Preliminary signs and symptoms of measles begin to show effect after the 8 – 12 days of exposure to virus. The disease begins by development of rash which usually occurs 3 – 5 days after the individuals complain of feeling sick. The rash usually is first spotted on the head which then gradually spreads to other parts of the body. The rash is flat in appearance, red in color and is solid.

In addition to rash, the viral infection also produces other signs and symptoms which include fever, cough and cold, development of bloodshot eyes and conjunctivitis, sore throat, running nose, muscular pain, appearance of tiny white spots inside the mouth known as Koplik’s spots. Individuals with measles also develop sensitivity towards light [6].

• Generalized Lymphadenopathy

  Other symptoms of measles include anorexia; diarrhea, especially in infants; and generalized lymphadenopathy. [cdc.gov]

• Cervical Lymphadenopathy

  The child presented with high fever, cough, cervical lymphadenopathy, and maculopapular rash followed by vesicular skin rash. The child was not immunized against measles and chickenpox. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Fever

  When the rash appears, a person’s fever may spike to more than 104° Fahrenheit. After a few days, the fever subsides and the rash fades. [web.archive.org]

  Treat fever with acetaminophen (Tylenol®) or ibuprofen. Encourage the child to drink fluid and to rest. Use a cool-mist vaporizer to reduce coughing. [skinsight.com]

  -- Travelers with fever and other symptoms of measles should limit their contact with others as much as possible, to prevent the potential spread of the disease. -- Clinicians seeing a patient with fever and other symptoms of measles should ask about [medicalnewstoday.com]

  We describe the case of a 44 year-old Portuguese woman who presented with fever, conjunctivitis, cough and rash, rapidly evolving to hepatitis and extensive pneumonia with respiratory failure. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• High Fever

  Measles is an extremely contagious viral lung disease that causes high fever, rash, and life-threatening complications in children. It is preventable with the Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine. [immunizationinfo.com]

  Other symptoms of measles include: Sore throat High fever Muscle pain Sensitivity to light Cleveland Clinic News & More Cleveland Clinic News & More [my.clevelandclinic.org]

  Measles typically begins with high fever, cough, runny nose (coryza), and red, watery eyes ( conjunctivitis ). Measles Rash Skin of a patient after 3 days of measles infection. [web.archive.org]

  The full list of symptoms includes: High fever Cough and sore throat Runny nose Red watery eyes (conjunctivitis) Tiny white spot inside the mouth Red body rash that coincides with a spike in fever (104° Fahrenheit). [innerbody.com]

• Malaise

  Measles is one of the most highly communicable infectious illnesses caused by an RNA paramyxovirus, with a morbidity and mortality underestimated by the general population. prodromal stage is characterised by the onset of fever, malaise, coryza, conjunctivitis [gpnotebook.co.uk]

  The prodromal phase is marked by the classic triad of Cough, Conjunctivitis and Coryza ( 3 C"s) with accompanying anorexia, photophobia, irritability and body malaise. [wazzupdok.blogspot.com]

  There are three distinct phases: 1) incubation period; 2) prodromal phase characterized by fever, malaise, conjunctivitis, and upper respiratory symptoms such as cough, nasal discharge, and sneezing which persists for 3 to 4 days; and 3) exanthem which [aocd.org]

  Symptoms of measles The signs and symptoms of measles may include: fever general discomfort, illness or lack of wellbeing (malaise) runny nose dry cough sore and red eyes (conjunctivitis) red and bluish spots inside the mouth (Koplik’s spots) red and [betterhealth.vic.gov.au]

• Gangrene

  Measles virus can invade various organ systems and cause hepatitis, appendicitis, and gangrene of the extremities. [britannica.com]

  Cardiovascular complications Noma of the cheeks may occur in rare instances Gangrene elsewhere appears to be secondary to : purpura fulminans disseminated intravascular coagulation following measles Myocarditis is an infrequent serious complication, although [slideshare.net]

• Cough

  Treatments Your Physician May Prescribe There are no medications to cure measles, but the doctor can recommend ways to reduce symptoms such as fever, cough, or itching. [skinsight.com]

  When an infected person sneezes or coughs, the droplets can stay in active state for 2 hours and can cause infection in someone who comes in contact with it. [symptoma.com]

  Transmission is typically by large respiratory droplets that are discharged by cough and briefly remain airborne for a short distance. [web.archive.org]

  Measles starts with fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes, and sore throat. It’s followed by a rash that spreads over the body. Measles is highly contagious and spreads through coughing and sneezing. [cdc.gov]

  It is spread through the air by coughing and sneezing and is highly contagious. People with measles can spread the virus to others before they show symptoms. [katu.com]

• Dry Cough

  cough, and red-brown spotty rash (see below). [web.archive.org]

  Clinical images CMAJ March 03, 2009 180 (5) 583; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.080724 A 30-year-old man presented with a 6-day history of fever, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, dry cough and dyspnea. [doi.org]

  Measles symptoms: Fever General discomfort, illness or lack of wellbeing Runny nose Dry cough Sore and red eyes (conjunctivitis) Red and bluish spots inside the mouth Red and blotchy skin rash on the face and hairline, which spreads to the body Source [abc.net.au]

  The patient may also have a dry cough. Almost all cases require treatment by a doctor. To test for measles, a doctor will simply examine the patient for telltale symptoms, such as spots inside of the mouth and the skin rash. [livescience.com]

  Signs and symptoms of measles typically include: Fever Dry cough Runny nose Sore throat Inflamed eyes (conjunctivitis) Tiny white spots with bluish-white centers on a red background found inside the mouth on the inner lining of the cheek — also called [mayoclinic.org]

• Common Cold

  He also developed a common cold 10 days before the vision loss. Ultrasonography showed an exudative retinal detachment 1 day after the onset of the visual reduction; however, his fundi appeared normal 4 days later. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Measles usually begins like a common cold after a seven to fourteen day incubation period, with sinus congestion, a runny nose, a cough, and red, irritated eyes. [rarediseases.org]

  Symptoms of measles The initial symptoms of measles are much like a common cold of flu. There is high fever, red and runny eyes and nose and a characteristic rash. There are greyish white spots in the mouth and throat. [news-medical.net]

  It is marked by symptoms that are similar to a common cold, as well as a characteristic red rash. Less than two decades ago, measles was almost wiped out in the United States, thanks to vaccines. [livescience.com]

  Before then, the common cold was presumably common only to them. New zoonotic infections from domesticated farm animals continue to be discovered. [web.archive.org]

• Pharyngitis

  By the second day of the rash, there is no detection of the virus in pharyngeal secretions. The rash begins to spread down the neck, trunk, and extremities. By day three, the whole body is covered. [aocd.org]

  A general inflammatory reaction of the buccal and pharyngeal mucosa extends into the lymphoid tissue and the tracheobronchial mucous membrane. 19. Pathogenesis (cont.) [slideshare.net]

  Tonsillitis and pharyngitis Data on the development of tonsillitis or pharyngitis were available in two studies ( Anderson 1939 ; Karelitz 1951 ) and showed a reduction in the incidence of tonsillitis in children receiving antibiotics (OR 0.08; 95% CI [dx.doi.org]

  Pharyngitis and inflammation of the laryngeal and tracheobronchial mucosa develop, the temperature may rise to 103° F or 104° F (39.4° C to 40° C), and there is marked granulocytic leukopenia. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Nasal Discharge

  There are three distinct phases: 1) incubation period; 2) prodromal phase characterized by fever, malaise, conjunctivitis, and upper respiratory symptoms such as cough, nasal discharge, and sneezing which persists for 3 to 4 days; and 3) exanthem which [aocd.org]

  discharge/mucous of an infected person. [nvic.org]

  After an incubation period of about 10 days, the patient develops fever, redness and watering of the eyes, profuse nasal discharge, and congestion of the mucous membrane s of the nose and throat—symptoms often mistaken for those of a severe cold. [britannica.com]

• Diarrhea

  Common Complications Common measles complications include ear infections and diarrhea. Ear infections occur in about one out of every 10 children with measles and can result in permanent hearing loss. [web.archive.org]

  Measles is associated with complications such as pneumonia, ear infections, throat infections, diarrhea and conjunctivitis. [dx.doi.org]

  There was no difference in the incidence of conjunctivitis (OR 0.39; 95% CI 0.15 to 1.0), diarrhea (OR 0.53; 95% CI 0.23 to 1.22) or croup (OR 0.16; 95% CI 0.01 to 4.06). No major adverse effects attributable to antibiotics were reported. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Many people with measles have complications such as diarrhea, ear infections or pneumonia. They can also get a brain infection that can lead to permanent brain damage. [health.ny.gov]

• Vomiting

  Symptoms of RS include persistent or recurrent vomiting, listlessness, personality changes such as irritability or combativeness, disorientation or confusion, delirium, convulsions, and loss of consciousness. [ninds.nih.gov]

  Vomiting Vomiting is when you bring up the contents of your stomach through your mouth. Platelet Platelets are cells in the blood that control bleeding by plugging the broken blood vessel and helping the blood to clot. [hse.ie]

  […] measles-induced encephalitis Measles symptoms Encephalitis symptoms Fever Fever Morbilliform rash Headache Cough Altered level of consciousness Coryza Behavioral disturbances Conjunctivitis Disorientation Koplik spots Speech disturbances Seizures Nausea Vomiting [academic.oup.com]

• Nausea

  […] of measles-induced encephalitis Measles symptoms Encephalitis symptoms Fever Fever Morbilliform rash Headache Cough Altered level of consciousness Coryza Behavioral disturbances Conjunctivitis Disorientation Koplik spots Speech disturbances Seizures Nausea [academic.oup.com]

  A physician should be consulted before giving a child any aspirin or anti-nausea medicines during a viral illness, which can mask the symptoms of RS. Treatment There is no cure for RS. [ninds.nih.gov]

  Slow start My illness started about a month ago with a slight feeling of nausea, and a mild, intermittent fever. Over a weekend I developed a deep, convulsive, painful cough, and a burning sore throat. [news.bbc.co.uk]

• Abdominal Pain

  Symptoms developed between 2 and 23 days post transplant and included fever, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, and altered mental status. Patients often developed a peri-incisional rash and tenderness. [dx.doi.org]

  Atypical measles syndrome may begin abruptly, with high fever, prostration, headache, abdominal pain, and cough. The rash may appear 1 to 2 days later, often beginning on the extremities, and may be maculopapular, vesicular, urticarial, or purpuric. [web.archive.org]

• Chronic Diarrhea

  Chronic diarrhea also leads to excessive loss of vitamin A in young children, and vitamin A deficiency increases the risk of diarrhea [ 5, 12 ]. The most common symptom of vitamin A deficiency in young children and pregnant women is xerophthalmia. [web.archive.org]

  Chronic diarrhea also leads to excessive loss of vitamin A in young children, and vitamin A deficiency increases the risk of diarrhea [ 5, 15 ]. The most common symptom of vitamin A deficiency in young children and pregnant women is xerophthalmia. [ods.od.nih.gov]

• Koplik Spot

  Español: Signos y síntomas del sarampión Koplik Spots Mouth of a patient with Koplik spots, an early sign of measles infection. The symptoms of measles generally appear about seven to 14 days after a person is infected. [web.archive.org]

  On examination, we found small white spots on the buccal mucosa that resembled grains of salt and had a reddish background ( Figure 1 ). We identified these as Koplik spots and diagnosed measles. [doi.org]

  Pathognomonic Koplik spots appear during the prodrome, before the onset of rash, usually on the oral mucosa opposite the 1st and 2nd upper molars. The spots resemble grains of white sand surrounded by red areolae. [merck.com]

  These symptoms nearly always precede the appearance of Koplik spots, the pathognomonic sign of measles, by 2-3 days. 24. The prodromal phase (cont.) The conjunctival inflammation and photophobia may suggest measles before Koplik spots appear. [slideshare.net]

• Tachycardia

  Neonatal presentation of ventricular tachycardia and a Reye-like syndrome episode associated with disturbed mitochondrial energy metabolism. BMC Pediatr 2002; 2: 12 PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar 20. Marsden D, Nyhan WL, Barshop BA. [doi.org]

• Hearing Impairment

  Among other problems and birth defects, affected infants may have cataracts, heart defects, hearing impairment, and learning disabilities. The risk of transmission is highest early in pregnancy. The virus may also cause miscarriage or stillbirth. [emedicinehealth.com]

  Permanent hearing impairment occurs in about 5% of cases of HZO ( Murakami et al., 1997 ; Wayman et al., 1990 ). [doi.org]

  Women who contract the disease while pregnant may give birth to a baby with hearing impairment. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Otalgia

  Symptoms include facial nerve paralysis, herpetic vesicles, severe otalgia, SNHL (24% of affected patients), tinnitus (48%), and vertigo (30%; Sweeney & Gilden, 2001 ; Figure 3 ). [doi.org]

• Sudden Hearing Loss

  Hearing loss associated with HIV infection can be unilateral or bilateral, progressive or sudden, and conductive, sensorineural, or mixed. [doi.org]

  A. (2000) Role of viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Photophobia

  The prodromal phase is marked by the classic triad of Cough, Conjunctivitis and Coryza ( 3 C"s) with accompanying anorexia, photophobia, irritability and body malaise. [wazzupdok.blogspot.com]

  During peak disease severity, a patient's temperature may exceed 40 ° C, with periorbital edema, conjunctivitis, photophobia, a hacking cough, extensive rash, prostration, and mild itching. [web.archive.org]

  […] head and spreads to other areas, moving down the body May appear as flat, discolored areas ( macules ) and solid, red, raised areas ( papules ) that later join together Itches Other symptoms may include: Bloodshot eyes Cough Fever Light sensitivity ( photophobia [nlm.nih.gov]

  During peak disease severity, a patient’s temperature may exceed 40 ° C, with periorbital edema, conjunctivitis, photophobia, a hacking cough, extensive rash, prostration, and mild itching. [merck.com]

• Lacrimation

  Rarely they are found within the midportion of the lower lip, on the palate, and on the lacrimal caruncle. They appear and disappear rapidly, usually within 12-18 hr. As they fade, a red, spotty discoloration of the mucosa may remain. 28. [slideshare.net]

  Additional symptoms such as ipsilateral loss of lacrimation and impaired sense of taste in the ipsilateral two thirds of the tongue result from damage to the facial nerve. [doi.org]

• Eye Pain

  In immunocompetent adults, the virus has a self-limiting course marked by low-grade fever, eye pain with movement, conjunctivitis, sore throat, malaise, headache, nausea, decreased appetite, transient arthritis, and tender lymphadenopathy ( Lee & Bowden [doi.org]

• Eruptions

  […] mea·sles | \ ˈmē-zəlz \ 1 a : an acute contagious disease that is caused by a morbillivirus (species Measles virus ) and is marked especially by an eruption of distinct red circular spots — called also rubeola b : any of various eruptive diseases (such [merriam-webster.com]

  At this period the eruption on the skin has not made its appearance. In the majority of cases there is no suspicion of any exanthema. In a few cases there is an indistinct spotting around the lips and alae nasi, but no eruption. [doi.org]

  Measles is a highly contagious viral infection associated with clinical symptoms such as fever, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, eruption and increased serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  An acute exanthematous disease, caused by measles virus and marked by fever and other constitutional disturbances, a catarrhal inflammation of the respiratory mucous membranes, and a generalized maculopapular eruption of a dusky red color; the eruption [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  After several days, a rash erupts, usually on the face and upper neck. Over about 3 days, the rash spreads, eventually reaching the hands and feet. The rash lasts for 5 to 6 days, and then fades. [who.int]

• Skin Rash

  An early viral RT-PCR detection allowed successful immunoglobulin prophylaxis in one newborn taking into account that the duration between the onset of the skin rash in the mother and the delivery was less than 6 days. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Measles is characterised by fever and skin rash and usually associated with cough, coryza and conjunctivitis. A hallmark of measles is the transient immune suppression, leading to increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections. [doi.org]

  Your doctor will usually be able to diag-nose measles from the combination of symptoms, such as the small spots in-side the mouth (Koplik's spots) and the characteristic total body skin rash that usually starts from the back of the ear and spreads to [valucarehealth.com]

• Urticaria

  Measles (Rubeola) Sign Rash Noninfectious rashes include eczema, contact dermatitis, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, drug eruptions, rosacea, hives (urticaria), dry skin (xerosis), and allergic dermatitis. [emedicinehealth.com]

  Most of these reactions are considered minor and consist of wheal and flare or urticaria at the injection site. [cdc.gov]

  Most of these reactions are minor and consist of a wheal and flare or urticaria at the injection site. [web.archive.org]

• Petechiae

  Petechiae or ecchymoses may occur with severe rashes. During peak disease severity, a patient's temperature may exceed 40 ° C, with periorbital edema, conjunctivitis, photophobia, a hacking cough, extensive rash, prostration, and mild itching. [web.archive.org]

  Petechiae or ecchymoses may occur with severe rashes. During peak disease severity, a patient’s temperature may exceed 40 ° C, with periorbital edema, conjunctivitis, photophobia, a hacking cough, extensive rash, prostration, and mild itching. [merck.com]

• Maculopapular Skin Rash

  Symptoms of measles include fever and maculopapular skin rash accompanied by cough, coryza and/or conjunctivitis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Headache

  The patient went to her medical provider on January 30 after 3 days of headache and fever and 2 days of papular rash. The rash began on her neck and spread to her abdomen, legs, and back. Two days later she developed coryza and cough. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Encephalitis pathogenesis Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain parenchyma and typically manifests with a triad of symptoms comprising fever, headache and altered level of consciousness. [academic.oup.com]

  Encephalitis occurs in 1/1000 to 2000 cases, usually 2 days to 2 wk after onset of the rash, often beginning with recrudescence of high fever, headache, seizures, and coma. [web.archive.org]

• Febrile Seizures

  Febrile seizures. MMR vaccination might cause febrile seizures. The risk for such seizures is approximately one case for every 3,000 to 4,000 doses of MMR vaccine administered ( 294, 295 ). [cdc.gov]

  Most convulsions following measles vaccination are simple febrile seizures, and they affect children without known risk factors. [web.archive.org]

Measles is diagnosed by careful examination of the rash that develops on the body. If along with the rash, there is appearance of bluish–white spot with a bright red background inside the cheek then the diagnosis is confirmed [7]. In many cases, a complete blood count is conducted which would reveal elevated levels of antibodies in individuals with measles.

• X-Ray Abnormal

  Pneumonia and hilar adenopathy are common and may be prolonged; chest x-ray abnormalities may persist for weeks to months. Symptomatic hypoxemia may occur. [web.archive.org]

• Chest X-Ray Abnormal

  Pneumonia and hilar adenopathy are common and may be prolonged; chest x-ray abnormalities may persist for weeks to months. Symptomatic hypoxemia may occur. [web.archive.org]

There is no specific regime for treating measles. However, certain measures can be adopted to manage the symptoms of the disease. The following methods can be employed to effectively control the condition:

Vaccination: Measles vaccination can also be administered to individuals who have already contracted the disease condition. Individuals who have been exposed to the measles virus can be given the vaccination within 72 hours. In case, the illness still develops the symptoms are milder and of short duration [8].

Antibody injection: Pregnant women or infants who have been exposed to the measles virus are given the immune serum globulin injection. This antibody may even prevent the development of measles or can even reduce the degree of severity of symptoms.

Medications: Medications can be given to reduce fever and other associated symptoms of measles. In addition, antibiotics also form a part of the management if secondary infections co-exist.

Vitamin A: Vitamin A supplements are given to individuals with poor levels of this vitamin. Usually doses of 200,000 IU are given for 2 days.

Prognosis of the disease is usually favorable if treatment is initiated on time. However, in individuals who present with significant complications, then for such cases prognosis of the condition is poor requiring rigorous treatment regime.

Children infected with the virus can spread the infection to other individuals as well. The virus that is known to cause measles is known measles virus, a paramyxovirus that belongs to the genus Morbillivirus. This virus can adversely affect the immune system, respiratory tract and the skin of the individuals. It is an airborne disease and can easily spread when the infected person either talks, coughs or sneezes. The infected particles can stay active and affect other persons who come in contact with it [2].

Prior to the introduction of the measles virus vaccine, the disease affected about 90% children below the age of 5 years across the globe [3].The incidence of measles though decreased after the introduction of the vaccine, but considerable number of cases were still reported worldwide. In the year 2000, measles was reported to be the 5th most common cause of death amongst children below 5 years. In 2003, the disease caused about 31 – 39.9 million illnesses across the globe with about 733,000 – 777,000 deaths [4].

The measles virus primarily attacks the respiratory system following the immune system. It is a highly contagious disease and the incidence peaks during the winter season. The infection spreads by coming in contact with infected droplets of the individual with measles. When the affected individual talks or sneezes, the droplets can stay in the active state for about 2 hours [5]. Once the virus gains entry into the human system, then after about 2 – 4 days it affects the lymphatic tissues. The virus then spreads to other parts of the body through the lymph nodes.

It is necessary to take preventive steps to protect vulnerable individuals from measles. If someone in family has developed measles, the following steps can be taken to prevent the spread of the disease [9]:

Isolation: The infected person should be kept in isolation to prevent the spread of the virus. Non-immunized individual should not be in any way allowed to interact with affected individuals.

Vaccination: This is one of the most effective methods for preventing measles outbreak. It is necessary that all individuals who have not received vaccination against measles be vaccinated as soon as possible [10].

Serum immune globulin shots: Individuals who have been exposed to the virus should receive serum immune globulin shots to prevent development of measles.

Measles (rubeola, morbilli, english measles) is an acute, contagious viral disease caused by the measles virus, a single-stranded, negative-sense enveloped RNA virus of the Paramyxoviridae family.

Symptoms include fever, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza and a generalized, maculopapular, erythematous rash. Supportive care is normally all that is required for patients with measles.

This viral disease spreads easily from person to person contact making the condition widely prevalent amongst the immunecompromised population. Once developed, the condition can have deleterious effects on the immunity of the affected children. Though measles can strike the children, it is known to affect individuals of all age groups. In the past, the disease was a common occurrence. However, after the introduction of the measles vaccine in the year 1963, the prevalence decreased significantly [1].

Definition

Measles is a viral infection which is highly contagious in nature. According to reports published by the World Health Organization, there were 2.6 million deaths due to measles in the year 1980. With the introduction of measles vaccination, the death rate dropped dramatically, but there were still high cases of measles reported each year worldwide.

Cause

The disease is spread when individuals with weakened immune system come in contact with infected droplets of person with measles. When an infected person sneezes or coughs, the droplets can stay in active state for 2 hours and can cause infection in someone who comes in contact with it.

Symptoms

Measles primarily begins with development of rash which first appears on the head and later on spreads to rest of the body. Affected individuals also experience fever, cough, cold, muscle pain, sore throat, conjunctivitis, bloodshot eyes and sensitivity to light.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of the condition is made on basis of careful examination of the rash. If along with the usual rash a bluish–white spots develops inside the mouth then the diagnosis of measles is confirmed.

Treatment

No specific treatment for measles exists. Affected individuals are vaccinated against the disease to decrease the severity of the symptoms. In addition, certain medications are given to manage the symptoms. Individuals who are exposed to the virus are given measles vaccination within 72 hours to prevent the onset of the disease.

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9. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Measles prevention. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1989; 38 Suppl 9:1.
10. Meissner HC, Strebel PM, Orenstein WA. Measles vaccines and the potential for worldwide eradication of measles. Pediatrics. 2004;114(4):1065-9.