscular and joint pain as well as fatigue. [cntd.lstmed.ac.uk]

• Anorexia

  Within 12–24 hours post-Ivermectin treatment (D1), individuals complained of fatigue, anorexia, and headache, joint and lumbar pain—a bent forward walk was characteristic during this initial stage accompanied by fever. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Inguinal Pain

  Signs and symptoms Lymphatic filariasis Fever Inguinal or axillary lymphadenopathy Testicular and/or inguinal pain Skin exfoliation Limb or genital swelling - Repeated episodes of inflammation and lymphedema lead to lymphatic damage, chronic swelling, [emedicine.com]

• Aspiration

  Trypanosomes were isolated from a lymph node aspirate only after repetition of the procedure 2 months later and the patient was treated with suramin. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Abdominal Pain

  If symptoms are present, they may include fever, pruritus, skin lumps, lymphadenitis, and abdominal pain. See Clinical Presentation for more detail. [emedicine.com]

  Most infected individuals show few or no signs of infection, but in some, particularly children, there may be malabsorbtion, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. [cmr.asm.org]

• Foreign Body Sensation

  She presented to the emergency department with complaints of foreign body sensation, irritation, and described the feeling of something moving in the left eye. [eyetube.net]

  R R Hospital, Tirupati with history of pain and foreign body sensation in the left eye, fever, urticarial rash, painless swellings on the ankles, feet and fingers, painless creeping sensation of a worm from the left shoulder, of 1 week duration He had [ijo.in]

• Visual Impairment

  Prevention of blindness and visual impairment: priority eye diseases. Available at . Zarroug IM, Hashim K, ElMubark WA, Shumo ZA, Salih KA, ElNojomi NA, et al. The First Confirmed Elimination of an Onchocerciasis Focus in Africa: Abu Hamed, Sudan. [emedicine.com]

• Pruritus

  Pruritus and secondary dermal lesions were frequently demonstrated in 64.4% and 56.4% of the individuals respectively. Asymptomatic amicrofilaraemic subjects only accounted for 11.9% of the adult population. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Doxycycline treatment may be particularly beneficial for people with onchodermatitis and pruritus who would otherwise require repeated treatment with ivermectin over a period of years. [emedicine.com]

  If DEC is contra-indicated due to possible or confirmed co-infection with O. volvulus, ivermectin (150 microgams/kg single dose) treats onchocerciasis, and reduces pruritus and frequency of Calabar swellings. [medicalguidelines.msf.org]

• Urticaria

  Codes ICD10CM: B74.3 – Loiasis SNOMEDCT: 44250009 – Loiasis Look For Subscription Required Diagnostic Pearls Subscription Required Differential Diagnosis & Pitfalls In regions where onchocerciasis and loiasis are endemic, visitors can present with urticaria [visualdx.com]

  Systemic reactions include fever, pain, itching, urticaria, and eosinophilia. Dead worms in or near major nerves may cause paresthesias and focal paralyses. [histopathology-india.net]

  The swellings may last for 1-3 days, and may be accompanied by localized urticaria (skin eruptions) and pruritis (itching). [the-medical-dictionary.com]

• Subcutaneous Nodule

  Movable, nontender subcutaneous nodule of Onchocerca volvulus. [emedicine.com]

  In one patient, nonspecific symptoms recurred 2 years later, but unlike her symptoms before albendazole therapy, they were not accompanied by the appearance of subcutaneous nodules containing adult worms. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  In the subcutaneous nodules, the female worms produce microfilariae, which have a lifespan that may reach two years. Microfilariae are usually found in the skin and in the lymphatics of connective tissues. [patient.info]

• Larva Migrans

  Cutaneous larva migrans does not cause eye findings, and the lesions are more superficial and distinct (serpiginous). In Guinea worm infections, the large worm is easily palpable and often partially protruding from the skin. [visualdx.com]

  Amebiasis Amebic liver abscess Ascariasis Creeping eruption Rectal culture Stool ova and parasites exam Taeniasis Visceral larva migrans [ Read More ] [icdlist.com]

  Migrating infective larvae of hookworms and Strongyloides stercoralis are the cause of cutaneous larva migrans and larva currens, respectively. [scielo.br]

• Hyperkeratosis

  (The skin of individuals with elephantiasis is characterized by hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, lymph and fatty tissue, loss of elastin fibers, and fibrosis.) [emedicine.com]

• Arthralgia

  Generalized itching, hives, muscle pains, arthralgias, fatigue, and adult worms visibly migrating under the surface of the skin may be observed. [orpha.net]

  Pruritus or pricking sensations from adult worm migration, arthralgia, fatigue, and myalgias are common. Eye involvement can cause burning and irritation of the eye. [visualdx.com]

  Symptoms described were fever, pruritus, headache, arthralgia. Most symptoms appeared 24 to 36 hours after treatment. Temperature increased significantly in group 3. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Grieving

  Grieve RB, Wisnewski N, Frank GR, Tripp CA. Vaccine research and development for the prevention of filarial nematode infections. Pharm Biotechnol. 1995. 6:737-68. [Medline]. [emedicine.com]

• Incontinence

  By day 2 (D2), many patients experienced confusion, agitation, dysarthria, mutism and incontinence. Some cases of coma were reported as early as D2. The severity of adverse effects increased with higher microfilarial loads. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Dysarthria

  By day 2 (D2), many patients experienced confusion, agitation, dysarthria, mutism and incontinence. Some cases of coma were reported as early as D2. The severity of adverse effects increased with higher microfilarial loads. [en.wikipedia.org]

[…] affecting humans and animals, caused by filariae; ie, nematode parasites of the family Filariidae. [1] Filarial parasites can be classified according to the habitat of the adult worms in the vertebral host, as follows (see Pathophysiology, Etiology, and Workup [emedicine.com]

• Tissue Nematode

  Filariasis, Loa loa (Pathogen – Tissue Nematode) Organism: Loa loa, the African eye worm, was first noted in the eye of a Negro girl in the West Indies in 1770. [med-chem.com]

There was a marked rate of failure after first-line treatment and rare adverse effects were reported. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Antiparasitic treatment – Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) is the only macrofilaricide available but is contra-indicated in: • Patients with microfilaraemia 2000 mf/ml (risk of severe encephalopathy, with poor prognosis). • Patients co-infected with O. volvulus [medicalguidelines.msf.org]

Prognosis The prognosis in filariasis is good if infection is recognized and treated early. Filarial diseases are rarely fatal, but the consequences of infection can cause significant personal and socioeconomic hardship for those who are affected. [emedicine.com]

(See Pathophysiology and Etiology.) [13] As with most helminths, adult filarial parasites replicate in a definitive host. The adult worm burden in an individual cannot increase unless the host is exposed to additional microfilaria. [emedicine.com]

Parasite Vector 6:283 CrossRef Google Scholar Languillat G, Garin Y, Tursz A, Beauvais B, Lariviere M (1977) Etiological study of low fertility in eastern Gaboon. III. Filarial endemicity (Loa loa, D. perstans). [link.springer.com]

Second, he shared the opinion of Raper 44 that the fibrotic nodules described by Klotz 39 could be attributed to a different etiology, and that L. loa microfilariae in these nodules was probably incidental. 44 We now know that many cases of loiasis are [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The etiology, diagnosis and treatment of amebiasis. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md. Crosby, A. W. 1986. Ecological imperialism: the biological expansion of Europe, 900-1900. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. [cmr.asm.org]

METHODS: Rapid assessment surveys were conducted between 2004 and 2005 using both rapid epidemiological mapping of onchocerciasis (REMO) and rapid assessment procedure for loiasis (RAPLOA). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Methods: Rapid assessment surveys were conducted between 2004 and 2005 using both rapid epidemiological mapping of onchocerciasis (REMO) and rapid assessment procedure for loiasis (RAPLOA). [ntdenvision.org]

The pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed in the light of these observations and the few other comments on this subject published in the literature. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Pathophysiology The filarial life cycle, like that of all nematodes, consists of 5 developmental (larval) stages in a vertebral host and an arthropod intermediate host and vector. [emedicine.com]

An understanding of the pathophysiology of these post-treatment reactions is necessary in order to develop strategies to prevent these reactions in the future. [clinicaltrials.gov]

The immune downregulation seen among END appears to be related to factors independent of microfilariae, but the underlying pathophysiology of these differences is not known. [cid.oxfordjournals.org]

We conclude that diethylcarbamazine given orally once weekly can be an effective, acceptable chemoprophylactic agent to prevent loiasis in temporary residents of regions of Africa where Loa loa is endemic. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

For a description of CDC’s information for preventing insect bites, see CDC’s Yellow Book. [globalinfoonline.com]

Objectives: - To determine whether reslizumab can prevent or reduce the side effects of treatment with DEC for Loa loa infection. [clinicaltrials.gov]

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. [dpd.cdc.gov]

Abstract To determine whether infection with Loa loa could be prevented in temporary residents of endemic areas, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of diethylcarbamazine as a chemoprophylactic agent. [nejm.org]