We present a case of a transsexual patient who underwent a partial pelvectomy and genital reconstruction for anal cancer after chemoradiation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Lymphadenopathy

  The inguinal lymph nodes should be examined for lymphadenopathy*. [teachmesurgery.com]

  Another randomized trial associated the presence of lymphadenopathy with the necessity of a higher salvage APR rate [23]. According to some investigators, younger aged patients have worse prognoses. [health.am]

• Unsafe Sexual Practices

  Avoiding smoking and unsafe sexual practices can reduce the risk of anal cancer. This is because the immune system in people who smoke is less able to clear the HPV virus than those who do not smoke. [oncolink.org]

• Candidiasis

  Atousa Aminzadeh, Ali Sabeti Sanat and Saeed Nik Akhtar, Frequency of Candidiasis and Colonization of Candida albicans in Relation to Oral Contraceptive Pills, Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 18, 10, (2016). [dx.doi.org]

• Chronic Infection

  Greene, Chronic Infections Leading to Squamous Cell Carcinoma From Chronic Inflammation, Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice, 24, 3, (133), (2016). [dx.doi.org]

• Inguinal Lymphadenopathy

  Lymph Node Involvement There is controversy concerning the adverse prognostic effect of lymph node involvement, specifically with inguinal lymphadenopathy. Moreover, in many series there is no differentiation between N1, N2, or N3 involvement. [health.am]

• Aspiration

  Fine-needle aspiration biopsy and sentinel node biopsy may be performed to determine if cancer has spread to lymph nodes and beyond. A fine-needle aspiration removes a small sample of fluid and tissue from the lymph node with a thin needle. [dukehealth.org]

  Imaging Once a biopsy has been taken and anal cancer has been confirmed, further staging investigations are required: USS-guided Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) of any palpable inguinal lymph nodes CT thorax-abdomen-pelvis for distant metastases MRI Pelvis [teachmesurgery.com]

  They also check to see if they can feel any abnormally large lymph nodes in the groins or elsewhere around the body, and may even use a small needle to biopsy any abnormal nodes (called an “FNA” or fine needle aspiration). [fascrs.org]

  When a thin needle is used, the procedure is called a fine-needle aspiration biopsy. bladder (BLA-der) The organ that stores urine. blood A tissue with red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and other substances suspended in fluid called plasma [web.archive.org]

  […] cellular aging Nov. 21, 2012 International research team finds two genetic flaws behind third most common form of inherited muscular dystrophy Nov. 11, 2012 San Francisco Giants pitcher Barry Zito named Hutch Award winner Nov. 8, 2012 More than 200 aspiring [fhcrc.org]

• Constipation

  These are some common symptoms of anal cancer: Bleeding from the rectum or anus A lump or mass at the anus Pain in the anal area Persistent or recurrent itching Constipation or diarrhea Discharge (mucus or pus) from the anus Stools that are narrower than [rush.edu]

  Side effects may include: diarrhea or constipation soreness and blistering around the target area, which is the anus a higher susceptibility to infections during treatment fatigue loss of appetite nausea or vomiting mouth ulcers or sore mouth loss of [medicalnewstoday.com]

  bumps, or a growth located near the anus Anal bleeding or bleeding during bowel movements Anal discharge Pain in or around the anus or a feeling of fullness in the anal area Itchy sensation around or inside the anus Change in bowel habits, such as constipation [verywellhealth.com]

  Other symptoms include: Small lumps seen or felt around the anus which could be confused with piles An increase in the number or size of piles Pain in the anal area – affects about 30% of people Difficulty in passing stools and extreme constipation are [bowelcanceruk.org.uk]

• Fecal Incontinence

  Some patients have fecal incontinence after combined chemotherapy and radiation. Biopsies to document disease regression after chemotherapy and radiation were commonly advised, but are not as frequent any longer. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Pruritus Ani

  The most common clinical features are rectal bleeding (up to 45% of cases), pruritus ani, and tenderness or pain in the anal area. [amboss.com]

  Tumors of the perianal skin, especially Bowen's disease or Paget’s disease, may present with pruritus ani, a bleeding erythematous or eczematous plaque. [cancertherapyadvisor.com]

• Altered Bowel Function

  Potential adverse effects associated with this combined modality therapy include soft tissue necrosis requiring surgical intervention, pelvic bone fractures, sexual dysfunction, and altered bowel function. 3. [cancertherapyadvisor.com]

• Osteoporosis

  Harmit Malik receives Vilcek Prize for creative promise in biomedical science March 4, 2010 Common osteoporosis drugs are associated with a decrease in risk of breast cancer March 2, 2010 Climb to Fight Breast Cancer offers challenging new peaks Feb. [fhcrc.org]

  Hong-Mo Shih, Tai-Yi Hsu, Chih-Yu Chen, Cheng-Li Lin, Chia-Hung Kao, Chao-Hsien Chen, Tse-Yen Yang, Wei-Kung Chen and Anil Kumar Tyagi, Analysis of Patients with Helicobacter pylori Infection and the Subsequent Risk of Developing Osteoporosis after Eradication [dx.doi.org]

• Genital Lesions

    At the time of vaccination, participants had no evidence of genital lesions, no history of genital warts and five or fewer lifetime sexual partners. [web.archive.org]

• Sexual Dysfunction

  Potential adverse effects associated with this combined modality therapy include soft tissue necrosis requiring surgical intervention, pelvic bone fractures, sexual dysfunction, and altered bowel function. 3. [cancertherapyadvisor.com]

  Subsequent effects include sexual dysfunction, lower limb venous thrombosis, proctitis, tenesmus, anal stenosis and bladder dysfunction[ 85 ]. These adverse effects usually require treatment breaks, which decrease the efficacy of radiation. [doi.org]

  dysfunction after prostate surgery is more common than previously reported, says Hutchinson Center study Jan. 18, 2000 Move over tomatoes! [fhcrc.org]

Adding a PET-CT scan to the staging workup improves the selection of patients who need higher dose radiation therapy to the groin by identifying nodes that would be included in the radiation field. [cancertherapyadvisor.com]

Diagnostic Workup Computerized tomography scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis help define the internal extension of the infiltrating tumors, as well as enlargement of the pelvic nodes and distant metastasis. [health.am]

• Human Papillomavirus

  PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Nicolau SM, Camargo CG, Stávale JN, Castelo A, Dôres GB, Lörincz A, de Lima GR: Human papillomavirus DNA detection in male sexual partners of women with genital human papillomavirus infection. [dx.doi.org]

  Individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are at increased risk for human papillomavirus-related squamous cell cancer of the anus. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  A corollary has been drawn with cervical cancer and its association with human papillomavirus infection. A half of patients with anal cancer have human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 DNA incorporated in the genome of their tumour cells. [web.archive.org]

• Chlamydia

  Causes of anal cancer Some factors that can increase your risk of anal cancer include: human papilloma virus ( HPV ) and other diseases including chlamydia, genital warts and AIDS/HIV women who have already had cervical, vulval or vaginal cancer or a [cancer.org.au]

  […] cancer and 166 controls with colon cancer, Daling et al. found that the risk of anal cancer was strongly associated with homosexual contact, genital warts, and gonorrhea among men and with genital warts, infection with herpes simplex virus type 2, and chlamydia [doi.org]

Doctors want to learn whether the new treatment is safe, effective, and possibly better than the standard treatment. Clinical trials can test a new drug, a new combination of standard treatments, or new doses of standard drugs or other treatments. [cancer.net]

Therefore, if you are concerned about how treatment will affect your fertility, it is important to raise your concerns with your treatment team before treatment commences. [cancer.org.au]

Side effects of radiation treatment include problems that occur as a result of the treatment itself as well as from radiation damage to healthy cells in the treatment area. [radiologyinfo.org]

Understanding Their Role in Cancer Treatment: Current and Future Perspectives Managing Sensory Disruptions During Cancer Treatments For Health Care Professionals: Care Coordination for Older Men Living with Cancer Precision Medicine in Cancer Treatment [cancercare.org]

Medical Therapy Our medical oncologist s are board certified and work with your entire treatment team to provide medication as one of your treatment options. [ohsu.edu]

Prognosis Anal cancer of the dentate line : The 5-year survival rate after radiochemotherapy is approx. 80%. Anal cancer of the anal verge : The prognosis is favorable if complete local excision is possible. [amboss.com]

Prognosis of Anal Cancer (Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Anus) Anal cancer prognosis depends upon the size of the anal tumour, where the anal tumour is and whether it has spread to the lymph nodes. [myvmc.com]

Radiotherapy allows a good local control of tumour but the prognosis depends on systemic disease which is generally bad. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prognosis Anal cancer prognosis depends upon how early the cancer is diagnosed and the size of the tumor. If diagnosed and treated early, the prognosis is good for patients with anal cancer. [baptisthealth.com]

Prognosis for anal cancer It is not possible for a doctor to predict the exact course of a disease, as it will depend on each person's individual circumstances. [cancer.org.au]

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is well known as the major etiological agent for ano-genital cancer. In contrast to cervical cancer, anal cancer is uncommon, but is increasing steadily in the community over the last few decades. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Etiology Risk factors Immunodeficiency (e.g., HIV ) Receptive anal intercourse Smoking HPV infection (esp. types 16 and 18) References: [2] Classification TNM Classification for Anal Cancer UICC (Union for International Cancer Control) staging of anal [amboss.com]

PubMed Google Scholar Frisch M: On the etiology of anal squamous carcinoma. Dan Med Bull. 2002, 49: 194-209. PubMed Google Scholar Palefsky JM, Rubin M: The epidemiology of anal human papillomavirus and related neoplasia. [dx.doi.org]

"On the etiology of anal squamous carcinoma". Danish Medical Bulletin. 49 (3): 194–209. PMID 12238281. ^ Frisch M, Glimelius B, van den Brule AJ, et al. (November 1997). "Sexually transmitted infection as a cause of anal cancer". N. Engl. J. [en.wikipedia.org]

Epidemiology References: [1] [2] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. [amboss.com]

Frisch at the Department of Epidemiology Research, Danish Epidemiology Science Center, Statens Serum Institut, 2300-Copenhagen S, Denmark. References (34) 1. Goldman S, Glimelius B, Nilsson B, Pahlman L. [doi.org]

This review summarises the available biological and epidemiological evidence for HPV in the anal site and the pathogenesis of AIN and anal cancer amongst traditionally non-high risk groups. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This ESMO-ESSO-ESTRO Guideline gives information on the incidence and epidemiology, diagnosis, screening, pathology and molecular biology of the disease as well as current treatment options and follow-up. Download the PDF from Annals of Oncology [esmo.org]

Pathophysiology The majority (~80%) of anal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, which arise from below the dentate line (pectinate line). [teachmesurgery.com]

A further complication is that pathophysiologically, cancer of the anal margin (perianal skin) may be more closely related to penile and vulvar cancers than to cervical cancer, and the former are much less well studied than the latter. [10] In current [emedicine.medscape.com]

Pathophysiology 1. HPV infection is the most commonly diagnosed sexually transmitted disease in the United States and provides at least part of the link between sexual activity and anal cancer. [cancertherapyadvisor.com]

Marc Steben and Eliane Duarte-Franco, Human papillomavirus infection: Epidemiology and pathophysiology, Gynecologic Oncology, 107, 2, (S2), (2007). [dx.doi.org]

What is prevention? Cancer prevention is action taken to lower the chance of getting cancer. By preventing cancer, the number of new cases of cancer in a group or population is lowered. [cancer.gov]

Jeffrey Klausner, director of STD prevention at the San Francisco Department of Public Health. Dr. [nytimes.com]

The vaccine can be used to prevent cervical cancer, of course, but also is effective against HPV-related cancers of the vagina, vulva, and anus. (The vaccine can also prevent low-risk lesions like genital warts in either gender.) [ashasexualhealth.org]

ANAL CANCER IN MSM Overview Types Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Prevention HEALTH TOPICS Alternative Insemination Anal Cancer in Men Anal Health Cancer in Women HIV & AIDS Party Drug Use Safer Sex & STD Prevention in Men Safer Sex & STD Prevention in Women [lgbthealthchannel.com]