Sinusitis is considered to be one of the most frequently encountered ear, nose, and throat (ENT) infections in medical practice and the maxillary sinus is identified as the predominant site where this infection occurs [1] [2] [3]. Based on symptoms duration, maxillary sinusitis can be divided into acute, when inflammation of the mucosal lining of the maxillary sinus lasts less than 30 days, or chronic (> 3 months) [1] [2]. The pathogenesis and appearance of symptoms almost exclusively involve a preceding milder infection of the upper respiratory tract, primarily by viral pathogens (such as rhinoviruses, as well as influenza and parainfluenza viruses) [4] [5]. A number of studies, however, have confirmed that odontogenic infections are an important cause of maxillary sinusitis, accounting for up to 30-40% of cases [4] [6] [7]. In addition to viruses, various bacteria may be responsible for sinusitis. However, respiratory infection-induced sinusitis has a different spectrum of bacteria (Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, or Staphylococcal species) than sinusitis stemming from an odontogenic infection, which is caused by Bacteroides spp., Proteus spp., and coliform bacilli, but also streptococci [2] [3] [6]. Principal manifestations of maxillary sinusitis are a facial pain, mainly in the cheekbones, rhinorrhea, and nasal congestion [2] [3] [4]. Additional signs and symptoms are a foul breath, a postnasal drip, and toothache, which is not a definite indicator of an odontogenic source [4] [8].

• Fever

  Common causes of fever in tetraplegia include urinary tract infection, respiratory complications, bacteremia, impaired autoregulation, deep vein thrombosis, osteomyelitis, drug fever, and intra-abdominal abscess. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Facial pain, fever, and rhinorrhea are some of the main clinical features. The diagnosis could necessitate an extensive clinical, imaging and microbiological workup. [symptoma.com]

  Hay fever and other allergies. Risks The main risk factors include: Infection. Decreased sense of smell. Mucocele. Infection of the surrounding structures. Infections due to mucous obstruction. Osteomyelitis. [medanta.org]

  In case of fever, prescription of antibiotics is recommended only selectively. (b) Subacute maxillary sinusitis. [fulspecialista.hu]

  Cough, nasal discharge, and fetid breath were the most common signs, but fever was present inconsistently. Facial pain or swelling and headache were prominent symptoms in older children. [nejm.org]

• Low Fever

  Childhood chronic maxillary sinusitis is most frequent between the ages of 7 and 12 and is often responsible for secondary illnesses (bronchitis and pneumonia, developmental anomalies, low fever of unclear origin, and diseases of the stomach, intestines [fulspecialista.hu]

• Nasal Congestion

  Patients with tetraplegia, especially in the acute phase of spinal cord injury, often undergo nasotracheal intubation or nasogastric tube placement, which may result in mucosal irritation and nasal congestion. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Principal manifestations of maxillary sinusitis are a facial pain, mainly in the cheekbones, rhinorrhea, and nasal congestion. [symptoma.com]

  The common symptoms are facial pain or pressure, nasal congestion or discharge and reduced ability to smell. The pain is localized to blocked sinus. Other symptoms generally include: Headache. Bad breath. Fatigue. Cough. [medanta.org]

  Allergic fungal sinusitis is a chronic sinusitis in which fungi cause an allergic reaction characterized by marked nasal congestion and the formation of nasal and sinus polyps. [msdmanuals.com]

  In the current patient, retained gutta-percha in the maxillary sinus resulted in chronic inflammation and a persistent sinusitis-type picture with nasal congestion, pain and drainage. [f1000research.com]

• Epistaxis

  Nasal symptoms may include epistaxis, allergic rhinitis and postnasal drip. [oralhealthgroup.com]

  4: Some signs and symptoms that may be suspicions for maxillary sinus malignancy Figure 9: A non-healing upper right extraction site with a spindle cell squamous carcinoma arising from the maxillary sinus Figure 10: Left sided nasal obstruction with epistaxis [nature.com]

  This should include a thorough discussion of possible risks such as orbital injury, blindness, nasolacrimal duct injury, epiphora, epistaxis, cerebrospinal fluid leak, meningitis and brain abscess, and of course persistent rhinosinusitis. [medigoo.com]

  It causes non-specific symptoms like nasal congestion or epistaxis. Biopsy is necessary to make the diagnosis and because more than 10% of inverted papillomas harbor a squamous cell carcinoma. [radiologyassistant.nl]

  The nose should be examined for a deviated nasal septum, nasal polyps, and epistaxis. Foreign bodies and tumors can mimic symptoms of sinusitis and should be in the differential diagnosis, especially if the symptoms are unilateral. [clevelandclinicmeded.com]

• Unilateral Facial Pain

  Acute maxillary sinusitis was defined by: a history of URTI lasting seven to 30 days, with at least two clinical signs or symptoms (sinus pain at palpation, postnasal drip, purulent nasal discharge, nasal obstruction, unilateral facial pain, maxillary [cochranelibrary.com]

• Headache

  When asked about sinusitis, the patient mentioned occasional episodes of pus taste and intermittent crises of headache lasting for one week. The patient has been edentulous for 20 years. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Follow-up appointments in the facial pain/headache clinic found “some features of migraine, but it is unclear whether headaches represent primary or secondary headaches with migraine features”. [f1000research.com]

  Topics range from the standard diagnosis and treatment of acute sinusitis in children and adults to state-of-the-art discussions of imaging techniques, unique material on smell disorders, the role of allergies in sinus disease, sinus headaches, and the [books.google.com]

Although sinusitis is a common entity in practice, its diagnosis may be difficult to attain due to the nonspecific signs and symptoms that are seen in a myriad of illnesses and infections. But because of its rather high frequency, a clinical suspicion must be present in all patients with unexplained rhinorrhea, fever, and facial pain, especially if a chronic course is reported. Physicians should inquire about the onset and duration of symptoms, after which a complete physical examination, with an emphasis on the ENT exam, is necessary. Identification of areas sensitive to pain is an important part of the exam, but it is not uncommon for sinusitis to be misdiagnosed as tension or migraine headaches, as both can cause tenderness and pain in the sinonasal area [4]. For this reason, detection of pus in the middle nasal meatus on anterior rhinoscopy is considered as a key sign of acute bacterial maxillary sinusitis [1] [4]. Once clinical findings suggest sinusitis as the probable diagnosis, imaging studies could be employed. Plain radiography of the sinuses can show an air-fluid level but computed tomography (CT) could be necessary in difficult cases [7] [9]. Ultrasonography has been evaluated as a possible method in the assessment of this infection and seems to be superior to plain X-rays [5]. A panoramic X-ray is recommended if an odontogenic source is suspected [4] [8]. In addition to clinical and imaging studies, a microbiological investigation is an important step as well. But because swab cultures or cultivation of nasal secretions often provide inadequate results, this part of workup is reserved only for individuals who do not respond to therapy or those at risk for a more severe form of infection (eg. immunocompromised patients) [1] [2].

*When root canal treatment or periapical surgery cannot be undertaken or has failed, intentional replantation may be considered. *This alternative treatment may be predictable in certain cases. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognosis and treatment of infection of the maxillary sinus associated with dental implants. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prognosis The prognosis is good after treatment. The documents contained in this web site are presented for information purposes only. [orpha.net]

Treatment and prognosis The condition is benign but may result in diplopia. Treatment involves the creation of a drainage route for the sinus. This can be with a nasal antral window or maxillary antrostomy. [radiopaedia.org]

The patients underwent iliac bone graft to close the lateral window of sinus showed worse prognosis. Also, ostium maintained patency without balloon catheter in all patients with patent ostium preoperatively. [ksdm1966.com]

In these three patients, maxillary sinusitis of odontogenic origin responded well to the eradication of dental etiology. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This hypothesis has not been shown to be erroneous and a spirochaetal infection of the central nervous system could explain the specific pathological, immunological, and epidemiological features of MS. --------- Multiple sclerosis associated with sinusitis [mscrossroads.org]

Summary Epidemiology Its prevalence is unknown but around 100 cases have been reported in the literature so far. Clinical description The progressive enophthalmos may occasionally be associated with cheek pain, diplopia and blurred vision. [orpha.net]

Adult chronic rhinosinusitis: definitions, diagnosis, epidemiology, and pathophysiology. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 129 (3 Suppl.), S1 –S32. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 4. Brook, I. ( 1989 ;). Bacteriology of chronic maxillary sinusitis in adults. [jmm.microbiologyresearch.org]

This is because sinusitis in children differs from that in adults, for example regarding anatomy, diagnosis, epidemiology and microbiology (Hsin 2010). Newborns have maxillary sinuses the size of a bean. [cochranelibrary.com]

This type of sinusitis differs in its pathophysiology, microbiology, diagnostics and management from sinusitis of other causes, therefore, failure to accurately identify a dental cause in these patients usually lead to persistent symptomatology and failure [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Two explanations may apply: firstly, symptoms and signs are often defined according to pathophysiological conditions, but this method is not applicable here as many patients without acute maxillary sinusitis had the same symptoms and signs as patients [bmj.com]

Adult chronic rhinosinusitis: definitions, diagnosis, epidemiology, and pathophysiology. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 129 (3 Suppl.), S1 –S32. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 4. Brook, I. ( 1989 ;). Bacteriology of chronic maxillary sinusitis in adults. [jmm.microbiologyresearch.org]

To determine appropriate care for a patient presenting with maxillary sinusitis symptoms, the dental clinician must understand the anatomy, pathophysiology and microbiology of the maxillary sinuses. [oralhealthgroup.com]

Biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis: Pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2015;1: 219–229. View Article Google Scholar 9. Savolainen S, Ylikoski J, Jousimies-Somer H. [journals.plos.org]

Then the anterior and inferior edge of the middle turbinate is trimmed to prevent its adhesion to the lateral nasal wall or narrowing of the middle meatus. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Sinusitis Prevention Routinely using nasal lavage can prevent mucus from building up, which provides a friendly environment for bacteria and viruses. [healthcommunities.com]

Prevention Prevent maxillary sinus disease by strengthening your immune system. A balanced diet and fitness routine does wonders for helping you to fight off any infection, including all types of sinusitis. [healthfully.com]

Blacklow Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004 - 2515 من الصفحات The Third Edition of this definitive reference provides comprehensive guidelines on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of every infectious disease seen in current clinical practice. [books.google.com]

1. Yehouessi-Vignikin B, Vodouhe SJ. Maxillary sinusitis: 1752 cases at the ear-nose-throat department of a teaching hospital in Cotonou, Benin. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2013;130(4):183-187.
2. Porter RS, Kaplan JL. Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. 19th Edition. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Whitehouse Station, N.J; 2011
3. Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R. Mandel, Douglas and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Churchill Livingstone; 2015.
4. Bell GW, Joshi BB, Macleod RI. Maxillary sinus disease: diagnosis and treatment. Br Dent J. 2011;210(3):113-118.
5. Fufezan O, Asavoaie C, Cherecheş Panta P, et al. The role of ultrasonography in the evaluation of maxillary sinusitis in pediatrics. Med Ultrason. 2010;12(1):4-11.
6. Mehra P, Murad H. Maxillary sinus disease of odontogenic origin. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2004;37(2):347-364.
7. Patel NA, Ferguson BJ. Odontogenic sinusitis: an ancient but under-appreciated cause of maxillary sinusitis. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;20(1):24-28.
8. Simuntis R, Kubilius R, Vaitkus S. Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis: a review. Stomatologija. 2014;16(2):39-43.
9. Guerra-Pereira I, Vaz P, Faria-Almeida R, Braga A-C, Felino A. CT maxillary sinus evaluation-A retrospective cohort study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2015;20(4):e419-e426.