Three case reports are presented to illustrate the diagnostic conundrum of delirious mania and several different presentations of malignant catatonia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

CASE PRESENTATION A 53-year-old man with schizophrenia was admitted to the psychiatric hospital because of excitement, monologue, muscle rigidity, and insomnia. [unboundmedicine.com]

• Hyperthermia

  He presented with hyperthermia, tachycardia, hypertension, excessive sweating, and an elevated serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) level. On the basis of these features, he was suspected to have NMS. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Differential Diagnosis of catatonia Locked-in syndrome Seizures Malignant hyperthermia Parkinsonism Deception syndromes: What is Malignant hyperthermia occurs post-operatively reaction to inhalation anesthetics communicate via vertical eye movements and [quizlet.com]

  Our review also supports the proposed conceptualization of catatonia as a continuum, with milder forms at one end (termed simple or nonmalignant catatonia) and more severe forms involving hyperthermia and autonomic dysfunction (termed malignant catatonia [eurekaselect.com]

• Purpura

  Diabetic ketoacidosis Glomerulonephritis Hepatic dysfunction Hereditary coproporphyria Homocystinuria Hyperparathyroidism Idiopathic hyperadrenergic state Multiple sclerosis Pellagra Idiopathic Peripuerperal Systemic lupus erythematosus Thrombocytopenic purpura [clinicalgate.com]

• Negativism

  […] patient experienced significant motor and communication delays with mild cognitive impairment, but was otherwise in good health until age 15 years, when he developed rigidity, posturing, stupor, unresponsiveness, repetitive self-injurious behaviors, and negativism [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  115 ページ - The presence of catatonia as manifested by motoric immobility, excessive motor activity (that is apparently purposeless and not influenced by external stimuli), extreme negativism or mutism, peculiarities of voluntary movement, or echolalia [books.google.com]

  Abstract Catatonia is a syndrome characterized by mutism, immobility, negativism, stereotypy, mannerisms, echophenomena, perseveration and passive obedience. [scopemed.org]

  Ind Psychiatry J 2014;23:163-5 Catatonia is a syndrome, comprised of symptoms such as motor immobility, excessive motor activity, extreme negativism, and stereotyped movements. [industrialpsychiatry.org]

  The essence of catatonia symptoms are: movement disorders, mutism, negativism, waxy flexibility, stereotypical movement, impulsive actions, duality, and paramimics. It is a psychosis that affects movement and speech. [llmd.lt]

• Indecisiveness

  The appearance of being “stuck” in indecisive, hesitant movement. Per neurologic examination. Repeatedly returns to the same topic or persistence with movement. [clinicalgate.com]

• Onset in Adolescence

  Kraepelin identified a “periodic” catatonia (with an onset in adolescence) characterized by intermittent excited states, followed by catatonic stupor and a remitting and relapsing course. 8 In the 1930s this disorder was further described as lethal catatonia [clinicalgate.com]

• Stupor

  This stage would be followed by exhaustion, characterized by stupor and by high temperatures. [clinicalgate.com]

  The patient experienced significant motor and communication delays with mild cognitive impairment, but was otherwise in good health until age 15 years, when he developed rigidity, posturing, stupor, unresponsiveness, repetitive self-injurious behaviors [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The authors only recognize stupor if there is total akinesis, where it is assumed that the diagnosis is schizophrenia. Depressive stupor is not recognized as an entity. [cambridge.org]

  Applicable To Catatonic stupor Semicoma R40.1 ) stupor NOS ( ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code R40.1 Stupor 2016 2017 2018 2019 Billable/Specific Code Applicable To Catatonic stupor Semicoma R40.1 ) Type 2 Excludes Type 2 Excludes Help A type 2 excludes note [icd10data.com]

  Stuporous catatonia is characterised by immobility during which people may hold rigid poses ( stupor ), an inability to speak ( mutism ), as well as waxy flexibility, in which they maintain positions after being placed in them by someone else. [en.wikipedia.org]

[…] a) EEG b) lumbar puncture c) MRI d) CT In approximately 25% of cases, catatonia is caused by a general medical condition 2 ; as such, a comprehensive medical workup is vital for assessment and management of catatonic patients. In Ms. [mdedge.com]

On Day 5, as part of our workup for non-convulsive epilepsy, a trial of intravenous diazepam (5 mg) was given. [academic.oup.com]

Benzodiazepine (BZD) medications are safe and effective treatments providing rapid relief from MC. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Its short-term prognosis is of paramount importance. Without effective treatment, it is associated with high mortality. [em-consulte.com]

Classical catatonic signs, such as mutism, stupor, negativism, and excitement, do not by themselves indicate the etiology or determine the prognosis. The prognosis is better for catatonia occurring in a mood disorder than in schizophrenia. [primarypsychiatry.com]

Prognosis Prognosis of catatonia is good, especially with early and aggressive treatment. In mood disorders, prognosis is probably better than in psychotic disorders. [frontiersin.org]

It is crucial to diagnose and begin an appropriate treatment quickly to improve the patient's prognosis. Plasma exchange appears to be an efficient treatment option in SLE and catatonia, and it avoids the use of ECT [ 17, 18 ]. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prognosis and Patient Counseling. The majority of patients recover within 2 weeks, however, NMS can be life-threatening. Mortality rates when initially reported before 1970 were as high as 76%. [clinicaladvisor.com]

Familiarity with the clinical features and varied etiologies is essential for effective management of this catastrophic reaction. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Kraepelin and Bleuler both believed that catatonic symptoms could emerge as part of a mood disorder (either mania or depression) or could result from neurologic, toxic-metabolic, and infectious etiologies. [clinicalgate.com]

Although many of them are conceptualized as biopsychosocial disorders, recent data indicate that the biological component appears more and more as a major etiologic factor. [books.google.ro]

Conventional treatment, benzodiazepine- and/or ECT-based, can solve the catatonic episode in a few days, irrespective of its etiology and its severity. [em-consulte.com]

It is a rare condition that presents subtle signs and symptoms and different etiologies, and is therefore underdiagnosed. [scielo.br]

Epidemiologic investigations show a high prevalence of functional psychoses and organic mental disorders. [books.google.ro]

Adityanjee, Aderibigbe, YA, Mathews, T: Epidemiology of Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 1999; 2:151-158. Gurrera RJ: Sympathoadrenal hyperactivity and the etiology of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. [mhaus.org]

The pathophysiology is still unclear but most reports suggest a hypodopaminergic state. Its reported mortality has declined from 75-100% in the preneuroleptic era to 31% during the review period (1986-1992). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Its purported pathophysiology—frontal-striatal depletion of dopamine and GABA—overlaps considerably with that of NMS. [oxfordmedicine.com]

Although the findings in the present study cannot entirely explain the pathophysiology of malignant catatonia, they do indicate that hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system may be involved in the pathology of this condition. [dovepress.com]

In addition, findings from our review suggest that simple catatonia, MC and NMS share a common pathophysiology involving reduced dopaminergic functioning in the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits, consistent with their identity as variants of the [eurekaselect.com]

As a result, every psychiatrist, physician, and mental health care professional needs to understand and identify these disorders in time to prevent a fatal outcome. [books.google.com]

Frequently two to three ECT treatments will suffice, although four to six treatments are usually given to prevent relapse. [quizlet.com]

Springer, 13 ian. 2014 - 468 pagini In spite of progress in biomedical research, we know little about the causes, prevention, and treatment of the numerous mental and neurological disorders that afflict up to 15% of all individuals. [books.google.ro]

Preventing Catatonia Because the exact cause of catatonia is often unknown, prevention is not possible. However, patients should avoid taking excess neuroleptic medications, such as Thorazine. [healthline.com]

Published monthly on behalf of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, the journal is committed to improving the prevention, investigation, diagnosis, treatment, and care of mental illness, as well as the promotion of mental health globally. [bjp.rcpsych.org]