The idea that menstruation occurs as a consequence of SD has been proposed in the past, but here we present a novel hypothesis on how SD evolved. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Fatigue

  Other discomforts during menstruation may include breast tenderness, bloating, headaches, fatigue, mood swings, and food cravings. [americanpregnancy.org]

  Anemia can cause fatigue and stress on bodily organs. Aside from dizziness, other symptoms of anemia are irritability, fatigue, lightheadedness and a rapid heartbeat. [livestrong.com]

  Besides bleeding from the vagina, you may have Abdominal or pelvic cramping pain Lower back pain Bloating and sore breasts Food cravings Mood swings and irritability Headache and fatigue Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, is a group of symptoms that start [nlm.nih.gov]

  Besides bleeding from the vagina, you may have: Abdominal or pelvic cramping pain Lower back pain Bloating and sore breasts Food cravings Mood swings and irritability Headache and fatigue Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, is a group of symptoms that start [medlineplus.gov]

  Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Some women report that their symptoms often get worse right before their period. [womenshealth.gov]

• Anorexia

  Eating disorders Eating disorders, particularly anorexia, can cause periods to stop. This happens when a person’s body fat becomes too low for ovulation to occur. 8. [medicalnewstoday.com]

  Generally, the degree of BMD decrease in FHA patients is less expressed than in patients with anorexia nervosa [ 47, 48 ]. [doi.org]

  Body weight below a certain level - eg, in eating disorders - particularly anorexia nervosa. Emotional stress - eg, fear of pregnancy/phantom pregnancy. Significant Illness. [patient.info]

  Eating disorders — such as anorexia nervosa — extreme weight loss and increased physical activity can disrupt menstruation. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). [mayoclinic.org]

• Malaise

  Patients may also have malaise, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, low back pain, or headache. [merckmanuals.com]

  Menstrual cramps can produce one or more of the following symptoms: Low back pain, pain in legs or hips Irritability Bloating Nausea, vomiting and/or diarrhea (gastrointestinal symptoms) Headaches Fatigue or malaise Fainting spells A woman should contact [emedicinehealth.com]

• Anosmia

  Features such as delayed puberty, primary amenorrhea and the presence of additional symptoms (anosmia, mental retardation, extreme obesity, facial dysmorphia, malabsorption) are suggestive of congenital diseases [ 6, 9 ]. [doi.org]

• Dyspnea

  A 39-year-old female presented to the Emergency Department during the fourth day of menstruation and within 2 hours of the onset of chest pain associated with dyspnea, diaphoresis, and emesis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Vomiting

  Headache, nausea, constipation or diarrhea, lower back pain, and urinary frequency are common; vomiting occurs occasionally. Symptoms of premenstrual syndrome may occur during part or all of menses. Sometimes endometrial clots or casts are expelled. [web.archive.org]

  Patients may also have malaise, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, low back pain, or headache. [merckmanuals.com]

  Symptoms of PID include a heavy vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor, irregular periods, pain in the pelvic and lower abdominal areas, fever, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Polycystic ovary syndrome. [my.clevelandclinic.org]

  Bloating and gastric disturbances like vomiting and back ache are common in both, the week prior to pregnancy and onset of period. While menstruation eases these symptoms, pregnancy aggravates them. [timesofindia.indiatimes.com]

  Symptoms of TSS include a sudden onset of fever, chills, diarrhea, vomiting, muscle aches and rash. [mashable.com]

• Abdominal Pain

  Additionally, 76% of healthy controls reported having abdominal pain consistent most probably with dysmenorrhea. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The abdominal pain, backaches, and nausea during a woman’s period can actually affect how she thinks and feels, reducing her cognitive ability. [medicaldaily.com]

  The pain usually begins when menses start (or just before) and persists for the first 1 to 2 days; this pain, described as spasmodic, is superimposed over constant lower abdominal pain, which may radiate to the back or thigh. [merckmanuals.com]

  Patients may present with other symptoms common to early pregnancy, including nausea, breast fullness, fatigue, low abdominal pain, heavy cramping, shoulder pain, and recent dyspareunia. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Abdominal Cramps

  You may experience abdominal cramps. These cramps are caused by the contraction of the uterine and the abdominal muscles to expel the menstrual fluid. [menstrupedia.com]

  Your period may be accompanied by abdominal cramps and other physical sensations like breast sensitivity, bloating, and diarrhea. For cramps and minor pain, you can take over-the-counter pain reliever medications like Ibuprofen. [sexualityandu.ca]

  […] cavity). 6 Secondary dysmenorrhea has a wide range of symptoms: Constant (almost spastic) lower abdominal pain Pain in the back and thighs Painful intercourse Abdominal cramping There are many ways to treat the symptoms of dysmenorrhea including taking [soc.ucsb.edu]

• Visual Impairment

  A kit to explain menstruation to visually impaired girls in India: Kahani Her Mahine Ki... by Sadhvi Thukral ................................................................................................... [mum.org]

• Fear

  We fear whether what we are told for generations comes true and all bad will happen if we break the rules”. Apart from fear of God, another main reason for the continuity is fear of isolation from society. [independent.co.uk]

  They described difficulties engaging in class, due to fear of smelling and leakage, and subsequent teasing. Sanitary pads were valued but resource and time constraints result in prolonged use causing chafing. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  So while research has shown that about two-thirds of women would get rid of their period if they could do so safely, tampon makers may not need to cower in fear yet [source: Saul ]. [web.archive.org]

• Irritability

  Ginger for Nausea, Menstrual Cramps, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome Powdered ginger can be a highly effective, cheap, easy-to-use, safer treatment for nausea, migraine headaches, and menstrual blood loss and pain. [nutritionfacts.org]

  Many women are so used to dealing with irregular periods, cramps, irritability and bloating that they assume PMS is part of a normal menstrual cycle. It’s not. [womenshealthnetwork.com]

  Besides bleeding from the vagina, you may have Abdominal or pelvic cramping pain Lower back pain Bloating and sore breasts Food cravings Mood swings and irritability Headache and fatigue Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, is a group of symptoms that start [nlm.nih.gov]

  Your doctor will also want to make sure you don’t have one of the following conditions that shares symptoms with PMS: Depression Anxiety Menopause Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Problems with the endocrine (EN-doh-kryn) [web.archive.org]

  Besides bleeding from the vagina, you may have: Abdominal or pelvic cramping pain Lower back pain Bloating and sore breasts Food cravings Mood swings and irritability Headache and fatigue Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, is a group of symptoms that start [medlineplus.gov]

• Dizziness

  Symptoms include dizziness, vertigo, hearing loss and tinnitus. [livestrong.com]

  — Korin Miller, SELF, "How to Tell if Vestibular Migraines Are Why You Get Dizzy So Often," 12 July 2018 Many religions observe rules around menstruation, and Hinduism places a special emphasis on purity and pollution. — New York Times, "Where a Taboo [merriam-webster.com]

  Ask your healthcare provider for more information about any of the following: Mood changes such as feeling irritated, sad, or emotional Breast swelling or soreness Feeling bloated Tiredness Headache Problems with sleep Dizziness Nausea How can I care [drugs.com]

  A more severe case can result in the following symptoms: headaches dizziness shortness of breath rapid heart rate A very heavy flow can also cause painful cramping, or dysmenorrhea, which sometimes requires medication. [healthline.com]

  […] longer time than usual, if the pain is different, if bleeding is excessive (for example, one pad or tampon per hour), has fever, chills, or body aches; suspects pregnancy or have menstrual cramps for the first time past the age of 25, has fainting, dizziness [emedicinehealth.com]

• Lethargy

  You may get symptoms of pre-menstrual tension (PMS) such as breast tenderness, bloating, lethargy, depression and irritability at this stage. Once the egg has been released it moves along the Fallopian tube towards your womb. [uk.clearblue.com]

  Some of the most common symptoms on the PMS checklist include the following: Lethargy Sadness or mood swings Headaches Lack of interest in sex (or a heightened interest in sex) Bloating Constipation or diarrhea Clumsiness or loss of balance Irritability [soc.ucsb.edu]

• Vertigo

  Symptoms include dizziness, vertigo, hearing loss and tinnitus. [livestrong.com]

• Dysmenorrhea

  Migraine has been associated with menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, and endometriosis, the latter particularly in chronic migraine. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Primary dysmenorrhea is suspected if Symptoms begin soon after menarche or during adolescence. Secondary dysmenorrhea is suspected if Symptoms begin after adolescence. [merckmanuals.com]

  Prevalence and impact of dysmenorrhea on hispanic female adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med Dec 2000; 154: 1226–1229. Google Scholar 10. Klien J, Litt l. Epidemiology of adolescent dysmenorrhea. Pediatrics 1981; 68: 661–664. Google Scholar 11. [doi.org]

• Vaginal Bleeding

  bleeding N93.8 Other specified abnormal uterine and vaginal bleeding N93.9 Abnormal uterine and vaginal bleeding, unspecified N94 Pain and other conditions associated with female genital organs and menstrual cycle N94.10 Unspecified dyspareunia N94.11 [icd10data.com]

  We describe an unreported cause of menstruation after hysterectomy, which was revealed as an endometriotic tubo-ovarian mass that fistulated into the vaginal vault. A 37-year-old woman experienced monthly vaginal bleeding after hysterectomy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Also called: Menses, Menstrual period, Period On this page See, Play and Learn No links available Summary Menstruation, or period, is normal vaginal bleeding that occurs as part of a woman's monthly cycle. [nlm.nih.gov]

  There's a risk you could experience side effects, such as: feeling sick being sick diarrhoea unexpected vaginal bleeding Progestogen-only contraceptive pill If you're taking a progestogen-only contraceptive pill, you cannot delay your period by taking [nhs.uk]

• Vaginal Discharge

  Normal vaginal secretions Vaginal secretions (sometimes called vaginal discharge) change during the menstrual cycle. Around the time of ovulation, they become thinner and stretchy, a bit like raw egg white. [nhs.uk]

  Other early signs of puberty are body odor and vaginal discharge. Again, these early changes can occur a year or more before the appearance of secondary sex characteristics (i.e., breast development and pubic hair). [pamf.org]

  Infections : Chronic genital infections : with consequent chronic pain, and vaginal discharge and itching. Cysts, abscesses and genital ulcers may also appear. Chronic reproductive tract infections : May cause chronic back and pelvic pain. [who.int]

  Symptoms of PID include a heavy vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor, irregular periods, pain in the pelvic and lower abdominal areas, fever, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Polycystic ovary syndrome. [my.clevelandclinic.org]

• Dyspareunia

  N94.11 Superficial (introital) dyspareunia Reimbursement claims with a date of service on or after October 1, 2015 require the use of ICD-10-CM codes. [icd10data.com]

  Patients may present with other symptoms common to early pregnancy, including nausea, breast fullness, fatigue, low abdominal pain, heavy cramping, shoulder pain, and recent dyspareunia. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Polymenorrhea

  METHODS: We conducted a questionnaire survey of 96 women with migraine, 18-45 years old, to determine the occurrence of the menstrual-cycle disorders, oligomenorrhea, polymenorrhea, and irregular cycle, and the menstruation disorders, dysmenorrhea and [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Terms for Menstrual Disorders* 周期 描述 闭经（menstruation） 不来月经 痛经（dysmenorrhea） 经痛或经期疼痛 月经过少（Hypomenorrhea） 经常月经过少 月经过多(Menometrorrhagia) 经期月经过多和频繁出血以及月经期间不规则出血 月经过多（Menorrhagia） 周期规则，但经期延长或经量增多 子宫不规则出血(Metrorrhagia) 月经缩短或不规则 月经稀发(Oligomenorrhea) 月经稀少 月经频繁(Polymenorrhea [msdmanuals.cn]

Extensive serologic and radiographic workup ruled out other potential causes of recurrent orbital hemorrhage. The patient was diagnosed with orbital vicarious menstruation and treated with oral contraceptive pills, with marked clinical improvement. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

These can be ruled out by means of blood tests (see Workup ). Finally, endometrial malignancy, though rare in women younger than 40 years, should also be on the differential diagnosis for adolescents with irregular menses. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Efficacy, disturbance in bleeding patterns in the treatment and post-treatment cycles, satisfaction with the treatment, and subsequent contraception preference were analysed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Although tumour size ≥2 cm is negatively associated with DFS, RM after CIA is not associated with poor prognosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The prognosis for menstrual cramps varies from good to fair as sometimes they will disappear after pregnancy and often are well-controlled by NSAIDs. Underlying causes such as fibroids, when removed or treated, can cause menstrual cramps to stop. [emedicinehealth.com]

Devoto and Aravena [ 32 ] found that in teenagers with hypothalamic dysfunction and menstrual disturbances, a deficient or bad response to clomiphene does not necessarily indicate a bad prognosis in terms of menses or fertility. [doi.org]

A third of these occur in pregnancy or post-partum period and a variation in hormonal levels is thought to play an etiologic role. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] associated with ambiguous genitalia, hyperandrogenism, and Cushing syndrome. [11] Yet another method of categorizing the etiologies of primary amenorrhea involves evaluating the components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis as well as the [emedicine.medscape.com]

Author information 1 Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK [email protected] 2 MRC-PHE Centre for the Environment and Health, London, UK. 3 Population [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Point prevalence : the prevalence at a certain point of time (eg. at a certain reporting date) The comparison of the point prevalence at different points of time is better suited for the assessment of the epidemiological dynamics of a disease than the [flexikon.doccheck.com]

Epidemiology of adolescent dysmenorrhea. Pediatrics 1981; 68: 661–664. Google Scholar 11. Chaturvedi SK, Chandra PS. Socio cultural aspects of menstrual attitudes and premenstrual experiences in India. Soc Sci Med 1991; 32: 349–351. [doi.org]

[…] reducing the frequency of menstruation and ovulation might reduce the risk of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers and even extend fertility, but these ideas have not been proven by scientific study. 5 The association that has been identified in epidemiological [nwhn.org]

Prostaglandin inhibitors used for management of dysmenorrhea are effective for associated menstrual migraine, suggesting a common pathophysiology. The interplay between serotonin and estrogen also deserves further research. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Under physiological conditions, it does not conduct stimuli above a certain frequency because of the refractory period of the depolarised cardiac muscle cells. 5 Pathophysiology In the event of a node failure, the AV node can assume the function of the [flexikon.doccheck.com]

This may help prevent TSS. When should I seek immediate care? You have severe abdominal cramps. [drugs.com]

As iron storage is known to be a triggering factor of porphyria cutanea tarda, the possible role of menstruation as natural phlebotomy to prevent porphyria cutanea tarda exacerbation is discussed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]