The idea that menstruation occurs as a consequence of SD has been proposed in the past, but here we present a novel hypothesis on how SD evolved. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Falling

  Original Article The effects of a multicomponent fall prevention intervention on fall prevalence, depression, and balance among nursing home residents Background: More than 60% of fall incidents among older adults are multifactorial. [doi.org]

  Researchers do know that a fall in levels of the hormone progesterone sets off menstruation. [livescience.com]

  Hormones rise and fall. This is your menstrual cycle. It starts on the first day of your last period and ends on the first day of your next period. Though the average cycle is 28 days long, anything between 21 and 45 days is considered normal. [women.webmd.com]

  If the egg is not fertilised it will get absorbed by the body but more importantly the level of hormones fall. This fall of hormones triggers the lining of the womb to break down and be shed through the vagina – called menstruation. [migrainetrust.org]

  These 1-2 day fall to approximately the middle of the menstrual cycle. A normal menstrual cycle might be disturbed due to a change in contraceptive methods or a hormone imbalance. The first day of your menstrual cycle is the day you start to bleed. [fi.bab.la]

• Fatigue

  Other discomforts during menstruation may include breast tenderness, bloating, headaches, fatigue, mood swings, and food cravings. [americanpregnancy.org]

  Anemia can cause fatigue and stress on bodily organs. Aside from dizziness, other symptoms of anemia are irritability, fatigue, lightheadedness and a rapid heartbeat. [livestrong.com]

  Besides bleeding from the vagina, you may have Abdominal or pelvic cramping pain Lower back pain Bloating and sore breasts Food cravings Mood swings and irritability Headache and fatigue Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, is a group of symptoms that start [nlm.nih.gov]

  Besides bleeding from the vagina, you may have: Abdominal or pelvic cramping pain Lower back pain Bloating and sore breasts Food cravings Mood swings and irritability Headache and fatigue Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, is a group of symptoms that start [medlineplus.gov]

  Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Some women report that their symptoms often get worse right before their period. [womenshealth.gov]

• Fever

  There is evidence that Behçet's syndrome (BS) and familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) may exacerbate during menstruation. The aim is to assess whether BS and FMF patients experience menstrual flares. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  You suddenly get a fever and feel sick after using tampons. Return to top How often should I change my pad and/or tampon? You should change a pad before it becomes soaked with blood. Each woman decides for herself what works best. [web.archive.org]

  Call your doctor or other health professional if you have any abnormalities in your period, for example, excessive bleeding, no periods, severe pain, fever with tampon use, sudden irregularities, and other problems. [medicinenet.com]

  Symptoms of TSS include a sudden onset of fever, chills, diarrhea, vomiting, muscle aches and rash. [mashable.com]

• Underweight

  If a woman is underweight, her hormones will stop working properly and her periods might stop altogether. Recent research has also shown that obesity can throw hormones out of balance and make it harder for women to conceive. [netdoctor.co.uk]

  […] present: cramping and pain in the lower abdomen diarrhea headaches low back pain nausea pain that radiates down the legs tiredness and fatigue weakness vomiting Dysmenorrhea is more likely in the following groups: women over 30 years' old smokers being underweight [medicalnewstoday.com]

  Also, being underweight as a result of stringent dieting, overtraining, or other extreme physical or emotional stress, can also cause menstrual irregularities, including amenorrhea (lack of periods). Adrenal function. [womentowomen.com]

  These disturbances can be caused by a wide range of factors including weight gain or loss (body weight and body fat percentage are directly related to ovulation and menstruation), being chronically underweight (16), over-exercising, extreme emotion (both [womhealth.org.au]

  Exercising or underweight amenorrheic patients are characterized by a significantly greater serum ghrelin elevation than those who remain with stable weight [ 23 ]. [doi.org]

• Abdominal Pain

  Additionally, 76% of healthy controls reported having abdominal pain consistent most probably with dysmenorrhea. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The abdominal pain, backaches, and nausea during a woman’s period can actually affect how she thinks and feels, reducing her cognitive ability. [medicaldaily.com]

  The pain usually begins when menses start (or just before) and persists for the first 1 to 2 days; this pain, described as spasmodic, is superimposed over constant lower abdominal pain, which may radiate to the back or thigh. [merckmanuals.com]

  Patients may present with other symptoms common to early pregnancy, including nausea, breast fullness, fatigue, low abdominal pain, heavy cramping, shoulder pain, and recent dyspareunia. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Abdominal Cramps

  You may experience abdominal cramps. These cramps are caused by the contraction of the uterine and the abdominal muscles to expel the menstrual fluid. [menstrupedia.com]

  Your period may be accompanied by abdominal cramps and other physical sensations like breast sensitivity, bloating, and diarrhea. For cramps and minor pain, you can take over-the-counter pain reliever medications like Ibuprofen. [sexualityandu.ca]

  […] cavity). 6 Secondary dysmenorrhea has a wide range of symptoms: Constant (almost spastic) lower abdominal pain Pain in the back and thighs Painful intercourse Abdominal cramping There are many ways to treat the symptoms of dysmenorrhea including taking [soc.ucsb.edu]

• Back Pain

  Headache, nausea, constipation or diarrhea, lower back pain, and urinary frequency are common; vomiting occurs occasionally. Symptoms of premenstrual syndrome may occur during part or all of menses. Sometimes endometrial clots or casts are expelled. [web.archive.org]

  Gentle backbends, especially when supported, can alleviate back pain and pelvic discomfort. [yogapoint.com]

  Besides bleeding from the vagina, you may have Abdominal or pelvic cramping pain Lower back pain Bloating and sore breasts Food cravings Mood swings and irritability Headache and fatigue Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, is a group of symptoms that start [nlm.nih.gov]

  Besides bleeding from the vagina, you may have: Abdominal or pelvic cramping pain Lower back pain Bloating and sore breasts Food cravings Mood swings and irritability Headache and fatigue Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, is a group of symptoms that start [medlineplus.gov]

  Patients may also have malaise, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, low back pain, or headache. [merckmanuals.com]

• Low Back Pain

  Patients may also have malaise, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, low back pain, or headache. [merckmanuals.com]

  The following symptoms may be present: cramping and pain in the lower abdomen diarrhea headaches low back pain nausea pain that radiates down the legs tiredness and fatigue weakness vomiting Dysmenorrhea is more likely in the following groups: women over [medicalnewstoday.com]

  Menstrual cramps can produce one or more of the following symptoms: Low back pain, pain in legs or hips Irritability Bloating Nausea, vomiting and/or diarrhea (gastrointestinal symptoms) Headaches Fatigue or malaise Fainting spells A woman should contact [emedicinehealth.com]

• Flushing

  Women manage menstruation differently when they are at home or outside; at homes, they dispose of menstrual products in domestic wastes and in public toilets and they flush them in the toilets without knowing the consequences of choking. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Do not flush the pad or tampon down the toilet. It can block up sewer lines. What is toxic shock syndrome (TSS)? TSS is a rare condition caused by a bacteria and may be related to leaving a tampon in for a long time. [drugs.com]

  One is that it's a way to flush out nasty pathogens injected into the reproductive tract by ejaculating males — but that phenomenon is ubiquitous, so you have to wonder why only a few species bother. [scienceblogs.com]

  One is that it’s a way to flush out nasty pathogens injected into the reproductive tract by ejaculating males — but that phenomenon is ubiquitous, so you have to wonder why only a few species bother. [web.archive.org]

  Signals of menopause include hot flashes or flushes, changes in sleep patterns, headaches or migraines, high energy, high creativity, and/or mood changes. As with PMS, some of these symptoms are hormone imbalances caused by poor nutrition. [fwhc.org]

• Acne Vulgaris

  OBECTIVES: Menstruation triggers several conditions such as migraine, recurrent aphthous stomatitis and acne vulgaris in healthy individuals. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Mood Swings

  Other months you may notice bloating around your abdomen or mood swings. Other normal menstruation symptoms include: Acne Cramping in the lower abdomen and back More hunger Sleep issues [women.webmd.com]

  Some theorize that women feel less sexual when they have premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and during their periods because mood swings and menstrual cramps interfere with libido. However, some women feel increased sexual energy during their period. [goaskalice.columbia.edu]

  Besides bleeding from the vagina, you may have Abdominal or pelvic cramping pain Lower back pain Bloating and sore breasts Food cravings Mood swings and irritability Headache and fatigue Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, is a group of symptoms that start [nlm.nih.gov]

• Headache

  The last part of the questionnaire surveyed the presence of headache during the menstrual period. The severity of headache was measured using a visual analog scale. Last, participants were requested to complete the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  It might relieve your headache About half of women with migraine headaches get them during their periods. [healthline.com]

  Ginger for Nausea, Menstrual Cramps, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome Powdered ginger can be a highly effective, cheap, easy-to-use, safer treatment for nausea, migraine headaches, and menstrual blood loss and pain. [nutritionfacts.org]

• Irritability

  Ginger for Nausea, Menstrual Cramps, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome Powdered ginger can be a highly effective, cheap, easy-to-use, safer treatment for nausea, migraine headaches, and menstrual blood loss and pain. [nutritionfacts.org]

  Many women are so used to dealing with irregular periods, cramps, irritability and bloating that they assume PMS is part of a normal menstrual cycle. It’s not. [womenshealthnetwork.com]

  Besides bleeding from the vagina, you may have Abdominal or pelvic cramping pain Lower back pain Bloating and sore breasts Food cravings Mood swings and irritability Headache and fatigue Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, is a group of symptoms that start [nlm.nih.gov]

  Your doctor will also want to make sure you don’t have one of the following conditions that shares symptoms with PMS: Depression Anxiety Menopause Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Problems with the endocrine (EN-doh-kryn) [web.archive.org]

  Besides bleeding from the vagina, you may have: Abdominal or pelvic cramping pain Lower back pain Bloating and sore breasts Food cravings Mood swings and irritability Headache and fatigue Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, is a group of symptoms that start [medlineplus.gov]

• Seizure

  Studies in animals have shown that high doses of estrogen can cause or worsen seizures. Yet progesterone can protect against seizures. [epilepsy.com]

• Dysmenorrhea

  Migraine has been associated with menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, and endometriosis, the latter particularly in chronic migraine. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Primary dysmenorrhea is suspected if Symptoms begin soon after menarche or during adolescence. Secondary dysmenorrhea is suspected if Symptoms begin after adolescence. [merckmanuals.com]

  Prevalence and impact of dysmenorrhea on hispanic female adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med Dec 2000; 154: 1226–1229. Google Scholar 10. Klien J, Litt l. Epidemiology of adolescent dysmenorrhea. Pediatrics 1981; 68: 661–664. Google Scholar 11. [doi.org]

• Vaginal Bleeding

  bleeding N93.8 Other specified abnormal uterine and vaginal bleeding N93.9 Abnormal uterine and vaginal bleeding, unspecified N94 Pain and other conditions associated with female genital organs and menstrual cycle N94.10 Unspecified dyspareunia N94.11 [icd10data.com]

  We describe an unreported cause of menstruation after hysterectomy, which was revealed as an endometriotic tubo-ovarian mass that fistulated into the vaginal vault. A 37-year-old woman experienced monthly vaginal bleeding after hysterectomy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Also called: Menses, Menstrual period, Period On this page See, Play and Learn No links available Summary Menstruation, or period, is normal vaginal bleeding that occurs as part of a woman's monthly cycle. [nlm.nih.gov]

  There's a risk you could experience side effects, such as: feeling sick being sick diarrhoea unexpected vaginal bleeding Progestogen-only contraceptive pill If you're taking a progestogen-only contraceptive pill, you cannot delay your period by taking [nhs.uk]

• Vaginal Discharge

  Normal vaginal secretions Vaginal secretions (sometimes called vaginal discharge) change during the menstrual cycle. Around the time of ovulation, they become thinner and stretchy, a bit like raw egg white. [nhs.uk]

  Other early signs of puberty are body odor and vaginal discharge. Again, these early changes can occur a year or more before the appearance of secondary sex characteristics (i.e., breast development and pubic hair). [pamf.org]

  Infections : Chronic genital infections : with consequent chronic pain, and vaginal discharge and itching. Cysts, abscesses and genital ulcers may also appear. Chronic reproductive tract infections : May cause chronic back and pelvic pain. [who.int]

  Symptoms of PID include a heavy vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor, irregular periods, pain in the pelvic and lower abdominal areas, fever, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Polycystic ovary syndrome. [my.clevelandclinic.org]

• Metrorrhagia

  Most participants strongly agreed that the terms DUB, metrorrhagia and meno-metrorrhagia should be discarded. [doi.org]

  Diagnosis Code N92.1 Excessive and frequent menstruation with irregular cycle 2016 2017 2018 2019 Billable/Specific Code Female Dx Applicable To Irregular intermenstrual bleeding Irregular, shortened intervals between menstrual bleeding Menometrorrhagia Metrorrhagia [icd10data.com]

  Terms for Menstrual Disorders* Deciphering Medical Terms for Menstrual Disorders* 周期 描述 闭经（menstruation） 不来月经 痛经（dysmenorrhea） 经痛或经期疼痛 月经过少（Hypomenorrhea） 经常月经过少 月经过多(Menometrorrhagia) 经期月经过多和频繁出血以及月经期间不规则出血 月经过多（Menorrhagia） 周期规则，但经期延长或经量增多 子宫不规则出血(Metrorrhagia [msdmanuals.cn]

  […] history of a bleeding disorder, or a history of a bleeding disorder after a hemostatic challenge, such as a tooth extraction or delivery. [34] Intermenstrual bleeding As the name indicates, AUB–intermenstrual bleeding (IMB), previously referred to as metrorrhagia [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Primary Amenorrhea

  There are multiple ways of categorizing the causes of primary amenorrhea. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  With this report, we emphasize the importance of performing karyotype analysis, which is diagnostic for Swyer syndrome, in all cases with primary or secondary amenorrhea even in the presence of normal breast development. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  In girls with early onset of breast development, the interval to menarche is longer (3 years or more) than in girls with later onset. 11 – 13 By 15 years of age, 98% of females will have had menarche. 3, 14 Traditionally, primary amenorrhea has been defined [doi.org]

Extensive serologic and radiographic workup ruled out other potential causes of recurrent orbital hemorrhage. The patient was diagnosed with orbital vicarious menstruation and treated with oral contraceptive pills, with marked clinical improvement. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

These can be ruled out by means of blood tests (see Workup ). Finally, endometrial malignancy, though rare in women younger than 40 years, should also be on the differential diagnosis for adolescents with irregular menses. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Efficacy, disturbance in bleeding patterns in the treatment and post-treatment cycles, satisfaction with the treatment, and subsequent contraception preference were analysed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Although tumour size ≥2 cm is negatively associated with DFS, RM after CIA is not associated with poor prognosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The prognosis for menstrual cramps varies from good to fair as sometimes they will disappear after pregnancy and often are well-controlled by NSAIDs. Underlying causes such as fibroids, when removed or treated, can cause menstrual cramps to stop. [emedicinehealth.com]

Devoto and Aravena [ 32 ] found that in teenagers with hypothalamic dysfunction and menstrual disturbances, a deficient or bad response to clomiphene does not necessarily indicate a bad prognosis in terms of menses or fertility. [doi.org]

A third of these occur in pregnancy or post-partum period and a variation in hormonal levels is thought to play an etiologic role. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] associated with ambiguous genitalia, hyperandrogenism, and Cushing syndrome. [11] Yet another method of categorizing the etiologies of primary amenorrhea involves evaluating the components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis as well as the [emedicine.medscape.com]

Author information 1 Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK [email protected]. 2 MRC-PHE Centre for the Environment and Health, London, UK. 3 Population [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Point prevalence : the prevalence at a certain point of time (eg. at a certain reporting date) The comparison of the point prevalence at different points of time is better suited for the assessment of the epidemiological dynamics of a disease than the [flexikon.doccheck.com]

Epidemiology of adolescent dysmenorrhea. Pediatrics 1981; 68: 661–664. Google Scholar 11. Chaturvedi SK, Chandra PS. Socio cultural aspects of menstrual attitudes and premenstrual experiences in India. Soc Sci Med 1991; 32: 349–351. [doi.org]

[…] reducing the frequency of menstruation and ovulation might reduce the risk of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers and even extend fertility, but these ideas have not been proven by scientific study. 5 The association that has been identified in epidemiological [nwhn.org]

Prostaglandin inhibitors used for management of dysmenorrhea are effective for associated menstrual migraine, suggesting a common pathophysiology. The interplay between serotonin and estrogen also deserves further research. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Under physiological conditions, it does not conduct stimuli above a certain frequency because of the refractory period of the depolarised cardiac muscle cells. 5 Pathophysiology In the event of a node failure, the AV node can assume the function of the [flexikon.doccheck.com]

As iron storage is known to be a triggering factor of porphyria cutanea tarda, the possible role of menstruation as natural phlebotomy to prevent porphyria cutanea tarda exacerbation is discussed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This may help prevent TSS. When should I seek immediate care? You have severe abdominal cramps. [drugs.com]