CASE PRESENTATION: A 12-year-old boy presented with acute worsening and subsequent spontaneous resolution of his compensated hydrocephalus. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This paper presents the clinical diagnosis with vertebral angiogrraphy, pneumoencephalography and computed tomography. [jkns.or.kr]

• Multiple Congenital Anomalies

  This case was diagnosed in utero with multiple congenital anomalies including occipital encephalocele, mega-cisterna magna, mesomelic shortening, and clubfeet. An analysis of GTG-banded chromosomes of 20 metaphase cells was performed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Ear and renal anomalies are also components of many multiple congenital anomaly (MCA) syndromes. [hindawi.com]

• Arachnodactyly

  He had a dysmorphic face, low-set and cup-shaped ears, arachnodactyly, and mild mental retardation. The patient's laboratory findings were normal except for a mild leucocytosis and hypochromic microcytic anemia. [mendeley.com]

  Although our case had arachnodactyly, this feature has not been reported so far in this syndrome. 4. [hindawi.com]

• Dysmorphic Face

  He had a dysmorphic face, low-set and cup-shaped ears, arachnodactyly, and mild mental retardation. The patient's laboratory findings were normal except for a mild leucocytosis and hypochromic microcytic anemia. [mendeley.com]

  In his physical examination, he had a dysmorphic face (wide forehead, hypertelorism), low-set and cup-shaped ears, arachnodactyly, and mild mental retardation (Figures 1, 2, and 3). [hindawi.com]

• Fishing

  Pure tetrasomy 20p was confirmed using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with a telomere probe for chromosome 20p in all seven metaphase cells. The pregnancy was terminated because of associated multiple anomalies and severe oligohydramnios. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Short Stature

  In addition to these abnormalities, low birth weight and short stature are constant findings, features of a widespread skeletal disorders are more variable, and there may be associated renal abnormalities [8, 9]. [hindawi.com]

• Hip Dislocation

  dislocation, and polydactyly), respiratory, gastrointestinal (umbilical and inguinal hernia), central nervous system (cerebral and cerebellar atrophy, mega cisterna magna, mental motor retardation, convulsions, corpus callosum dysgenesis, cranial bone [hindawi.com]

• Cup-Shaped Ears

  He had a dysmorphic face, low-set and cup-shaped ears, arachnodactyly, and mild mental retardation. The patient's laboratory findings were normal except for a mild leucocytosis and hypochromic microcytic anemia. [mendeley.com]

  In his physical examination, he had a dysmorphic face (wide forehead, hypertelorism), low-set and cup-shaped ears, arachnodactyly, and mild mental retardation (Figures 1, 2, and 3). [hindawi.com]

• Delusion

  On the follow-up period his affect changed into euthymic state, and hallucinations and delusions disappeared. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] parasagittal brain metabolism may correlate with motivational and behavioral symptoms (such as apathy, dis-inhibition, inappropriate conduct, abnormal eating patterns), while the decreased metabolism in posterior areas might reflect altered perception (delusions [scirp.org]

  CASE REPORTS Case 1: A 26-year-old unmarried man from rural background presented with the chief complaints of logorrhea, inappropriate familiarity, delusion of grandiosity, reduced need for sleep, increased activity, and increased consumption of tobacco [docksci.com]

  Case Reports Case 1: A 26-year-old unmarried man from rural background presented with the chief complaints of logorrhea, inappropriate familiarity, delusion of grandiosity, reduced need for sleep, increased activity, and increased consumption of tobacco [neuro.psychiatryonline.org]

• Catatonia

  This syndrome has been described in association with schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, manic episode, psychosis (delusional type), and recurrent catatonia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Bush Francis catatonia rating scale was administered to determine the severity of catatonia, which gave a score of 23/69 at admission. The patient was started on risperidone 3 mg/day. [docksci.com]

  Case Reports in Medicine 2013: 149656-149656, 2013 Mega cisterna magna associated with recurrent catatonia: a case report. Biological Psychiatry 70(4): E19-E19, 2011 [eurekamag.com]

• Cognitive Impairment

  The associated supratentorial anomalies and chromosomal findings were also predictive of global developmental delay (p 0.01), cognitive impairment (p 0.03), gross and fine motor delay (p 0.02 and p 0.01 respectively), and positive screening for autism [childnervoussystem.blogspot.com]

[…] with a low‐risk serum screen for aneuploidy that the finding of an isolated mildly enlarged cisterna magna with otherwise normal intracranial anatomy, especially in the third trimester, is usually a normal variant and therefore does not require further workup [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]

• Microcytic Anemia

  The patient's laboratory findings were normal except for a mild leucocytosis and hypochromic microcytic anemia. His cerebrospinal fluid was cytologically and biochemically normal. [mendeley.com]

  The patient’s laboratory findings were normal except for a mild leucocytosis and hypochromic microcytic anemia. His cerebrospinal fluid was cytologically and biochemically normal. [hindawi.com]

Treatment with amisulpride 1200 mg/day resulted in a 30% decrease in PANSS score within 2 months. Then galantamine 8 mg/day was added and PANSS score decreased further by 27% within 2 weeks. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] of the newborn a few hours after with cPMP through a central line with good results.8 After a daily treatment with cPMP, the patient manifested an almost normal neurodevelopment.8 Lubout et al published a case where the treatment is administered shortly [dovepress.com]

We conclude that overall, the prognosis for these posterior fossa defects is grim but not uniformly fatal. The presence of other anomalies is associated with the worst prognosis. [childnervoussystem.blogspot.com]

The prognosis for mega cisterna magna is good when the condition occurs with normal ventricles in an isolated finding. It is usually observed on a CT/MRI or ultrasound. [reference.com]

In general isolated mild cisterna magna enlargement ( between 10 to 13 mms ) is associated with good prognosis in the child after birth. [kriznanultrasoundimages.com]

Prognosis: Normal neurodevelopment. Recurrence: No increased risk of recurrence. [fetalmedicine.org]

Rarely, both of these conditions may have a common underlying etiology that may indicate a causal relationship. Further studies are required to establish a causal relationship between the mega cistern magna and the psychiatric disorders. [docksci.com]

Ramdurg, S. (2010) Kleine-Levin Syndrome: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 13, 241-246. 2. [file.scirp.org]

The etiology of the disease is speculated to be the loss of Zic1/4 genes. Conclusion: This is a case of DWS managed conservatively, with surgery being the usual treatment of choice. [austinpublishinggroup.com]

Etiology: They are congenital lesions that probably arise during development from splitting or duplication of this membrane. The etiology of these lesions is extremely controversial. [thamburaj.com]

Epidemiology A mega cisterna magna is thought to occur in approximately 1% of all brains imaged postnatally. Associations Especially if noted antenatally, a mega cisterna magna has been associated with infarction inflammation and infection (e.g. [medicalopedia.org]

Epidemiology A mega cisterna magna is thought to occur in 1% of all brains imaged postnatally. [operativeneurosurgery.com]

Epidemiology and Demographics The Dandy-Walker complex is a genetically sporadic disorder that occurs one in every 25,000 live births, mostly in females. [wikidoc.org]

Epidemiology: Arachnoid cysts correspond to about 1% of all intracranial lesions in the general population and about 3% in the pediatric population. [thamburaj.com]

Discussion Considering the pathophysiology of KLS, the hypothalamic hypo-metabolism may implicate sleep regulation, control of food intake, and sexual behavior. [scirp.org]

[…] role in coordination and motor functions.1 Besides its involvement in motor and vestibulo-ocular regulation, it is considered to be involved in modulation of mood.2 Cerebellar structures, especially the vermis, are considered to be associated with the pathophysiology [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Pathophysiology: Dandy-Walker malformations are formed during embryogenesis. Insults of varying severity to both the developing cerebellar hemispheres and fourth ventricle currently are believed to be the genesis of the anomaly. [medicaljournal.blogspot.com]

Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin Study. ‎ Pagina 332 - Crane JP, LeFevre ML, Winborn RC, et al. [books.google.ro]

Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin Study. ‏ الصفحة 332 - Crane JP, LeFevre ML, Winborn RC, et al. [books.google.com]

Recently, it has been seen that administering cPMP as substitution therapy does not improve the brain damage already produced but prevents its progressive worsening.1,2,8 In 2012, Hitzert et al published a case diagnosed prenatally, induction of labor [dovepress.com]

Consequently, it also suggested that a certain and possibly large subset of autism cases may actually be preventable with early treatment. [medium.com]

Poor perinatal outcome associated with vasa previa: is it preventable? A report of three cases and review of the literature. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1998;12(6):430–3. Review. [glowm.com]