The authors present evidence that supports a predominantly accidental etiology for isolated spiral tibial fractures of young children. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Pain

  Data collected included demographics, time of initial pain assessment by the registered nurse, time of pain medication administration, severity of pain, fracture location by radiograph, type of pain medication, and route-dosage of pain medication administered [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Recent data has shown that adding NSAIDS to the pain regimen as part of a bimodal approach to pain control, improves the efficacy of pain management and reduces narcotic use. [clinicaltrials.gov]

• Falling

  Falls are the most common mechanism of injury in children. The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between reported height of fall and long bone fracture. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  People break bones in sports injuries, car accidents, falls, or from osteoporosis (bone weakening due to aging). [my.clevelandclinic.org]

  Why has "protocol" become the default fall back position when something is being handled poorly? There are people that specialize in acute (and chronic, for that matter) pain, but everyone has to reinvent the wheel. [allnurses.com]

  The most common cause of a break or damage to a healthy bone is usually from high impact blunt force trauma, such as those sustained from a car accident or a fall from a considerable height. [drallison.org]

• Swelling

  Finger: Pain, swelling, unable to move the finger, a shortened finger, or a depressed knuckle Leg: Severe pain, swelling, tenderness, bruising, obvious deformity, and the inability to walk Knee: Pain, swelling, bruising, inability to straighten the knee [my.clevelandclinic.org]

  To limit swelling, the limb should be elevated with pillows to the same level as the heart. Also apply ice to reduce pain and further control swelling. [whenithurtstomove.org]

  Unlike a full cast, a splint can be tightened or loosened and allows swelling to occur safely and naturally. Once the swelling goes down, other treatment options may be considered. Cast and functional brace. [thpg.org]

  Apply ice packs to reduce swelling. Avoid shock by keeping the person flat and warm with a blanket. The feet can be elevated 12 inches above the head. [everydayhealth.com]

  swelling may take hours to develop and, in some types of fractures, is very slight. [merckmanuals.com]

• Sepsis

  […] accident The main causes: 1. angular acceleration, or deceleration forces 2. direct forces Secondary brain inury Occurs subsequently to the accident The main causes:- Are hypotension and hypoxia, hyperthermia, hypo- or hyperglycaemia, hyponatraemia and sepsis [slideshare.net]

• Thrombosis

  Immediate complications Early complications Late complications Systemic Hypovolaemic shock Systemic Hypovolaemic shock ARDS – Adult respiratory distress syndrome Fat embolism syndrome Deep vein thrombosis Pulmonary syndrome Aseptic traumatic fever Septicemia [en.wikipedia.org]

  Bone that has been irradiated heals at a much slower rate due to the patchy death of cells in the local region, to thrombosis of vessels, and to the fibrosis of the marrow. [boneandspine.com]

• Fracture

  Abstract Ultrasonic guided waves have recently been used in fracture evaluation and fracture healing monitoring. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Osteoporosis

  Although most fractures are caused by trauma, they can be “pathologic” (caused by an underlying disease such as cancer or severe osteoporosis). There are more than one million “fragility” fractures every year that are due to osteoporosis. [my.clevelandclinic.org]

  Mean age was 63.7 ± 10.7 years and osteoporosis patients were 41.3 %. The background data of the present participants were almost identical to the subjects participating in the National Health and Nutrition Survey of 2003. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Examples include osteoporosis, infection, or a tumor. As mentioned earlier, this type of fracture is known as a pathological fracture. [medicalnewstoday.com]

  Does osteoporosis cause metatarsal fractures? Metatarsal fractures (of both types) occur more easily if the metatarsal bones are weakened due to 'thinning' of the bones (osteoporosis). See the separate leaflet called Osteoporosis for more detail. [patient.info]

  Osteoporosis is the most common cause of pathological fracture. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Contusion

  Other treatable causes of neurological decline such as diffuse edema, contusions, or herniation should be ruled out. Most are hypovolemic and require volume resuscitation. Supplemental oxygen or ventilatory support are often needed. [emdocs.net]

  Mild contusions with local bone trauma will heal easily, whereas severely comminuted injuries with extensive soft tissue damage heal poorly. [boneandspine.com]

  […] data for groups A and B were skull fractures in 33 versus 24, cranial bones only in 24 versus 18, subdural hematoma in 30 versus 16, subarachnoid hemorrhage in 28 versus 13, diffuse brain edema in 23 versus 32, and lobe and intracerebral hemorrhage contusion [karger.com]

• Bone Disorder

  An injury that results from the effects of an underlying problem with the bone is known as a pathologic fracture. The most common causes of pathologic bone fractures are arthritis, osteoporosis, genetic bone disorders, and cancer. [drallison.org]

  They may also result from overuse of tendons and certain bone disorders such as infection that can affect the normal growth and development of the bone. [motion-ortho.com]

The aim of this study was to determine the rates of long-bone fractures and the proportion of misalignments as indicators of failed treatment or no treatment at all in skeletons from the Giza Necropolis dating to the Old Kingdom period (2700-2190 BC). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Non-surgical treatment may be recommended if little displacement (gap) and/or few bone fragments are present. If your overall health makes you a poor candidate for surgery, non-surgical treatment may also be considered. Initial treatment. [thpg.org]

Antibiotic cement-coated interlocking nail for the treatment of infected nonunions and segmental bone defects. J Orthop Trauma. 2007;21:258–68. Klemm K. Treatment of infected pseudarthrosis of the femur and tibia with an interlocking nail. [ijoro.org]

Several options are available for operative treatment but with the development of flexible nail the treatment of long bone fractures, particularly femur has undergone a dramatic change [3]. [ijoonline.com]

These included biodata, aetiology of fractures, fracture type, injury presentation interval, associated lesions, outcome as well as complications and challenges in treatment. [ajol.info]

RESULTS: After adjusting for age, gender, race, insurance, and comorbidities, the HR of mortality was 2.89 (95% CI, 2.56-3.28; p CONCLUSIONS: This data suggests that open fracture carries a worse prognosis compared to closed fracture at the same anatomical [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The classification is arranged in order of increasing severity according to the complexities of the fracture, difficulty of treatment and worsening prognosis. [trauma.org]

UTSW / Parkland Memorial Hospital) and Stephen Alerhand, MD (@SAlerhand) Overview: When to suspect fat embolism syndrome (FES) Diagnosis of FES and further workup Pathophysiology of the syndrome Management of the critical patient with suspected FES Prognosis [emdocs.net]

Thus, they have a different prognosis and need to be treated differently. [bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com]

Prognosis The older you are, the longer it takes to recover from a fracture. Children heal better and more rapidly, so that often after several years there is no visible trace of a fracture on X-rays. [whenithurtstomove.org]

The authors present evidence that supports a predominantly accidental etiology for isolated spiral tibial fractures of young children. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

In our patient, however, the constellation of long bone fractures, sudden hypoxemic respiratory failure, and focal neurologic findings suggested a specific etiology: fat embolism syndrome (FES). [emdocs.net]

CONCLUSION: This 12-year interval retrospective study revealed modern epidemiologic results for FES in long bone fracture. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Borja-Aburto VH, Bustamante-Montes P, Garcia-Sancho MC, Villa-Romero AR (1990) Ionising radiation at low doses and cancer: epidemiological controversy. Rev Invest Clin 42: 312-316. [orthopedics.imedpub.com]

"The epidemiology of open fractures in adults. A 15-year review". Injury. 43 (6): 891–897. doi : 10.1016/j.injury.2011.12.007. ISSN 1879-0267. PMID 22204774. ^ a b c "Trauma Education and Prevention". [en.wikipedia.org]

They play a key role in the reporting of clinical and epidemiological data, allowing for uniform comparison and documentation of different conditions. [bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com]

The aim of this study was to evaluate possible differences in the serum concentrations of TGF-b1 in cigarette-smoking vs. non-smoking patients with timely and delayed fracture healing in order to understand pathophysiological pathways through which smoking [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Emergency Medicine) // Edited by: Alex Koyfman, MD (@EMHighAK, EM Attending Physician, UTSW / Parkland Memorial Hospital) and Stephen Alerhand, MD (@SAlerhand) Overview: When to suspect fat embolism syndrome (FES) Diagnosis of FES and further workup Pathophysiology [emdocs.net]

[…] vessels Injury to muscles and tendons Injury to joints Injury to viscera Local Infection Compartment syndrome Others Avascular necrosis Shortening Joint stiffness Sudeck's dystrophy Osteomyelitis Ischaemic contracture Myositis ossificans Osteoarthritis Pathophysiology [en.wikipedia.org]

Strategies to prevent it and or identify early its development are desirable in order to improve the clinical course of the affected patients and their outcomes. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Also, the injured person is given a vaccine to prevent tetanus and antibiotics to prevent infection. [merckmanuals.com]

In other words, NSAIDS may prevent or delay bone healing. These results, however, have not been tested prospectively in humans. [clinicaltrials.gov]

Wearing protective gear, such as pads, braces, or a helmet, can all help you prevent a future fracture. [healthline.com]

A thorough clinical history is important to establish the cause of the injury and to apply preventive measures (AU) [pesquisa.bvsalud.org]