The idea that menstruation occurs as a consequence of SD has been proposed in the past, but here we present a novel hypothesis on how SD evolved. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Abdominal Pain

  Additionally, 76% of healthy controls reported having abdominal pain consistent most probably with dysmenorrhea. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The abdominal pain, backaches, and nausea during a woman’s period can actually affect how she thinks and feels, reducing her cognitive ability. [medicaldaily.com]

  The pain usually begins when menses start (or just before) and persists for the first 1 to 2 days; this pain, described as spasmodic, is superimposed over constant lower abdominal pain, which may radiate to the back or thigh. [merckmanuals.com]

  Patients may present with other symptoms common to early pregnancy, including nausea, breast fullness, fatigue, low abdominal pain, heavy cramping, shoulder pain, and recent dyspareunia. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Abdominal Cramps

  You may experience abdominal cramps. These cramps are caused by the contraction of the uterine and the abdominal muscles to expel the menstrual fluid. [menstrupedia.com]

  Your period may be accompanied by abdominal cramps and other physical sensations like breast sensitivity, bloating, and diarrhea. For cramps and minor pain, you can take over-the-counter pain reliever medications like Ibuprofen. [sexualityandu.ca]

  […] cavity). 6 Secondary dysmenorrhea has a wide range of symptoms: Constant (almost spastic) lower abdominal pain Pain in the back and thighs Painful intercourse Abdominal cramping There are many ways to treat the symptoms of dysmenorrhea including taking [soc.ucsb.edu]

• Irritability

  Ginger for Nausea, Menstrual Cramps, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome Powdered ginger can be a highly effective, cheap, easy-to-use, safer treatment for nausea, migraine headaches, and menstrual blood loss and pain. [nutritionfacts.org]

  Besides bleeding from the vagina, you may have: Abdominal or pelvic cramping pain Lower back pain Bloating and sore breasts Food cravings Mood swings and irritability Headache and fatigue Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, is a group of symptoms that start [medlineplus.gov]

  Many women are so used to dealing with irregular periods, cramps, irritability and bloating that they assume PMS is part of a normal menstrual cycle. It’s not. [womenshealthnetwork.com]

  Besides bleeding from the vagina, you may have Abdominal or pelvic cramping pain Lower back pain Bloating and sore breasts Food cravings Mood swings and irritability Headache and fatigue Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, is a group of symptoms that start [nlm.nih.gov]

  Your doctor will also want to make sure you don’t have one of the following conditions that shares symptoms with PMS: Depression Anxiety Menopause Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Problems with the endocrine (EN-doh-kryn) [web.archive.org]

• Dysmenorrhea

  Migraine has been associated with menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, and endometriosis, the latter particularly in chronic migraine. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Prevalence and impact of dysmenorrhea on hispanic female adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med Dec 2000; 154: 1226–1229. Google Scholar 10. Klien J, Litt l. Epidemiology of adolescent dysmenorrhea. Pediatrics 1981; 68: 661–664. Google Scholar 11. [doi.org]

• Vaginal Bleeding

  bleeding N93.8 Other specified abnormal uterine and vaginal bleeding N93.9 Abnormal uterine and vaginal bleeding, unspecified N94 Pain and other conditions associated with female genital organs and menstrual cycle N94.10 Unspecified dyspareunia N94.11 [icd10data.com]

  We describe an unreported cause of menstruation after hysterectomy, which was revealed as an endometriotic tubo-ovarian mass that fistulated into the vaginal vault. A 37-year-old woman experienced monthly vaginal bleeding after hysterectomy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Also called: Menses, Menstrual period, Period On this page See, Play and Learn No links available Summary Menstruation, or period, is normal vaginal bleeding that occurs as part of a woman's monthly cycle. [nlm.nih.gov]

  About 40-50% of patients with an ectopic pregnancy present with vaginal bleeding, 50% have a palpable adnexal mass, and 75% may have abdominal tenderness. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Dyspareunia

  N94.11 Superficial (introital) dyspareunia Reimbursement claims with a date of service on or after October 1, 2015 require the use of ICD-10-CM codes. [icd10data.com]

  Patients may present with other symptoms common to early pregnancy, including nausea, breast fullness, fatigue, low abdominal pain, heavy cramping, shoulder pain, and recent dyspareunia. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Extensive serologic and radiographic workup ruled out other potential causes of recurrent orbital hemorrhage. The patient was diagnosed with orbital vicarious menstruation and treated with oral contraceptive pills, with marked clinical improvement. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

These can be ruled out by means of blood tests (see Workup ). Finally, endometrial malignancy, though rare in women younger than 40 years, should also be on the differential diagnosis for adolescents with irregular menses. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Efficacy, disturbance in bleeding patterns in the treatment and post-treatment cycles, satisfaction with the treatment, and subsequent contraception preference were analysed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Another type of treatment that effects a woman's ovarian hormone production and is effective in the treatment of PMDD is gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist. [med.upenn.edu]

Although tumour size ≥2 cm is negatively associated with DFS, RM after CIA is not associated with poor prognosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The prognosis for menstrual cramps varies from good to fair as sometimes they will disappear after pregnancy and often are well-controlled by NSAIDs. Underlying causes such as fibroids, when removed or treated, can cause menstrual cramps to stop. [emedicinehealth.com]

Devoto and Aravena [ 32 ] found that in teenagers with hypothalamic dysfunction and menstrual disturbances, a deficient or bad response to clomiphene does not necessarily indicate a bad prognosis in terms of menses or fertility. [doi.org]

A third of these occur in pregnancy or post-partum period and a variation in hormonal levels is thought to play an etiologic role. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] associated with ambiguous genitalia, hyperandrogenism, and Cushing syndrome. [11] Yet another method of categorizing the etiologies of primary amenorrhea involves evaluating the components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis as well as the [emedicine.medscape.com]

Author information 1 Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK [email protected] 2 MRC-PHE Centre for the Environment and Health, London, UK. 3 Population [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Epidemiology of adolescent dysmenorrhea. Pediatrics 1981; 68: 661–664. Google Scholar 11. Chaturvedi SK, Chandra PS. Socio cultural aspects of menstrual attitudes and premenstrual experiences in India. Soc Sci Med 1991; 32: 349–351. [doi.org]

[…] reducing the frequency of menstruation and ovulation might reduce the risk of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers and even extend fertility, but these ideas have not been proven by scientific study. 5 The association that has been identified in epidemiological [nwhn.org]

Global epidemiological study of variation of premenstrual symptoms with age and sociodemographic factors. Menopause International; 17(3): 96–101. Rapkin A. (2003). A review of treatment of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. [womenshealth.gov]

Prostaglandin inhibitors used for management of dysmenorrhea are effective for associated menstrual migraine, suggesting a common pathophysiology. The interplay between serotonin and estrogen also deserves further research. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Under physiological conditions, it does not conduct stimuli above a certain frequency because of the refractory period of the depolarised cardiac muscle cells. 5 Pathophysiology In the event of a node failure, the AV node can assume the function of the [flexikon.doccheck.com]

This may help prevent TSS. When should I seek immediate care? You have severe abdominal cramps. [drugs.com]

As iron storage is known to be a triggering factor of porphyria cutanea tarda, the possible role of menstruation as natural phlebotomy to prevent porphyria cutanea tarda exacerbation is discussed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

However, some menstrual irregularities can't be prevented. [mayoclinic.org]