Constraints in the present manual reporting were analysed. PHP and MySQL tools were used to generate user friendly modules. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Large-scale treatment conducted annually for 4-6 years, treating all persons living in areas where the infection is present can interrupt the transmission cycle. [web.archive.org]

• Noncompliance

  The most important causes of systematic noncompliance were not receiving the drug and fear of side-effects. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Increased Appetite

  […] improvement) [ 28 ], fitness scores and spontaneous play activity (43% increase) [ 26 ], [ 27 ]. [doi.org]

• Excoriation

  Wolbachia symbiote found in the different strains. [4] HIV infection appears to increase the severity of onchocercal dermatitis. [1, 5] The earliest and most prevalent skin symptom of onchocerciasis is pruritus, and, thus, secondary changes such as excoriation [emedicine.com]

• Meningism

  However, the drug is prescribed for patients with other severe illnesses and should not be given during outbreaks of meningitis. [12] Although up to 30% of patients experience adverse reactions after the first dose, ivermectin seems safe for large-scale [emedicine.com]

• Swelling of the Scrotum

  A small percentage of persons will develop lymphedema or, in men, a swelling of the scrotum called hydrocele. Lymphedema is caused by improper functioning of the lymph system that results in fluid collection and swelling. [cdc.gov]

  People with the disease can suffer from lymphedema and elephantiasis and in men, swelling of the scrotum, called hydrocele. Lymphatic filariasis is a leading cause of permanent disability worldwide. [web.archive.org]

[…] affecting humans and animals, caused by filariae; ie, nematode parasites of the family Filariidae. [1] Filarial parasites can be classified according to the habitat of the adult worms in the vertebral host, as follows (see Pathophysiology, Etiology, and Workup [emedicine.com]

Treatment effects were more pronounced in the HIV co-infected subgroup, indicating that the effectiveness of antifilarial treatment was not reduced by concomitant HIV-infection. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] and debilitating, inflammatory episodes of ADL; surgery for hydrocele; treatment with antifilarial medicines to destroy any remaining worms and microfilariae by preventive chemotherapy or individual treatment. [web.archive.org]

In such cases, the prognosis is good. [dovemed.com]

Prognosis The outlook is good in early or mild cases, especially if the patient can avoid being infected again. The disease is rarely fatal, and with continued WHO medical intervention, even gross elephantiasis is now becoming rare. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

Complications and prognosis Filarial diseases are rarely fatal but those affected tend to have poor health, have more time off work and are less productive [ 8 ]. [patient.info]

Prognosis The prognosis in filariasis is good if infection is recognized and treated early. Filarial diseases are rarely fatal, but the consequences of infection can cause significant personal and socioeconomic hardship for those who are affected. [emedicine.com]

However, the positive impact of the lymphedema management program was also emphasized, and many family and community members indicated that community members were accepting of patients and had some improved understanding of the etiology of the disease [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] eyelid Lymphedema of genitalia Lymphedema of limb Lymphedema of limbs due to immobility, chronic dependency and/or venous insufficiency Lymphedema of lip Lymphedema of lower extremity Lymphedema of penis Lymphedema of scrotum Lymphedema of uncertain etiology [icd9data.com]

Lymphedema is generally classified as primary when there is no known etiology, and as secondary when its cause is a known disease [ 9 ]. [doi.org]

RESULT: Post MDA survey showed drug coverage between 81%-88% and epidemiological coverage 77%-89% across years. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Further studies are however required for an in-depth understanding of LF epidemiology and control. [panafrican-med-journal.com]

Keywords: Lymphatic filariasis, epidemiology, control strategy, elimination, India How to cite this article: Sabesan S, Vanamail P, Raju K, Jambulingam P. Lymphatic filariasis in India: Epidemiology and control measures. [jpgmonline.com]

Methods A literature search was conducted using PubMed using the key words ‘chylous’, ‘ascites’, ‘cirrhosis’, ‘pathophysiology’, ‘nutritional therapy’, ‘paracentesis”, “transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt” and “TIPSS’. [doi.org]

Pathophysiology The filarial life cycle, like that of all nematodes, consists of 5 developmental (larval) stages in a vertebral host and an arthropod intermediate host and vector. [emedicine.com]

Supplementary material 13564_2003_14_MOESM4_ESM.mpg (3.4 mb) Additional File 4: Our understanding of the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of hydrocoele (one of the sequelae of lymphatic filariasis where fluid collects in the scrotal sac causing it to [link.springer.com]

Further epidemiological data indicated that preventive chemotherapy was not required in 9 countries. [web.archive.org]