Constraints in the present manual reporting were analysed. PHP and MySQL tools were used to generate user friendly modules. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Large-scale treatment conducted annually for 4-6 years, treating all persons living in areas where the infection is present can interrupt the transmission cycle. [web.archive.org]

• Asymptomatic

  Presenting symptoms are nonspecific; most patients are entirely asymptomatic. Herein, we have reported a case of lymphocele due to an asymptomatic lymphatic Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis with deterioration of graft function. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. [icd9data.com]

  Symptoms Lymphatic filariasis infection involves asymptomatic, acute, and chronic conditions. The majority of infections are asymptomatic, showing no external signs of infection. [web.archive.org]

• Rigor

  In this paper, we perform a rigorous systematic review of the economic evaluations of lymphatic filariasis interventions have been conducted. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  However, she added that the likelihood of that happening is small, as the process leading up to the announcement has been rigorous. [devex.com]

  The primary focus of Agency support is on scale-up of mass drug administration to achieve interruption of transmission of the disease and rigorous monitoring and evaluation of elimination progress. [neglecteddiseases.gov]

  The effect of albendazole against adult and larval filarial parasites, alone and in combination with other antifilarial drugs, deserves further rigorous research. ——————————————————————————– Citation The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue [gov.uk]

  Track record: Mass drug administration has been rigorously shown to reduce lymphatic filariasis infection rates, though evidence for its effect on symptoms is thinner. [givewell.org]

• Chills

  Elephantiasis Lymphedema advances rapidly and is associated with acute pain, fever, cold chills, and deformation of infected areas of the body. Diagnosis and Treatment Diagnostic Methods There are two ways to diagnose lymphatic filariasis. [atm.eisai.co.jp]

  Acute adenolymphangitis, which is often recurrent, is characterised by fever, chills and lethargy, followed by focal and transient oedema, erythema and discomfort. [mja.com.au]

  Filariasis is characterized by fever, chills, headache, and skin lesions in the early stages and, if untreated, can progress to include gross enlargement of the limbs and genitalia in a condition called elephantiasis. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  General symptoms include fever, chills, dizziness and fatigue. These symptoms can occur in the body extremities or in the scrotum and it sometimes related to severe fungal and bacterial infection. [myhealth.gov.my]

  The host will show symptoms of such as fever, chills, tender skin in the infected area, painful lymph nodes, and skin infections. These symptoms typically last 5 to 7 days. 3. [microbewiki.kenyon.edu]

• Fatigue

  The illness was characterized by fatigue, eosinophilia, and lymphedema of the arm and chest wall, but no lymphangitis, lymphadenitis, or pain. Complete resolution occurred over 1-2 years. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  General symptoms include fever, chills, dizziness and fatigue. These symptoms can occur in the body extremities or in the scrotum and it sometimes related to severe fungal and bacterial infection. [myhealth.gov.my]

  […] show, in this regard, that the number of years of repeated visits to communities to distribute treatments as required by MDA programs is significantly reduced by the use of DEC-medicated salt even at low-medium coverages, which would overcome community fatigue [nature.com]

  In 1992, this parasite was named Cyclospora cayetanensis ( 209 ), and since then it has been identified as the cause of a number of outbreaks of diarrhea and fatigue in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed individuals ( 108 ). [cmr.asm.org]

• Swelling of Limb

  When the worms grow large enough, they block the lymphatic system, potentially leading to lymph fluid buildup that causes radical and disfiguring swelling of limbs and genitals known as elephantiasis. [ntdenvision.org]

  It is impossible to ignore the gross swelling of limbs and other parts of the body which are the result of filariasis. The name "the elephant disease" was given by Lucretius (99-55 B. [web.archive.org]

• Insect Bite

  More details on insect bite prevention. There is no preventive medication or vaccine against Lymphatic Filariasis. Lymphatic Filariasis nematode images, life cycle, and distribution maps: Infection Landscapes Information last updated: April 4, 2017 [iamat.org]

  Each female worm can produce millions of larvae, and these larvae only appear in the bloodstream at night, when they may be transmitted, via an insect bite, to another host. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Returning missionaries and overseas workers/volunteers are at particular risk for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis, because of the long pre-patent period and relatively high intensity of exposure required between exposure to infective insect bites [emedicine.com]

• Confusion

  In this case, the fever is followed by headache and confusion, then stupor and coma caused when massive numbers of larvae and parasites die. Other common drug reactions include dizziness, weakness, and nausea. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Early descriptions of the worm tend to be unreliable because, as has already been mentioned, there was considerable confusion with the two common species of Taenia. [cmr.asm.org]

• Swelling of the Scrotum

  A small percentage of persons will develop lymphedema or, in men, a swelling of the scrotum called hydrocele. Lymphedema is caused by improper functioning of the lymph system that results in fluid collection and swelling. [cdc.gov]

  People with the disease can suffer from lymphedema and elephantiasis and in men, swelling of the scrotum, called hydrocele. Lymphatic filariasis is a leading cause of permanent disability worldwide. [web.archive.org]

[…] affecting humans and animals, caused by filariae; ie, nematode parasites of the family Filariidae. [1] Filarial parasites can be classified according to the habitat of the adult worms in the vertebral host, as follows (see Pathophysiology, Etiology, and Workup [emedicine.com]

• Wuchereria Bancrofti

  Elephantiasis due to Wuchereria bancrofti Infection due to Wuchereria bancrofti Lymphadenitis due to Wuchereria bancrofti Lymphangitis due to Wuchereria bancrofti Wuchereriasis ICD-9-CM Volume 2 Index entries containing back-references to 125.0 : [icd9data.com]

  Presence of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria was investigated using the thick smear technique. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Wuchereria bancrofti infection. Filariasis bancrofti. Filariasis malayi. Brugia malayi infection. Wuchereria malayi infection. Brug's filariasis. Malayan filariasis. Brugia timori infection. Brugian zoonoses. Sp : Filariasis. Fr : Filarioses. [web.archive.org]

  Taylor MJ, Makunde WH, McGarry HF, Turner JD, Mand S, Hoerauf A (2005) Macrofilaricidal activity after doxycycline treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti: a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet365: 2116–2121. [omicsonline.org]

Written by experienced scientists and fieldworkers, the volume examines the tools for treatment and prevention of lymphatic filariasis, including albendazole, ivermectin and DEC salt, and reviews the safety of the GPELF drug regimens. [books.google.com]

Treatment effects were more pronounced in the HIV co-infected subgroup, indicating that the effectiveness of antifilarial treatment was not reduced by concomitant HIV-infection. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] and debilitating, inflammatory episodes of ADL; surgery for hydrocele; treatment with antifilarial medicines to destroy any remaining worms and microfilariae by preventive chemotherapy or individual treatment. [web.archive.org]

In such cases, the prognosis is good. [dovemed.com]

Prognosis The outlook is good in early or mild cases, especially if the patient can avoid being infected again. The disease is rarely fatal, and with continued WHO medical intervention, even gross elephantiasis is now becoming rare. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

Prognosis The prognosis in filariasis is good if infection is recognized and treated early. Filarial diseases are rarely fatal, but the consequences of infection can cause significant personal and socioeconomic hardship for those who are affected. [emedicine.com]

Complications and prognosis Filarial diseases are rarely fatal but those affected tend to have poor health, have more time off work and are less productive [ 8 ]. [patient.info]

However, the positive impact of the lymphedema management program was also emphasized, and many family and community members indicated that community members were accepting of patients and had some improved understanding of the etiology of the disease [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] eyelid Lymphedema of genitalia Lymphedema of limb Lymphedema of limbs due to immobility, chronic dependency and/or venous insufficiency Lymphedema of lip Lymphedema of lower extremity Lymphedema of penis Lymphedema of scrotum Lymphedema of uncertain etiology [icd9data.com]

Treatment with nutritional optimization and management of the underlying etiology are the cornerstones of therapy. [doi.org]

RESULT: Post MDA survey showed drug coverage between 81%-88% and epidemiological coverage 77%-89% across years. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Keywords: Lymphatic filariasis, epidemiology, control strategy, elimination, India How to cite this article: Sabesan S, Vanamail P, Raju K, Jambulingam P. Lymphatic filariasis in India: Epidemiology and control measures. [jpgmonline.com]

Molecular epidemiology, phylogeny and evolution of the filarial nematode Wuchereria bancrofti. Infect Genet Evol. 2014 Dec;28:33-43. PubMed PMID: 25176600; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4257870. [epbiwww.case.edu]

Methods A literature search was conducted using PubMed using the key words ‘chylous’, ‘ascites’, ‘cirrhosis’, ‘pathophysiology’, ‘nutritional therapy’, ‘paracentesis”, “transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt” and “TIPSS’. [doi.org]

Pathophysiology The filarial life cycle, like that of all nematodes, consists of 5 developmental (larval) stages in a vertebral host and an arthropod intermediate host and vector. [emedicine.com]

Lymphedema: pathophysiology and classification. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1985; 26 :91–106. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] Szuba A, Rockson SG. Lymphedema: anatomy, physiology and pathogenesis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Written by experienced scientists and fieldworkers, the volume examines the tools for treatment and prevention of lymphatic filariasis, including albendazole, ivermectin and DEC salt, and reviews the safety of the GPELF drug regimens. [books.google.com]

Further epidemiological data indicated that preventive chemotherapy was not required in 9 countries. [web.archive.org]